RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the influence of previous physical activity (PA) during childhood, adolescence, and current PA practice on the production of antibodies and inflammatory response between the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: Fifty-nine men and 56 women were evaluated before the first vaccine, and 12 weeks later, blood samples were taken to quantify production of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 immunoglobulin G antibodies and cytokines. Previous PA during childhood and adolescence was self-referred, and current PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: A positive and significant association was observed only between PA practice during adolescence and an increase in antibody production in adulthood (ß = 2012.077, 95% confidence interval, 257.7953-3766.358, P = .025). Individuals who practiced PA during adolescence showed higher production of antibodies between the first and second vaccine dose compared to nonpractitioners (P = .025) and those that accumulated ≥150 minutes per week of current moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), and presented higher antibody production in relation to who did <150 minutes per week of MVPA (P = .046). Individuals that were practitioners during childhood produced higher G-CSF (P = .047), and those that accumulated ≥150 minutes per week of current MVPA demonstrated lower IP-10 levels (P = .033). However, PA practitioners during adolescence presented higher G-CSF (P = .025), IL-17 (P = .038), IL-1RA (P = .005), IL-1ß (P = .020), and IL-2 (P = .026) levels. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that adults that accumulated at least 150 minutes of MVPA per week or practiced PA during adolescence developed an improved immune and inflammatory response against COVID-19 vaccination.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19 , Exercício Físico , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , Adulto , Adolescente , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Citocinas/sangue , Criança , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Inflamação/imunologia , Fatores EtáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Brazil, transmission of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis has expanded geographically over the last decades, with both clinical forms occurring simultaneously in the same area. OBJECTIVES: This study characterised the clinical, spatial, and temporal distribution, and performed entomological surveillance and natural infection analysis of a leishmaniasis-endemic area. METHODS: In order to characterise the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Altos, Piauí, we described the clinical and socio-demographic variables and the spatial and temporal distribution of cases of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases and identified potential phlebotomine vectors. FINDINGS: The urban area concentrated almost 54% of ACL and 86.8% of AVL cases. The temporal and spatial distribution of AVL and ACL cases in Altos show a reduction in the number of risk areas, but the presence of permanent disease transmission foci is observed especially in the urban area. 3,808 phlebotomine specimens were captured, with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the most frequent species (98.45%). Of the 35 females assessed for natural infection, one specimen of Lu. longipalpis tested positive for the presence of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis DNA. MAIN CONCLUSION: Our results indicate the presence of risk areas for ACL and AVL in the municipality of Altos and highlight the importance of entomological surveillance to further understand a possible role of Lu. longipalpis in ACL transmission.
Assuntos
Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Leishmaniose Visceral , Animais , Feminino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmania infantum/genética , DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND In Brazil, transmission of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis has expanded geographically over the last decades, with both clinical forms occurring simultaneously in the same area. OBJECTIVES This study characterised the clinical, spatial, and temporal distribution, and performed entomological surveillance and natural infection analysis of a leishmaniasis-endemic area. METHODS In order to characterise the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Altos, Piauí, we described the clinical and socio-demographic variables and the spatial and temporal distribution of cases of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases and identified potential phlebotomine vectors. FINDINGS The urban area concentrated almost 54% of ACL and 86.8% of AVL cases. The temporal and spatial distribution of AVL and ACL cases in Altos show a reduction in the number of risk areas, but the presence of permanent disease transmission foci is observed especially in the urban area. 3,808 phlebotomine specimens were captured, with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the most frequent species (98.45%). Of the 35 females assessed for natural infection, one specimen of Lu. longipalpis tested positive for the presence of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis DNA. MAIN CONCLUSION Our results indicate the presence of risk areas for ACL and AVL in the municipality of Altos and highlight the importance of entomological surveillance to further understand a possible role of Lu. longipalpis in ACL transmission.
