RESUMO
The contribution of chronological age, skeletal age (Fels method) and body size to variance in peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test was examined in 3 competitive age groups of Brazilian male soccer players: 10-11 years (U-12, n=15), 12-13 years (U-14, n=54) and 14-15 years (U-16, n=23). Body size and soccer-specific aerobic fitness were measured. Body composition was predicted from skinfolds. Analysis of variance and covariance (controlling for chronological age) were used to compare soccer players by age group and by skeletal maturity status within of each age group, respectively. Relative skeletal age (skeletal age minus chronological age), body size, estimated fat-free mass and performance on the Carminatti Test increased significantly with age. Carminatti Test performance did not differ among players of contrasting skeletal maturity status in the 3 age groups. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated fat mass (negative) and chronological age (positive) were significant predictors of peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test, whereas skeletal age was not a significant predictor. In conclusion, the Carminatti Test appears to be a potentially interesting field protocol to assess intermittent endurance running capacity in youth soccer programs since it is independent of biological maturity status.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Esqueleto/fisiologia , Futebol , Adolescente , Determinação da Idade pelo Esqueleto , Antropometria , Atletas , Composição Corporal , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Criança , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The discus is a very popular and expensive aquarium fish belonging to the family Cichlidae, genus Symphysodon, formed by three Amazon basin endemic species: Symphysodon aequifasciatus, S. discus and S. tarzoo. The taxonomic status of these fish is very controversial, with a paucity of molecular research on their population genetic structure and species identification. Information on molecular genetic markers, especially isoenzymes, in search of a better understanding of the population genetic structure and correct identification of fish species, has been receiving more attention when elaborating and implementing commercial fishery management programs. Aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the species taxonomic status, the present study describes the isoenzymatic patterns of 6 enzymes: esterase (Est - EC 3.1.1.1), lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh - EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh - EC 1.1.1.37), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm - EC 5.4.2.2), phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi - EC 5.3.1.9), and super oxide dismutase (Sod - EC 1.15.1.1) extracted from skeletal muscle specimens and analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Monomorphic patterns, presumably controlled by 11 loci: Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Ldh-1, Ldh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgi-1, Pgi-2, Pgm-1, and Sod-1 were fixed for the same alleles: Est-1(1), Est-2(1), Est-3(1), Ldh-1(1), Ldh-2(1), Mdh-1(1), Mdh-2(1), Pgi-1(1), Pgi-2(1), Pgm-1(1), and Sod-1(1), respectively, and detected in all 60 specimens examined (27 S. aequifasciatus from Manacapuru and 33 S. discus from Novo Airão, Central Amazon). The failure in the present study to detect diagnostic loci, which could be very useful for differentiating S. aequifasciatus from S. discus species, and polymorphic loci, which could also be applied for possible identification and delimitation of their stocks, does not rule out the possibility of there existing in other isoenzyme gene loci to be analyzed in the future.
Assuntos
Eletroforese/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Perciformes/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Esterases/metabolismo , Geografia , Glucose-6-Fosfato Isomerase/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Malato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Perciformes/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Starch gel electrophoresis was used for examining the transferrin gene locus (Tf) and two esterase gene loci (Est-1 and Est-D1) of a pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) population sample collected from Santa Cruz Lake, Tefé River, Amazonas, Brazil. The Tf locus was tentatively classified as being polymorphic, showing two double-banded patterns (Tf(12) and Tf(22)) of the three theoretically expected ones (Tf(11), Tf(12) and Tf(22)), presumably controlled by two co-dominant alleles, Tf(1) and Tf(2). The monotony detected in pirarucu Tf locus genotypes showing a very high proportion of the double-banded heterozygote pattern Tf(12) (95% of the sampled individuals) may indicate the possibility of their having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish, where a single-banded Tf(11) homozygote pattern male would have crossed with a single-banded Tf(22) homozygote pattern female, or vice versa. One zone of electrophoretic activity was detected in esterase, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-1 locus with the fixed allele Est-1(1) where all individuals showed the single-banded Est-1(11) homozygote pattern. Esterase-D also displayed one zone of electrophoretic activity, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-D1 locus with a fixed allele Est-D1(1) where all individuals revealed the single-banded Est-D1(11) genotype pattern. The monotony comprised by single-banded genotype patterns in both esterase systems tested may also indicate the possibility of the individuals from the sample examined having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish with both the male and female having the same genotypes.
