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People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can present a variety of communication disorders that affect their roles and social participation, affecting their quality of life and that of their environment. An early approach to these people and their communication difficulties could improve/compensate/facilitate communication, minimizing the effects on their daily life. Purpose: To contribute with recommendations for communication therapy in people with MS. Method: narrative literature review related to the topic. Results: There are few investigations focused on the intervention of communication in people with MS, those found are works in small populations, with evaluations at the beginning and at the end of therapy. The most promising studies are those that show specific effects on speech, through the LSVT LOUD, which not only improves communicative effectiveness, but has also shown improvements in dysphagia (eating disorder). significant to consider interventions with the environment and aimed at the quality of life of the affected individuals and families. Conclusions: The different presentations that MS has and its individual characteristics in each person, makes it difficult to have specific evidence on the most effective types of therapy. Despite this, it is possible to use therapies focused on different communication symptoms and adapt them under certain considerations to address communication in people with MS. (AU)

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Communication is an essential part of our social participation and the need to know how to evaluate and deal with its alterations is essential when working with people with neurological pathologies such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Purpose: to carry out a bibliographic review and group information related to communication problems, describing useful instruments for timely evaluation in the different areas involved. Material and method: bibliographic review related to the subject. Results: People with MS can face differents communication problems (aphasia, dysarthria or cognitive communicative disorder), it is important to have the characterization of these disorders and with tools that specifically carry out a pertinent evaluation with common language among experts. Conclusions: considering the importance of communication, its disorders as a consequence of MS and the forms of evaluation are a priority when intervening with this population. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a pro-inflammatory disease with unknown etiology, that is characterized by skin inflammation and keratinocytes hyperproliferation. Specific inhibition of inflammation has shown positive effects avoiding the progression of the psoriatic lesions in different animal models of the disease, turning this strategy as a remarkable therapeutic alternative. OBJECTIVE: To screen the effectiveness of a novel IFN-α/ß signalling inhibitor in the development reduction of skin lesions in IMQ and TPA mice models of psoriasis. METHODS: We used a Phage-peptide library for the screening of a peptide with inhibitory effects on the development of psoriasis-like lesions in mice. To evaluate the in vivo effect of the phage-peptides (Phpep3D) and the derived peptide (Pep3D), we administered Phpep3D or Pep3D intradermally in mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced psoriasis. We scored the lesions, and we determined the number of neutrophils and the production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lesions. RESULTS: In this work, we describe how the Ph3pepD and Pep3D reduced skin thickness, redness, and acanthosis despite the presence of the psoriasis inducers, IMQ or TPA. We also found that Pep3D reduced the number of GR1+ infiltrated cells and decreased the production of IL-17A and TNFα in the psoriatic skin of mice. In-silico, docking analysis showed that Pep3D may interact with the interferon-alpha receptor, but further analyses should be performed to uncover the mechanism of action of this peptide. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Pep3D could be used as a new treatment for psoriasis.

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La falta de una clasificación única para las frutas y hortalizas (FyH) representa un reto al establecer recomendaciones o realizar evaluaciones de su consumo. Por ello, este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la agrupación de las FyH en Venezuela, considerando únicamente su composición nutricional, en pro de ofrecer criterios científicos que puedan ayudar a establecer posteriormente una clasificación apropiada. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva y transversal que utilizó como fuente secundaria a los valores nutricionales presentados en la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos venezolana. Se compararon los aportes nutricionales de 73 frutas y 47 hortalizas, contra otros 27 alimentos de 8 grupos considerados como suplementarios. Se realizó una comparación entre los grupos de alimentos con la prueba ANOVA, una comparación entre las FyH a través de un análisis de componentes principales y se establecieron grupos de FyH a través del análisis por conglomerados. Se encontró que las FyH se distinguen significativamente de los otros grupos de alimentos, por su alto contenido de agua >80% y ácido ascórbico >35%, con un bajo aporte de proteínas <2% y grasas <1% (p<0,05). Se establecieron 5 grupos de FyH, de los cuales 2 distaron significativamente del promedio por su alto contenido de grasa, sodio o carbohidratos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el aporte nutricional pareciera no ser un factor concluyente para diferenciar entre las frutas y las hortalizas. En conclusión, establecer una clasificación definitiva de FyH considerando únicamente su aporte nutricional, sería limitado, ya que podrían ser muchos otros los factores intervinientes(AU)