RESUMO
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis depends on drugs that potentially cause serious side effects and resistance. Thus, topical therapies are attractive alternatives to the drugs currently used. 3ß, 6ß, 16ß-trihydroxylup-20 (29)-ene is a lupane triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum Mart. leaves (CLF-1), with reports of in vitro antileishmanial effect against L. amazonensis and to promote lesion healing in animal model. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and healing effects of CLF-1 against L. braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment showed low toxicity in macrophages and significantly reduced parasite load in vitro. CLF-1 induced higher IL-12 and TNF-α production and more discrete IL-4 and IL-10 production. For in vivo evaluation, a CLF-1 cream formulation was prepared to treat hamsters infected with L. braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment was able to reduce parasite load of the infected skin and lymph node more efficiently than the conventional treatment. Histopathological analysis indicated a strong inflammatory response accompanied by an important healing response. Data from this study indicate that topical CLF-1 treatment was effective and non-toxic in L. braziliensis infected hamsters suggesting its potential for further development as a future therapeutic intervention.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários , Combretum , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Cricetinae , Animais , Camundongos , Pele/patologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Cicatrização , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniases are vector borne diseases caused by Leishmania spp. parasites transmitted by female sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) whose geographic distribution is influenced by environmental factors. Among the main tools for studying the distribution of vector species, modeling techniques are used to analyze the influence of climatic and environmental factors on the distribution of these insects and their association with human cases of the disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we used a multiscale ecological niche modeling approach to assess the environmental suitability of sandfly vectors of the etiological agents of Visceral (VL) and American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, and then evaluated their relationship with human disease incidence. For this, we obtained the geographic coordinates of the vector species Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani through literature review, online databases and unpublished records. These data were used for the development of predictive models of the distribution of both sandflies species based on climatic and environmental variables. Finally, the environmental suitability for the presence of these vectors was compared with the incidence of both the diseases at the municipality level. The final models for each sandfly species showed good predictive powers with performance metric values of 0.889 for Lu. longipalpis and 0.776 for Ny. whitmani. The areas with greater environmental suitability for the presence of these species were concentrated in the central-north region of Piauí and coincide with the location of those municipalities presenting higher incidences of VL and ACL, situated in the central-north and extreme north of the state, respectively. The south and southeast regions of Piauí state have low incidence of these diseases and presented low environmental suitability for the presence of both vectors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We discuss how predictive modeling can guide entomological and epidemiological surveillances and recommend an increased supervision and control activities in Teresina (capital of the state of Piaui), Altos and Pedro II, in addition to other municipalities with similar social and environmental characteristics.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Cutânea , Phlebotomus , Psychodidae , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Brasil/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Psychodidae/parasitologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: analisar as percepções sobre os espaços públicos de lazer, segurança e qualidade de vida dos adultos brasileiros. Método: a amostra foi composta por 5259 adultos, representando uma cidade de cada uma das cinco regiões brasileiras, sendo elas: Florianópolis (SC), Goiânia (GO), João Pessoa (PB), Palmas (TO) e Vitória (ES). Foi utilizado um questionário estruturado que foi aplicado por equipe treinada. A Regressão Logística Binária foi utilizada para identificar as razões de chances, sendo analisadas no modelo ajustado quando as variáveis atingissem o critério pré estabelecido de p<0,05. Resultados: Pelo menos um terço da amostra (35,2%) indicou percepção de qualidade de vida negativa. Demonstraram maior chance de apresentá-la aqueles que quase nunca ou nunca frequentavam espaços públicos de lazer e os que os percebiam como desagradáveis, insuficientes e inseguros e aqueles que não se sentiam seguros durante a noite e de dia em suas cidades. Conclusão: A partir das associações encontradas após análise ajustada, sugere-se que espaços públicos de lazer e segurança podem intervir na qualidade de vida, por isso recomenda-se soluções de incentivo e manutenção daqueles, de forma que incida positivamente na percepção desta.
Objective: To analyze the perceptions about public leisure spaces, safety and quality of life of Brazilian adults. Method: the sample consisted of 5,259 adults, representing a city in each of the five Brazilian regions, namely: Florianópolis (SC), Goiânia (GO), João Pessoa (PB), Palmas (TO) and Vitória (ES). Characterizing itself as a cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological research. The instrument applied in the research was the standardized questionnaire, called Public Opinion Research (POP). Binary Logistic Regression was used to identify the odds ratios, being analyzed in the adjusted model when the variables reached the pre-established criterion of p<0.05. Results: At least one third of the sample (35.2%) indicated a negative perception of quality of life. Those who almost never or never attended public leisure spaces and those who perceived them as unpleasant, insufficient and insecure and those who did not feel safe during the night and day in their cities showed a greater chance of presenting it. Conclusion: Based on the associations found after an adjusted analysis, it is suggested that public spaces for leisure and safety can intervene in the quality of life, so it is recommended solutions to incentive and maintain those, in a way that positively affects their perception.
