RESUMO
Fecal contamination in natural water sources is a common problem in low-income countries. Several health risks are associated with unprotected water sources, such as gastrointestinal infections caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources have become an increasing problem worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial pathogens present in water within a rural context in Ecuador, along with the efficiency of black ceramic water filters (BCWFs) as a sustainable household water treatment. We monitored five natural water sources that were used for human consumption in the highlands of Ecuador and analyzed the total coliforms and E. coli before and after BCWF installation. The results indicated a variable bacterial contamination (29-300 colony-forming units/100mL) in all unfiltered samples, and they were considered as high risk for human consumption, but after filtration, no bacteria were present. Moreover, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli with blaTEM, blaCTX-M9, and blaCTX-M1 genes, and two E. coli classified in the clonal complex ST10 (ST98) were detected in two of the locations sampled; these strains can severely impact public health. The clonal complex ST10, found in the E. coli isolates, possesses the potential to spread bacteria-resistant genes to humans and animals. The results of the use of BCWFs, however, argue for the filters' potential impact within those contexts, as the BCWFs completely removed even antibiotic-resistant contaminants from the water.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Filtração , Animais , Cerâmica , Água Potável/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Equador , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Filtração/métodos , Humanos , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Pregunta de investigación: ¿Permitirán las curvas de crecimiento infantil (T/E) identificar el retardo en el crecimiento lineal en forma previa a la talla baja (<-2 DE) y la edad promedio de alteración del crecimiento en niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad que demandan atención en establecimientos de salud? Objetivo: Optimizar el uso de los datos del Carnet de Salud Infantil para identificar alteraciones en el crecimiento lineal previa a la talla baja (< -2DE) y los tiempos promedio de inicio de la declinación de curva de crecimiento normal hasta llegar por debajo de -2DE, relacionando esta tendencia con la curva de crecimiento ponderal. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, que incluyo a 71 niños menores de 2 años. Se analizaron datos del Carnet de Salud Infantil e indicadores antropométricos a partir de ellos. El punto de corte de Talla/Edad fue menor a la -2DE para clasificar talla baja. Resultados: La talla baja en uno o varios de los controles fue de 38.08 por ciento, y desde el primer control 48.1 por ciento. Los que presentaron talla baja como inicio en controles posteriores al primero (51.8 por ciento) mostraban una T/E por debajo a la -1 DE al primer control en el 64.2 por ciento; en este último grupo, el tiempo de descenso desde la T/E <-1 DE hasta <-2DE fue en promedio de 3.9 meses. En el 74 por ciento que iniciaban con talla baja no se observo la presencia concomitante de P/E <-2DE. Existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre T/E <-1 DE al primer control y talla baja (chi² 14.07; p=0.0001). Conclusiones: El uso adecuado de las curvas de crecimiento lineal infantil permite identificar de forma previa retardo en el crecimiento, con una T/E <-1 DE en el primer control. La talla baja en nuestro medio se caracteriza por presentarse en edad temprana y acompañarse de retardo en el crecimiento ponderal (P/E) solamente en los casos con inicio de esta en el primer control.
Research question: Do curves of children growth (height/age) let us to identify growth delayed in advance to short stature (<-2DS) and average age of abnormal growth on 6 to 24 years old children who are attended in health centers? Background: Chronic malnutrition is one of the nutritional problems with high magnitude in Latin-America and high prevalence in Bolivia. Objetive: To improve the use of children's health cards data to let it identify abnormal growth in advance to short stature (<-2DS) and overage time of declination beginning from a normal growth lineal curve to across the -2DS relating this tendency whit the weight growth curve. Material and method: A descriptive and prospective longitudinal study, including 71 children less than 2 year's old age. The children's health card data were analyzed generating anthropometric indicators of them. Sort stature was classified as a height/age under -2DS. Results: The frequency of short stature in one or several controls was 38,08 percent taking place since the first control in 48,15 percent. Children who has short stature as beginning after the first control (51,85 percent) showed a height/age under -1DS in the first control in 64,29 percent. The Children who have begun short stature without weight/age <-2DE were 74,04 percent. There is a hard association between height/age under -1DS at the first control and short stature (chi2 14,07; p=0,0001). Conclusions: The children 's growth curves used rightly let us identify growth delayed previously with a height/age under-1DS in the first control or 3,92 previous mouths to the diagnostic of short stature. In our environment, the short stature is characterized because of to take place in early age and is accompanied with weight growth delayed (weight/age) just in cases with beginning in the first control.