The lack of a single classification for fruits and vegetables (F&V) represents a challenge when is necessary establishing recommendations or evaluating their consumption. This study aims to examine the grouping of F&V in Venezuela, considering only their nutritional composition, in order to offer scientific criteria that can help to establish an appropriate classification later. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional investigation that used as a secondary source the nutritional values presented in the Venezuelan Food Composition Table. The nutritional contributions of 73 fruits and 47 vegetables were compared against another 27 foods of 8 groups considered as supplementary. A comparison was made between the food groups with the ANOVA test, a comparison between the F&V through a principal component analysis and F&V groups were established through the cluster analysis. It was found that F&V are major distinguished from other food groups, due to their high-water content >80% and ascorbic acid >35%, with a low protein content <2% and fat <1% (p <0, 05). 5 F&V groups were established, of which 2 were significantly different from the average due to their high content of fat, sodium or carbohydrates. The findings suggest that the nutritional contribution appears not to be a conclusive factor to differentiate between fruits and vegetables. In conclusion, establishing a definitive classification of FyH considering only its nutritional contribution would be limited, since there could be many other factors involved(AU)

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The pollution of aquatic environments by drugs is a problem for which scarce research has been conducted in regards of their removal. Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 presents the ability to biotransformation naphthalene at high efficiency, therefore, in this work this bacterium was proposed as an assimilator of naproxen and carbamazepine. Growth curves at different concentrations of naproxen and carbamazepine showed that Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 is able to utilize these drugs at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 as a source of carbon and energy. At higher concentrations, the bacterial growth was inhibited. The transformation kinetics of naproxen showed the total elimination of the compound in 18 days, but carbamazepine was only eliminated in 19.9%. The supplementation with cometabolites such as yeast extract and naphthalene (structure similar to naproxen) at 50 mg L-1, showed that the yeast extract shortened the naproxen elimination to 6 days and reached a higher global consumption rate compared to the naphthalene cometabolite. The biotransformation of carbamazepine was not improved by the addition of cometabolites. The partial sequencing of the genome of Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 detected genes encoding putative enzymes for the degradation of cyclic aromatic compounds and the activities of aromatic monooxygenase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase exhibited their involving in the naproxen biodegradation. The HPLC-MS analysis detected the 5-methoxysalicylic acid at the end of the biotransformation kinetics. This work demonstrates that Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 utilizes naproxen and transforms it to 5-methoxysalicylic acid which is the initial compound for the catechol and gentisic acid metabolic pathway.

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Sleep loss induces a low-grade inflammatory status characterized by a subtle but sustained increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, which are key regulators of blood-brain barrier function. To investigate the influence of inflammatory status on blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by sleep restriction we performed an experiment using two strains of mice with different immunological backgrounds, C57BL/6 mice that have a predominant pro-inflammatory response and BALB/c mice that have a predominant anti-inflammatory response. Mice were sleep-restricted during 10 days using the flowerpot technique during 20 h per day with 4 h of daily sleep opportunity. The systemic inflammatory status, blood-brain barrier permeability, and the hippocampal expression of neuroinflammatory markers were characterized at the 10th day. Serum levels of TNF and IFN-γ increased in sleep-restricted C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice; no changes in other cytokines were found. Sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability in C57BL/6 strain but not in BALB/c. The hippocampus of sleep-restricted C57BL/6 mice exhibited an increase in the expression of the neuroinflammatory markers Iba-1, A2A adenosine receptor, and MMP-9; meanwhile in sleep-restricted BALB/c mice the expression of this markers was lesser than the control group. These data suggest that cytokines may be playing a key role in modulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep restriction, and probably the effects are related to Iba-1, MMP-9 and A2A adenosine receptor overexpression.

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BACKGROUND: With the availability of high-quality asthma guidelines worldwide, one possible approach of developing a valid guideline, without re-working the evidence, already analysed by major guidelines, is the ADAPTE approach, as was used for the development of National Guidelines on asthma. METHODS: The guidelines development group (GDG) covered a broad range of experts from medical specialities, primary care physicians and methodologists. The core group of the GDG searched the literature for asthma guidelines 2005 onward, and analysed the 11 best guidelines with AGREE-II to select three mother guidelines. Key clinical questions were formulated covering each step of the asthma management. RESULTS: The selected mother guidelines are British Thoracic Society (BTS), GINA and GEMA 2015. Responses to the questions were formulated according to the evidence in the mother guidelines. Recommendations or suggestions were made for asthma treatment in Mexico by the core group, and adjusted during several rounds of a Delphi process, taking into account: 1. Evidence; 2. Safety; 3. Cost; 4. Patient preference - all these set against the background of the local reality. Here the detailed analysis of the evidence present in BTS/GINA/GEMA sections on prevention and diagnosis in paediatric asthma are presented for three age-groups: children with asthma ≤5 years, 6-11 years and ≥12 years. CONCLUSIONS: For the prevention and diagnosis sections, applying the AGREE-II method is useful to develop a scientifically-sustained document, adjusted to the local reality per country, as is the Mexican Guideline on Asthma.