Assuntos
Área UrbanaRESUMO
Populations usually considered foraging generalists may include specialized individuals that feed on a restricted subset of the prey spectrum consumed by the population. By analyzing the time series of δ13C and δ15N values in sequential growth layer groups within tooth dentin, we measured population- and individual-level variation in resource use of three populations of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis)-Caravelas River, Babitonga Bay, and Norte Bay-along a latitudinal gradient in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We show that the Guiana dolphin at Caravelas River is a generalist population consisting of individual dietary specialists, likely due to the absence of other resident dolphin populations thus allowing individuals to target prey across a wide range of habitats. The Babitonga Bay population is also composed of individual specialists potentially due to the selective foraging behavior of some individuals on high-quality prey sources within and near the bay. In contrast, the Norte Bay population comprises individual generalists, which likely reflects its distinctive cohesive social organization, coexistence with two other dolphin species, and an opportunistic foraging strategy in response to resource fluctuations inherent to the southern limit of the species distribution. Although the Guiana dolphin is generally considered to be a dietary generalist at the population level, our findings reveal that the total niche width of populations and the degree of individual diet specialization are highly context dependent, suggesting dietary plasticity that may be related to a latitudinal gradient in resource availability and environmental conditions.
Assuntos
Golfinhos , Animais , Ecossistema , Dieta , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is commonly used as a promising model for Leishmania braziliensis infection developing skin-ulcerated lesions. However, different protocols using high concentration of parasites inoculated in the footpad result in severe clinical disease. Here, we further investigate the outcome of the site of infection and concentration of L. braziliensis parasites inoculated on the immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution. Initially, hamsters were infected in the ear dermis or hind footpad with a concentration of 1 × 105 parasites. Animals infected in the ear dermis developed a disease, with an increased parasite load that more closely resembled human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions comparing to the group infected in the footpad. Next, we evaluated if different parasite concentrations (104 , 105 and 106 ) inoculated in the ear dermis would impact the course and clinical aspects of infection. Hamsters infected with 104 and 105 parasites developed mild lesions compared to the group infected with 106 that presented severe and persistent lesions. The parasite load varied between the different parasite concentrations. The inflammatory response was more intense when infection was initiated with 106 parasites accompanied by an increased initial expression of IL-4, IL-10 and arginase in the lymph node followed by expression of both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines comparing to groups infected with 104 and 105 parasites. In conclusion, the number of parasites inoculated, and the initial site of infection could influence the inflammatory response, and clinical presentation. Our results suggest that the ear dermis infection model induces a chronic disease that relates to immunopathological aspects of CL natural infection.
Assuntos
Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Animais , Arginase , Cricetinae , Citocinas , Derme/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Interleucina-10 , Interleucina-4 , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , MesocricetusRESUMO
The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with negative self-rated health in Brazil. The sample consisted of 5,259 adults from five representative capitals of the five regions of Brazil. Data collection was achieved in the following municipalities: Palmas (North Region), João Pessoa (Northeast Region), Goiânia (Central-West Region), Vitória (Southeast Region) and Florianópolis (South Region). For the analysis of the data, Binary Logistic Regression for determine the factors associated with negative self-rated health was used. Negative self-rated health was identified in 31.43% of Brazilians. The factors that were significantly associated were bad air quality, does not have public spaces for leisure, older age group, insufficient salary to cover expenses, a rare practice of physical exercises, does not perform healthy eating, active commuting for study or employment and commuting time for above 30 minutes, dissatisfaction with health services and still, not working, not looking for a job and finally, reside in some Brazilian regions. The study presents the importance of socioenvironmental and behavioral factors for the self-rated health of Brazilian adults, as well as it shows high rates of negative self-rated health compared to other studies.