Assuntos
Esterases/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Peixes/genética , Transferrina/genética , Alelos , Animais , Brasil , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido/métodos , Feminino , Genótipo , Geografia , Masculino , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Starch gel electrophoresis was used for examining the transferrin gene locus (Tf) and two esterase gene loci (Est-1 and Est-D1) of a pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) population sample collected from Santa Cruz Lake, Tefé River, Amazonas, Brazil. The Tf locus was tentatively classified as being polymorphic, showing two double-banded patterns (Tf 12 and Tf 22) of the three theoretically expected ones (Tf 11, Tf 12 and Tf 22), presumably controlled by two co-dominant alleles, Tf 1 and Tf 2. The monotony detected in pirarucu Tf locus genotypes showing a very high proportion of the double-banded heterozygote pattern Tf 12 (95% of the sampled individuals) may indicate the possibility of their having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish, where a single-banded Tf 11 homozygote pattern male would have crossed with a single-banded Tf 22 homozygote pattern female, or vice versa. One zone of electrophoretic activity was detected in esterase, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-1 locus with the fixed allele Est-11 where all individuals showed the single-banded Est-111 homozygote pattern. Esterase-D also displayed one zone of electrophoretic activity, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-D1 locus with a fixed allele Est-D11 where all individuals revealed the single-banded Est-D111 genotype pattern. The monotony comprised by single-banded genotype patterns in both esterase systems tested may also indicate the possibility of the individuals from the sample examined having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish with both the male and female having the same genotypes.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Esterases/genética , Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Transferrina/genética , Alelos , Brasil , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido/métodos , Genótipo , Geografia , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
The majority of biological responses classically attributed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is mediated by p55 receptor (TNFR1). Here, we aimed to clarify the biological role of TNFR1-mediated signals in an in vivo inflammatory angiogenesis model. Polyester-polyurethane sponges, used as a framework for tissue growth, were implanted in C57Bl/6 mice. These implants were collected at days 1, 7, and 14 post-implant for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or at days 7 and 14 for hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase measurements, used as indexes for angiogenesis, neutrophil, and macrophage accumulation, respectively. In TNFR1-deficient C57Bl/6 mice, there was a significant decrease in sponge vascularization but not in late inflammatory cell influx. It is interesting that levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly lower in TNFR1-deficient than in wild-type mice at days 1 and 7. Levels of angiogenic chemokines, CC chemokine ligand 2/murine homologue of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and CXC chemokine ligand 1-3/keratinocyte-derived chemokine, were significantly lower in TNFR1-deficient mice at days 1 and 7 after implantation, respectively. These observations suggest that TNFR1-mediated signals have a critical role in sponge-induced angiogenesis, possibly by influencing the effector state of inflammatory cells and hence, modulating the angiogenic molecular network.
Assuntos
Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Acetilglucosaminidase/análise , Animais , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/análise , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/genética , Peroxidase/análise , Poliésteres , Poliuretanos , Próteses e Implantes , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Esterase (Est) and esterase-D (Est-D) electrophoretic patterns identified by starch gel electrophoresis of skeletal muscle protein extracts of 184 specimens of three species of peacock bass, locally known as tucunares (Cichla monoculus, C. temensis and Cichla sp), plus four specimens of a supposed hybrid (C. monoculus vs C. temensis), collected from the Central Amazon, were examined to determine if they could aid in identifying a supposed hybrid between C. monoculus and C. temensis. Six zones of electrophoretic activity were found with these enzyme systems. The Est enzyme showed one zone of activity, formed by bands 1, 2 and 3, plus three zones of activity, presumably controlled by Est-1, 2 and 3 loci. The Est-D enzyme had two zones of activity, presumably controlled by Est-D1 and Est-D2 loci. Cichla monoculus and C. temensis shared band 2 and alleles Est-1(1), Est-2(1), Est-3(2), and Est-D1(1), and therefore these were useless for identifying hybrids between the two species. However, a probable hybrid pattern of bands 1, 2, and 3, presumably generated by a combination of pattern 12 from C. monoculus with pattern 23 from C. temensis, resulting from a possible cross between these two species, was detected. Although the Est-D2 locus cannot be considered an ideal diagnostic marker for identifying the supposed hybrid (C. monoculus vs C. temensis), as it is polymorphic, it proved to be useful for determining the origin of the hybrid, i.e., which parental species were involved in the hybridization process
Assuntos