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El quehacer fonoaudiológico actualmente se encuentra influenciado por perspectivas de atención en salud que promueven una atención basada en el modelo biopsicosocial, el cual propende a la inclusión social de personas en situación de discapacidad. En este contexto, la presente investigación pretende caracterizar el quehacer profesional de fonoaudiólogos/as insertos en Centros Comunitarios de Rehabilitación (CCR) que utilizan una estrategia comunitaria (Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad, RBC) para llevar a cabo sus procesos de evaluación, diagnóstico y rehabilitación. Este estudio cualitativo se enmarca en un enfoque microsociológico relacionado con la exploración de las prácticas profesionales en contextos de salud. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la técnica de entrevistas en profundidad y observación no participante de las prácticas de dos fonoaudiólogos que fueron registradas en bitácoras. La información obtenida fue procesada mediante análisis de contenido. Los profesionales fonoaudiólogos definieron su rol por medio de diferentes acciones que promueven su incorporación a un equipo multidisciplinario de atención y la participación activa, tanto del usuario como de la familia, en el proceso de rehabilitación. Se discute la suficiencia de las acciones fonoaudiológicas para explicar aspectos específicos del rol y diferencias en las formas de llevar a cabo las prácticas basadas en esta estrategia comunitaria de rehabilitación. Finalmente, la expresión de esta estrategia es parcial y constituye aún un desafío para el/la fonoaudiólogo/a basar la totalidad de su práctica diaria en dicha estrategia.

The speech therapists task is currently influenced by prospects of health care based on biopsychosocial model; which tends to social inclusion of people with disabilities. In this text, this article aims to characterize professional work of speech therapists inserts in Communitarian Rehabilitation Centers (CRC) using community strategy (Community based rehabilitation, RBC) to carry out assessment, diagnosis and rehabilitation processes. This qualitative research is part of a micro sociological approach which explores professional practices in health contexts. Data collection was performed using in-depth interview and nonparticipating technique in observation of two speech therapists practice that were recorded in logbooks. The information obtained was analyzed through content analysis. Speech therapists defined their role through actions that promoted their incorporation to a multidisciplinary health team, and the active participation of both the user/patient and the family in the rehabilitation process. The adequacy of actions to explain role specific aspects and carry out ways differences of speech therapists practice based on this communitarian rehabilitation strategy. Finally, expression of this strategy is partial and is still a challenge for speech therapists to base their daily practice on this strategy.

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This study proposes a Speech Therapy treatment for individuals with sialorrhea (saliva production perceived by patient as excessive) as a consequence of Parkinson Disease (PD). Method: A prospective study in 18 individuals with PD diagnosis was taken and divided into two groups: A) received only Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (swallowing process awareness), while B) received CBT plus Thermal Tactile Stimulation (TTS) (cold sensory stimulation to the pharyngeal anterior pillars and oral cavity). The intervention lasted 5 weeks. The purpose of this research was to prove the effectiveness of Speech Therapy in dealing with sialorrhea and to assess a significant difference between CBT and CBT plus TTS. A t-student parameter test and the Mann-Withney test were used. Resulted: The assessment by the Clinical Scale for Parkinson Sialorrhea (SCS-PD) prior to therapy was CBT group was 2.6 and 11.5 ± 9.4 ± 4.2 group difference was not statistically significant. After therapy was 3.5 ± 2.8 and 4.6 ± 3.5 both showed a statistically significant difference compared to baseline (p < 0.001), not having statistically significant difference between them. Conclusion: These tests showed that both treatments are effective to decrease sialorrhea perception in individuals with PD. Nevertheless, no statistical significant differences were noted between both treatments.