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Atividades de Lazer , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Cidades , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with negative self-rated health in Brazil. The sample consisted of 5,259 adults from five representative capitals of the five regions of Brazil. Data collection was achieved in the following municipalities: Palmas (North Region), João Pessoa (Northeast Region), Goiânia (Central-West Region), Vitória (Southeast Region) and Florianópolis (South Region). For the analysis of the data, Binary Logistic Regression for determine the factors associated with negative self-rated health was used. Negative self-rated health was identified in 31.43% of Brazilians. The factors that were significantly associated were bad air quality, does not have public spaces for leisure, older age group, insufficient salary to cover expenses, a rare practice of physical exercises, does not perform healthy eating, active commuting for study or employment and commuting time for above 30 minutes, dissatisfaction with health services and still, not working, not looking for a job and finally, reside in some Brazilian regions. The study presents the importance of socioenvironmental and behavioral factors for the self-rated health of Brazilian adults, as well as it shows high rates of negative self-rated health compared to other studies.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores associados à percepção negativa de saúde no Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 5.259 adultos de cinco capitais representativas das cinco regiões do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos seguintes municípios: Palmas, João Pessoa, Goiânia, Vitória e Florianópolis. Para analisar os dados, utilizou-se da Regressão Logística Binária para determinar os fatores associados. Identificou-se percepção negativa de saúde em 31,43% dos brasileiros. Os fatores que foram significativamente associados foram: má qualidade do ar, não possuir espaços públicos de lazer, faixa etária mais avançada, salário insuficiente para cobrir despesas, prática rara de exercícios físicos, não realizar alimentação saudável, deslocamento ativo para estudo ou emprego, tempo de deslocamento acima de 30 minutos, insatisfação com os serviços de saúde, não trabalhar e não estar procurando emprego e, por fim, residir nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil. O estudo apresenta a importância de fatores socioambientais e comportamentais para a percepção da saúde de adultos brasileiros e mostra altos índices de percepção negativa de saúde em comparação com outros estudos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Idoso , Exercício Físico , Atividades de Lazer , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Transversais , CidadesRESUMO
Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is responsible for the entanglement of several marine species. Based on a search of digital media (i.e., Google and YouTubeBR), we assessed the negative impacts of ghost nets-a type of ALDFG-on Brazilian marine biodiversity. We found that ghost nets negatively affected crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals in different parts of the Brazilian coast. Our reports include marine megafauna, such as the Bryde's whale and Guiana dolphin. In addition, we found that ghost nets impacted seven threatened species and had negative effects on animals within marine protected areas. Here, we provide an update on the negative impacts of ghost nets on Brazilian marine biota, but the real situation remains underestimated and somewhat obscure.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros , Internet , Animais , Biodiversidade , Mamíferos , RépteisRESUMO
Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil. Current treatment includes different drugs that have important side effects and identification of cases of parasite resistance to treatment support the search for new therapeutic strategies. Recent findings have indicated that CXCL10, a chemokine that recruits and activates Th1 cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, is a potential alternative to treat Leishmania infection. Here, we tested CXCL10 immunotherapy against experimental infection caused by an antimony-resistant isolate of Leishmania braziliensis. Following infection, mice were treated with CXCL10 for 7 days after onset of lesions. We demonstrate that mice treated with CXCL10 controlled lesion progression and parasite burden more efficiently comparing to controls. An increased IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-ß and low IL-4 production combined with a distinct inflammatory infiltrate composed by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and granulomas was observed in the CXCL10-treated group comparing to controls. However, CXCL10 and Glucantime combined therapy did not improve CXCL10-induced protective effect. Our findings reinforce the potential of CXCL10 immunotherapy as an alternative treatment against infection caused by L. braziliensis resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL10/uso terapêutico , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Leishmania braziliensis/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Animais , Antimônio/farmacologia , Brasil , Feminino , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Leishmania braziliensis/imunologia , Leishmania braziliensis/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Células Th1/imunologiaRESUMO