Animais , Ciclídeos , Esterases/análise , Hibridização Genética/genética , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido , Esterases/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Using the murine sponge model, we investigated the temporal relationship between angiogenesis, leukocyte accumulation and endogenous generation of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL1-3/KC and CCL2/JE. Furthermore, the effects of exogenous administration of these chemokines were studied. METHODS: Angiogenesis in the implants was assessed by measuring the hemoglobin content (vascular index) and leukocyte accumulation quantified by evaluating MPO and NAG enzyme activities. RESULTS: A progressive increase in hemoglobin content and in enzymatic activities was observed during the whole period. The levels of CXCL1-3/KC and CCL2/JE in the implants peaked at days 7 and 1, respectively. Exogenous administration of CXCL1-3/KC (100 ng/day intra-implant) applied at days 1-3 resulted in increased neovascularization and macrophage accumulation. Intra-implant injections of CCL2/JE (100 ng/day) also resulted in increased angiogenesis and macrophage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that the chemokines, CXCL1-3/KC and CCL2/JE, are generated within the sponge compartment and that neovascularization and inflammatory cells influx can be modulated by exogenous administration of the chemokines.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL2/biossíntese , Quimiocinas CXC/biossíntese , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/biossíntese , Neovascularização Patológica , Acetilglucosaminidase/química , Animais , Quimiocina CXCL1 , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação , Cinética , Leucócitos/citologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation that occur following subcutaneous implantation of sponge implants in nondiabetic rats were inhibited by topical administration of D-glucose (22 mM). The healing impairment induced by glucose was analogous to healing failures associated with diabetes. Angiogenesis has been determined by measuring hemoglobin content in the implants, correlated with histological evidence of cellular infiltration and granulation tissue formation. The amount of hemoglobin detected in the glucose-treated implants was significantly lower (0.06+/-0.005 g/dl) than the amount in the controls that received glucose 5 mM (0.12+/-0.012 g/dl), saline (0.10+/-0.006 g/dl) or mannitol (0.086+/-0.007 g/dl). Parallel histological studies corroborated the biochemical findings. Daily intraperitoneal injection of aminoguanidine (AG, 50 mg/kg) prevented glucose-induced inhibition of neovascularization and cellular infiltration in the sponge granuloma. Our results show the direct inhibitory effect of high glucose in the development of granulation tissue and indicate that it may be associated with nonenzymatic glycation of key components of the healing process in the rat sponge granuloma.
Assuntos
Glucose/farmacologia , Tecido de Granulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Guanidinas/farmacologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Granuloma de Corpo Estranho , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Manitol/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tampões de Gaze CirúrgicosRESUMO
Sponge-induced angiogenesis in mice and pharmacological reactivity of the neovasculature have been determined by a fluorimetric method. Pharmacokinetic studies following subcutaneous, intradermal, and intraimplant administration of sodium fluorescein resulted in a biphasic curve from which estimation of t1/2 for absorption and elimination of the dye were possible. Following topical injection of the dye at days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14 postimplantation, measurement of fluorchrome generated emission in the systemic circulation reflected the development of blood flow in and around the implants and the interaction of the angiogenic site with the systemic circulation. The t1/2 values for the fluorescence peak in the bloodstream decreased steadily from an initial value of 6.41 +/- 0.28 min (avascular implant) to 2.78 +/- 0.23 min in fully vascularized implants (day 14). The reactivity of the neovasculature to ET-1 was dose-dependent and similar to the skin vasculature. By contrast, no reactivity to histamine was detected in the implant blood vessels, whereas it was present in the skin. These results show that the pharmacological response of the neovasculature differs from the response of mature blood vessels. The angiogenic stimulus (bFGF, 300 ng daily) decreased t1/2 for the fluorescence peak, whereas dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) increased it. Parallel histological studies corroborated the functional findings. These observations indicate the suitability of this assay to study angiogenesis, functional and pharmacological characterization of the neovasculature, and the interaction of the angiogenic site with the systemic circulation.
Assuntos
Fluoresceína/administração & dosagem , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Fator 2 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/farmacologia , Fluoresceína/farmacocinética , Fluorometria/métodos , Injeções Intradérmicas , Injeções Intralesionais , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Camundongos , Pele/irrigação sanguínea , Tampões de Gaze Cirúrgicos , Distribuição Tecidual , Sistema Vasomotor/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Two clinical case reports of bullet embolism into the cardiovascular system are reported. The patient in the first case sustained a gunshot wound at the right clavicular area with embolism resulting in the right ventricle. In the second case, the patient received a projectile wound to the anterior right shoulder with eventual bullet embolism in the left iliac artery. In both cases, the bullets were removed successfully. Surgical intervention with the aid of extracorporeal circulation is recommended for similar cases.
RESUMO
Este trabalho e baseado em dois casos clinicos, em que projeteis seguiram caminhos inusitados, embolizando dentro do sistema cardiovascular. O primeiro paciente foi vitima de um ferimento por arma de fogo ao nivel da regiao infraclavicular direita O projetil atingiu a primeira costela, perfurou a veia subclavia direita e, sem transpassa-la, embolizou para a veia cava superior, auricula direita, vindo a se fixar no interior do ventriculo direito. Dai ele foi retirado cirurgicamente, com auxilio de circulacao extracorporea. O segundo paciente recebeu um tiro de revolver ao nivel do ombro direito. O projetil perfurou o pulmao direito, entrou numa veia pulmonar e embolizou para o atrio esquerdo, ventriculo esquerdo, aorta toracica e abdominal, vindo a parar ao nivel da arteria iliaca primitiva esquerda, de onde ele foi retirado cirurgicamente. Ambos os pacientes tiveram alta curados. Faz-se, concomitantemente, uma revisao da literatura