Introducción: Este estudio propone un tratamiento Fonoaudiológico para trabajar con personas que presentan sialorrea (producción de saliva que el paciente percibe como excesiva) producto de la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Método: Dieciocho personas con diagnóstico de EP y sialorrea, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos; A: recibió sólo Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (TCC) (concientización del proceso deglutorio), mientras el B: recibió TCC más Estimulación Termo Táctil (ETT) (se realiza estimulación sensorial con frío a los pilares faríngeos anteriores y cavidad oral), la intervención se realizó por 5 semanas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es evidenciar la efectividad de la terapia Fonoaudiológica en el abordaje de la sialorrea y evaluar si existe una diferencia significativa entre la TCC y la TCC más ETT. Se utilizó la prueba paramétrica t-student, y Test de Mann-Withney, se consideró significativo un p < 0,05. Resultados: La valoración mediante la Escala Clínica de la Sialorrea para Parkinson (SCS-PD) previo a la terapia en grupo con TCC 11,5 ± 2,6 y el grupo 9,4 ± 4,2 diferencia que no es estadísticamente significativa. Posterior a la terapia fue 3,5 ± 2,8 y 4,6 ± 3,5 ambos presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto a la basal (p < 0,001), no habiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ellas. Conclusión: Estas pruebas demostraron que ambos tratamientos son efectivos para disminuir la percepción de sialorrea en las personas con EP. Sin embargo, no se evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos tratamientos.

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Se define como endometriosis a la presencia de tejido endometrial fuera de la cavidad uterina. La endometriosis del tracto urinario (ETU) se refiere a la presencia de tejido endometrial en o alrededor de la vejiga, uréteres, uretra o riñones, lo que ocurre en alrededor de 1por ciento de los casos. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una puesta al día en los conceptos relativos a esta rara enfermedad. Se analiza clínica, fisiopatología y tratamiento.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Urinary tract endometriosis (ETU) refers to the presence of endometrial tissue in or around the bladder, ureters, urethra or kidneys, which occurs in about 1percent of cases. The objective of this review is to update the concepts concerning this rare disease. Clinic, pathophysiology and treatment are discussed.

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Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is one of the most common eye disorders in ophthalmology. In mice models, it has been suggested that control of allergic conjunctivitis is a delicate balance between Tregs and inflammatory migrating effector cells. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of Tregs and the frequency of homing receptors expressing cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). The analyses of phenotypic markers on CD4+ T cells and both soluble or intracellular cytokines were performed by flow cytometry. CD4+CD25+ cells were 15 times more frequent in PBMC from patients than HC; the vast majority of these CD4+CD25+ cells were FOXP3-, and most of CD4+ T cells were CCR4+ and CCR9+ cells. Upon allergen-stimulation, no significant changes were observed in frequency of Treg; however, an increased frequency of CD4+CCR4+CCR9+ cells, CD4+CD103+ cells and CD4+CD108+ cells with increased IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8 production was observed. These findings suggest an immune dysregulation in PAC, characterized by diminished frequency of Tregs and increased frequency of circulating activated CD4+ T cells; upon allergen-stimulation, these cells were expressing cell-surface molecules related to mucosa homing and were able to trigger an inflammatory microenvironment.

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Antecedentes: El entrenamiento de técnicas quirúrgicas durante la formación de gineco-obstetras encuentra dificultades por razones de seguridad de la paciente y del recién nacido. Una de las estrategias utilizadas es el uso de simuladores para facilitar la adquisición de las habilidades necesarias para resolver situaciones críticas frecuentes en la práctica médica, salvaguardando la ética en la enseñanza y mejorando su calidad. Objetivos: Evaluar el uso de simuladores de parto interactivo de mediana complejidad (Noelle® Gaumard Scientific, Miami, FL) como método de educación médica para adquirir las destrezas necesarias en la atención de un parto operatorio con Espátulas de Thierry. Método: Diseño: estudio piloto prospectivo controlado. Sujetos: seis médicos en formación de la especialidad de la Universidad de los Andes. Se definieron aleatoriamente 2 grupos estratificados por año de formación. A todos se les instruyó en sesión teórica sobre el uso de las espátulas. La mitad tuvo una sesión práctica. Se utilizó un simulador y pautas estandarizadas para evaluar la adquisición de habilidades. Resultados: Se expresó según el porcentaje del puntaje máximo logrado para cada prueba. El grupo experimental tuvo un resultado en la evaluación práctica de 90/25/90 por ciento. El grupo control 35/70/65 por ciento. Se observó menos diferencias inter grupos en la prueba teórica. Conclusión: Las habilidades asociadas al uso de las espátulas de Thierry se adquirieron más completamente en el grupo expuesto a un taller con simuladores de mediana complejidad.