Esta revisão integrativa tem como objetivo analisar as publicações científicas nos últimos doze anos sobre triatomíneos encontrados no Estado do Ceará. Para tal, nos bancos de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) foi realizada uma busca com associação dos descritores Doença de Chagas, Triatomíneos e Brasil. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e da análise dos seus conteúdos, oito artigos realizados no Estado do Ceará foram selecionados para a análise do estudo. Algumas espécies de triatomíneos encontradas no Nordeste são de extrema importância epidemiológica para o homem, pois estão associadas com domicílios humanos. As espécies mais predominantes com maior importância epidemiológica, com distribuição ampla no Ceará e presente no ambiente peridoméstico foram: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi e Rhodnius nasutus. Várias espécies de triatomíneos tem a capacidade de transmitir Trypanosoma cruzi e de se adaptar com o ambiente peridoméstico e doméstico tornando o homem mais suscetível a infecção, sendo assim necessário estratégias de vigilância e controle do vetor.(AU)
This integrative review aims to analyze the scientific publications in the last twelve years on triatomines found at Ceará State. For this, a search was performed in the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) databases with association of the descriptors Chagas Disease, Triatomines and Brazil. After applying the inclusion, exclusion criteria and analysis of their content, eight articles were selected for the analysis and discussion. Some species of triatomines found in the Northeast region are of extreme epidemiological importance since they are associated with human households. The most prevalent species with epidemiological importance due to their large distribution in Ceará and presence in the peridomestic environment are: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi and Rhodnius nasutus. Several species of triatomines have the capacity to transmit T. cruzi and the ability to adapt to the peridomestic and domestic environment turning humans more susceptible to infection, thus requiring surveillance and vector control strategies.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , Brasil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Esta revisão integrativa tem como objetivo analisar as publicações científicas nos últimos doze anos sobre triatomíneos encontrados no Estado do Ceará. Para tal, nos bancos de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) foi realizada uma busca com associação dos descritores "Doença de Chagas", "Triatomíneos" e "Brasil". Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e da análise dos seus conteúdos, oito artigos realizados no Estado do Ceará foram selecionados para a análise do estudo. Algumas espécies de triatomíneos encontradas no Nordeste são de extrema importância epidemiológica para o homem, pois estão associadas com domicílios humanos. As espécies mais predominantes com maior importância epidemiológica, com distribuição ampla no Ceará e presente no ambiente peridoméstico foram: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi e Rhodnius nasutus. Várias espécies de triatomíneos tem a capacidade de transmitir Trypanosoma cruzi e de se adaptar com o ambiente peridoméstico e doméstico tornando o homem mais suscetível a infecção, sendo assim necessário estratégias de vigilância e controle do vetor. (AU)
This integrative review aims to analyze the scientific publications in the last twelve years on triatomines found at Ceará State. For this, a search was performed in the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) databases with association of the descriptors "Chagas Disease", "Triatomines" and "Brazil". After applying the inclusion, exclusion criteria and analysis of their content, eight articles were selected for the analysis and discussion. Some species of triatomines found in the Northeast region are of extreme epidemiological importance since they are associated with human households. The most prevalent species with epidemiological importance due to their large distribution in Ceará and presence in the peridomestic environment are: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi and Rhodnius nasutus. Several species of triatomines have the capacity to transmit T. cruzi and the ability to adapt to the peridomestic and domestic environment turning humans more susceptible to infection, thus requiring surveillance and vector control strategies. (AU)
Assuntos
Trypanosoma cruzi , Brasil , Saúde Pública , Triatominae , Doença de ChagasRESUMO
Esta revisão integrativa tem como objetivo analisar as publicações científicas nos últimos doze anos sobre triatomíneos encontrados no Estado do Ceará. Para tal, nos bancos de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) foi realizada uma busca com associação dos descritores Doença de Chagas, Triatomíneos e Brasil. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e da análise dos seus conteúdos, oito artigos realizados no Estado do Ceará foram selecionados para a análise do estudo. Algumas espécies de triatomíneos encontradas no Nordeste são de extrema importância epidemiológica para o homem, pois estão associadas com domicílios humanos. As espécies mais predominantes com maior importância epidemiológica, com distribuição ampla no Ceará e presente no ambiente peridoméstico foram: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi e Rhodnius nasutus. Várias espécies de triatomíneos tem a capacidade de transmitir Trypanosoma cruzi e de se adaptar com o ambiente peridoméstico e doméstico tornando o homem mais suscetível a infecção, sendo assim necessário estratégias de vigilância e controle do vetor.