Background: The training on surgical techniques during the instruction of obstetrician-gynecologists finds some difficulties because of patient and newborn's safety concern. One of the strategies is to use simulators that facilitate the acquisition of the skills required to solve critical situations, common in medical practice. Objective: To evaluate the use of simulators (NoelleÕ Gaumard Scientific, Miami, FL) in medical education as a mean to acquire the skills needed for an instrumental delivery using Thierry's spatulas. Methods: Design: prospective controlled pilot study. Participants: six medical residents of obstetrics and gynecology from Los Andes University. They were randomized on two groups stratified by years of resideney. All of them received a lecture on Thierry's spatulas. Half of them also had a workshop. A simulator and standardized guidelines were used to evaluate the skills acquisition. Results: They were stated by the percentage of maximum score achieved to each test. The experimental group had a practical score of 90/25/90 percent. The control group got 35/70/65 percent. There were few differences in the written test between groups. Conclusion: The experimental group showed a better performance in the use of Thierry's spatulas.

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There is a hypothesis that lack ofn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is of etiological importance in depression. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a member of the n-3 PUFA family, is a crucial component of synaptic cell membranes. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure red blood cell (RBC) membrane n-3 fatty acids in a group of depressed female patients relative to a matched healthy control group. Methods: We measured the fatty acid composition of membranes from RBC of 9 female depressive patients and 6 healthy controls subjects. Results: There was a significant depletion of RBC membrane n-3 PUFAs in the depressed subjects. This result agrees with the international evidence and opens a new line of investigation on etiology of the depression.

Actualmente existe una hipótesis que vincula la disminución de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (AGPI n-3), en diversos tejidos, con la depresión. El ácido docosahexaenoico (DITA), uno de los miembros más importantes de los AGPI n-3, cumple importantes funciones en las membranas sinápticas. Objetivo: evaluar si pacientes con depresión presentan niveles disminuidos de ácidos grasos omega-3. Sujetos y métodos: se seleccionaron 9 pacientes mujeres en tratamiento por depresión de un consultorio de Puente Alto y 6 controles pareados por edad y sexo, a quienes se midió el perfil de ácidos grasos en membrana de eritrocitos. Resultados y conclusiones: Se demostró una disminución significativa de los niveles de AGPI n-3 en las membranas de eritrocitos de las depresivas. Este resultado concuerda con la evidencia expuesta en la literatura internacional y fomenta la investigación en este nuevo campo sobre una posible etiología de la depresión.

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We describe the archeological and imaging findings of a unique specimen (skull and mandible) with leontiasis ossea (LO) that is on display in the National Museum of Anthropology and History in Mexico City. The specimen shows diffuse and irregular periosteal bone proliferation, which produces a grossly nodular appearance involving the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. Plain radiography and helical computed tomography revealed generalized hyperostosis obliterating the maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses and 2 exuberant bony masses arising from the maxilla with encroachment of the anterior nasal aperture.Currently, LO is a purely descriptive term applied to a variety of osseous conditions that have in common hyperostosis of craniofacial bones leading to a leonine appearance. Clinicians who see such lionlike facies should consider the main causes of LO, which include renal osteodystrophy, Paget disease and, as most likely in this specimen, fibrous dysplasia.

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Durante la consulta por sobrepeso y obesidad a menudo los pacientes refieren comer por ansiedad. Por lo tanto, se consideró necesario evaluar la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad en forma cuantitativa. Para esto, 65 pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, reclutados del Centro Médico Cárdenas fueron evaluados a través de la aplicación de la Escala de Ansiedad del Cuestionario de Goldberg, en su versión validada en castellano, cuyo resultado se considera positivo con un puntaje mayor o igual a 4. El 73,85 por ciento de todos los pacientes tuvo un puntaje mayor o igual a 4, cuya puntuación media fue 6,88 (DS: 1,58). La diferencia entre los pacientes con un resultado mayor o igual a 4 y < 4 fue estadísticamente significativa. Este resultado demuestra que al enfrentar por primera vez a estos pacientes no sólo hay que preocuparse del peso corporal y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular u otras posibles patologías físicas asociadas, sino que también evaluar el estado psicológico.