This integrative review aims to analyze the scientific publications in the last twelve years on triatomines found at Ceará State. For this, a search was performed in the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) databases with association of the descriptors Chagas Disease, Triatomines and Brazil. After applying the inclusion, exclusion criteria and analysis of their content, eight articles were selected for the analysis and discussion. Some species of triatomines found in the Northeast region are of extreme epidemiological importance since they are associated with human households. The most prevalent species with epidemiological importance due to their large distribution in Ceará and presence in the peridomestic environment are: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrogylus megistus, Panstrogylus lutzi and Rhodnius nasutus. Several species of triatomines have the capacity to transmit T. cruzi and the ability to adapt to the peridomestic and domestic environment turning humans more susceptible to infection, thus requiring surveillance and vector control strategies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi , Brasil/epidemiologia , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02558.].
RESUMO
Sand flies bite mammalian hosts to obtain a blood meal, driving changes in the host inflammatory response that support the establishment of Leishmania infection. This effect is partially attributed to components of sand fly saliva, which are able to recruit and activate leukocytes. Our group has shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) favors Leishmania survival in infected cells by reducing inflammatory responses. Here, we show that exposure to sand fly bites is associated with induction of HO-1 in vivo. Histopathological analyses of skin specimens from human volunteers experimentally exposed to sand fly bites revealed that HO-1 and Nrf2 are produced at bite sites in the skin. These results were recapitulated in mice ears injected with a salivary gland sonicate (SGS) or exposed to sand fly bites, indicating that vector saliva may be a key factor in triggering HO-1 expression. Resident skin macrophages were the main source HO-1 at 24-48 h after bites. Additionally, assays in vivo after bites and in vitro after stimulation with saliva both demonstrated that HO-1 production by macrophages was Nrf2-dependent. Collectively, our data demonstrates that vector saliva induces early HO-1 production at the bite sites, representing a major event associated with establishment of naturally-transmitted Leishmania infections.
Assuntos
Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Heme Oxigenase-1/biossíntese , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/enzimologia , Insetos Vetores , Proteínas de Membrana/biossíntese , Psychodidae , Saliva , Pele/enzimologia , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/patologia , Leishmania/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Células RAW 264.7 , Pele/patologia , Células THP-1RESUMO
Metacyclic Leishmania promastigotes are transmitted by sand flies that inject parasites and saliva into the host's skin. Previous studies have demonstrated that DNA plasmids encoding Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary proteins LJM17 and LJL143, when used to immunize dogs, resulted in a systemic and local Th1 cell-mediated immunity that interfered in parasite survival in vitro. Here we evaluated the ability of these same salivary antigens to induce anti-Leishmania immunity and to confer protection by immunizing dogs using a novel vaccination strategy more suitable for use in the field. The strategy consisted of a single dose of plasmid followed by two doses of recombinant Canarypoxvirus (rCanarypoxvirus) expressing L. longipalpis salivary proteins (LJM17 or LJL143). Thirty days after the final immunization, dogs were intradermally challenged with 107Leishmania infantum promastigotes in the presence of L. longipalpis saliva. We followed the experimentally infected dogs for 10 months to characterize clinical, parasitological, and immunological parameters. Upon vaccination, all immunized dogs presented strong and specific humoral responses with increased serum concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-7, and IL-15. The serum of dogs immunized with LJM17 also exhibited high levels of IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18. L. infantum infection was established in all experimental groups as evidenced by the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG, and by parasite detection in the spleen and skin. Dogs immunized with LJM17-based vaccines presented higher circulating levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18, TNF, CXCL10, and GM-CSF post-infection when compared with controls. Results demonstrated that relevant Leishmania-specific immune responses were induced following vaccination of dogs with L. longipalpis salivary antigen LJM17 administered in a single priming dose of plasmid DNA, followed by two booster doses of recombinant Canarypox vector. Importantly, a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be relevant for protection against leishmaniasis was evidenced after challenging LJM17-vaccinated dogs as compared to controls. Although similar results were observed following immunization with LJL143, the pro-inflammatory response observed after immunization was attenuated following infection. Collectively, these data suggest that the LJM17-based vaccine induced an immune profile consistent with the expected protective immunity against canine leishmaniosis. These results clearly support the need for further evaluation of the LJM17 antigen, using a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy against canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL).