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Overweight and obesity are physiological conditions which can be considered cardiovascular risk factors. For some years it has been suggested that depression also is a cardiovascular risk factor. This work investigated the presence of depressive symptoms in patients with overweight and obesity, since this association could enhance the development of cardiovascular diseases. With this aim it was applied the Depression Scale of the Goldberg Questionnaire, in its Spanish version. 61 percent of the analyzed individuals possibly presented a depressive episode. The high percentage of individuals that display both pathologies it makes advisable to evaluate the presence of depressive symptoms in patients with overweight and obesity.

El sobrepeso y la obesidad son estados que predisponen al desarrollo de diversos factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Desde hace algunos años se sugiere que la depresión también es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Este trabajo investigó la presencia de síntomas depresivos en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, ya que dicha asociación podría potenciar el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en estos pacientes. Con dicho fin se aplicó la Subescala de Depresión del Cuestionario de Goldberg, en su versión en español. Se encontró que el 61.0 por ciento de los individuos analizados posiblemente presentan un trastorno depresivo. El elevado porcentaje de individuos que presentan ambos patologías hace aconsejable evaluar la presencia de síntomas depresivos en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad.

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The frequency of Crohn disease shows a significant increase in the last century. Affected patients show a misbalance between production of free radicals and anti oxidant defenses. Thus, one of the increasingly accepted htypotheses to explain the origin of this disease, is the oxidative stress that occurs in the intestinal mucosa. Dietary factors including self administered vitamin and mineral supplements may play a role, especially when they contain excessive amounts of iron and copper, known for their prooxidant capacities. Unfortunately, little is known about how these metals may influence the antioxidant defenses in the intestinal mucosa. This article reviews the literature on the why and how these elements may act on individuals susceptible to develop Crohn disease, including the evidence supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa is an important pathogenetic factor.

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The frequency of Crohn disease shows a significant increase in the last century. Affected patients show a misbalance between production of free radicals and anti oxidant defenses. Thus, one of the increasingly accepted htypotheses to explain the origin of this disease, is the oxidative stress that occurs in the intestinal mucosa. Dietary factors including self administered vitamin and mineral supplemets may play a role, especially when they contain excessive amounts of iron and copper, known for their prooxidant capacities. Unfortunately, little is known about how these metals may influence the antioxidant defenses in the intestinal mucosa. This article reviews the literature on the why and how these elements may act on individuals susceptible to develop Crohm disease, including the evidence supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa is an important pathogenetic factor.

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Los ácidos grasos omega-3 son esenciales para la formación y el adecuado funcionamiento del cerebro humano. La ingesta deficiente de ellos, produce diversas disfunciones en la neurotransmisión, lo que puede ser una de las causas de diversos trastornos psiquiátricos como la depresión mayor y la esquizofrenia. Se ha demostrado que pacientes suplementados con dichos ácidos grasos presentan mejorías significativas de sus síntomas. Otro aspecto importante de la conducta humana en que los ácidos grasos omega-3 han demostrado utilidad, es en disminuir el comportamiento antisocial, la agresividad y la hostilidad en sujetos sometidos a ambientes de estrés psicológico. Por lo tanto la suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 puede ser un coadyuvante para la mejoría de dichos comportamientos.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for the formation and the suitable operation of the human brain. Deficient ingestion of them, produces diverse dysfunctions in the neurotransmission, which can be one of the causes of diverse psychiatric disorders like the major depression and schizophrenia, since it has demonstrated that patient supplemented with these fatty acids present significant improvements of the symptoms. Another important aspect of the human behavior in which the omega-3 fatty acids have demonstrated utility, was in diminishing antisocial behavior, aggressiveness and the hostility in subjects submissive atmospheres of psychological stress. Therefore the supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can help in the improvement of these behaviors.

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We describe the palaeopathologic and radiographic findings of the human skeletal remains that belonged to a female who lived in Mexico's viceroyship period (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries A.D.). Radiographic studies showed numerous, radiodense, ovoid, small and well-defined foci in the long tubular bones, sacrum, scapulae and iliac bones. Computed tomography (CT) examination revealed multiple hyperdense foci located in the central marrow portion of the bones. Measurements of attenuation coefficient revealed +1548 HU. The findings are consistent with osteopoikilosis, an uncommon, benign sclerosing bone dysplasia transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, which in the clinical setting is important to set apart from different bone pathologies to avoid unnecessary interventions and treatments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of osteopoikilosis in ancient human remains.

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