Assuntos
Proteínas de Insetos/imunologia , Leishmania infantum/fisiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/imunologia , Proteínas e Peptídeos Salivares/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Animais , Vírus da Varíola dos Canários/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Imunização , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Psychodidae/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas e Peptídeos Salivares/genéticaRESUMO
During bloodfeeding, the presence of sand fly saliva in the hemorrhagic pool where Leishmania is also inoculated modulates the development of host immune mechanisms creating a favorable environment for disease progression. To date, information obtained through experimental models suggests that sand fly saliva induces cellular recruitment and modulates production of eicosanoids. However, the effect of sand fly saliva in the different steps of the inflammatory response triggered by Leishmania remains undefined. Here we further investigate if interaction of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) with different host cells present during the initial inflammatory events regulate Leishmania infantum infectivity. Initially, we observed that incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Lu. longipalpis SGS in the presence of L. infantum significantly increased IL-10 but did not alter expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ T cells induced by the parasite alone. Interestingly, incubation of PBMC with Lu. longipalpis SGS alone or in the presence of L. infantum resulted in increased IL-17 production. The presence of IL-17 is related to neutrophil recruitment and plays an important role at the site of infection. Here, we also observed increased migration of neutrophil using an in vitro chemotactic assay following incubation with supernatants from PBMC stimulated with L. infantum and Lu. longipalpis SGS. Neutrophil migration was abrogated following neutralization of IL-17 with specific antibodies. Moreover, culture of human neutrophils with L. infantum in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS promoted neutrophil apoptosis resulting in increased parasite viability. Neutrophils operate as the first line of defense in the early stages of infection and later interact with different cells, such as macrophages. The crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages is critical to determine the type of specific immune response that will develop. Here, we observed that co-culture of human macrophages with autologous neutrophils previously infected in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS resulted in a higher infection rate, accompanied by increased production of TGF-ß and PGE2. Our results provide new insight into the contribution of Lu. longipalpis SGS to L. infantum-induced regulation of important inflammatory events, creating a favorable environment for parasite survival inside different host cells.
RESUMO
This study proposes and analyzes the construct validity and internal consistency of the Leisure Practices Scale (EPL). This survey seeks to identify the preferences and involvement in in different leisure practices in adults. The instrument was formed based on the cultural leisure content (artistic, manual, physical, sports, intellectual, social, tourist, virtual and contemplation/leisure). The validation process was conducted with: a) content analysis by leisure experts, who evaluated the instrument for clarity of language and practical relevance, which allowed the calculation of the content validity coefficient (CVC); b) reproducibility test-retest with 51 subjects to calculate the temporal variation coefficient; c) internal consistency analysis with 885 participants. The evaluation presented appropriate coefficients, both with respect to language clarity (CVCt = 0.883) and practical relevance (CVCt = 0.879). The reproducibility coefficients were moderate to excellent. The scale showed adequate internal consistency (0.72). The EPL has psychometric quality and acceptable values in its structure, and can be used to investigate adult involvement in leisure activities.
Este estudo propõe e analisa a validade de construto e a consistência interna da Escala de Práticas no Lazer (EPL). O instrumento busca identificar as preferências e o envolvimento em práticas nos diferentes contextos do lazer em adultos. A construção do instrumento deu-se a partir dos conteúdos culturais do lazer (artístico, manual, físico-esportivo, intelectual, social, turístico, virtual e contemplação/ócio). O processo de validação foi realizado com: a) Análise de conteúdo por especialistas em lazer, que avaliaram o instrumento quanto à clareza da linguagem e pertinência prática, o que permitiu o cálculo do coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC); b) Reprodutibilidade em teste-reteste com 51 sujeitos para o cálculo do coeficiente de variação temporal; e c) Análise de consistência interna com 885 participantes. A avaliação de conteúdo apresentou coeficientes adequados, tanto com relação à clareza da linguagem (CVCt = 0,883), quanto à pertinência prática (CVCt = 0,879). Os coeficientes de reprodutibilidade foram de moderados a excelentes. A escala apresentou adequada consistência interna (0,72). A EPL apresentou qualidade psicométrica e valores aceitáveis em sua estrutura, podendo ser utilizada para investigar o envolvimento em práticas nos diferentes conteúdos do lazer de adultos.