RESUMO
Purpose of the study: During the early and progressive (late) stages of murine experimental pulmonary tuberculosis, the differential activation of macrophages contributes to disease development by controlling bacterial growth and immune regulation. Mycobacterial proteins P27 and PE_PGRS33 can target the mitochondria of macrophages. This study aims to evaluate the effect of both proteins on macrophage activation during mycobacterial infection. Materials and methods: We assess both proteins for mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and morphological changes, as well as bactericide activity, production of metabolites, cytokines, and activation markers in infected MQs. The cell line MH-S was used for all the experiments. Results: We show that P27 and PE_PGRS33 proteins modified mitochondrial dynamics, oxygen consumption, bacilli growth, cytokine production, and some genes that contribute to macrophage alternative activation and mycobacterial intracellular survival. Conclusions: Our findings showed that these bacterial proteins partially contribute to promoting M2 differentiation by altering mitochondrial metabolic activity.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Camundongos , Animais , Ativação de Macrófagos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , MitocôndriasRESUMO
Identification of alternative attenuation targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is pivotal for designing new candidates for live attenuated anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. In this context, the CtpF P-type ATPase of Mtb is an interesting target; specifically, this plasma membrane enzyme is involved in calcium transporting and response to oxidative stress. We found that a mutant of MtbH37Rv lacking ctpF expression (MtbΔctpF) displayed impaired proliferation in mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) during in vitro infection. Further, the levels of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma in MH-S cells infected with MtbΔctpF were similar to those of cells infected with the parental strain, suggesting preservation of the immunogenic capacity. In addition, BALB/c mice infected with Mtb∆ctpF showed median survival times of 84 days, while mice infected with MtbH37Rv survived 59 days, suggesting reduced virulence of the mutant strain. Interestingly, the expression levels of ctpF in a mouse model of latent TB were significantly higher than in a mouse model of progressive TB, indicating that ctpF is involved in Mtb persistence in the dormancy state. Finally, the possibility of complementary mechanisms that counteract deficiencies in Ca2+ transport mediated by P-type ATPases is suggested. Altogether, our results demonstrate that CtpF could be a potential target for Mtb attenuation.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Animais , Cálcio , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio , Membrana Celular/patologia , Camundongos , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Patients with TB have been observed to suffer from depression and anxiety linked to social variables. Previous experiments found that the substantial pulmonary inflammation associated with TB causes neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and behavioral impairments in the absence of brain infection. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. In this work, we evaluated the CUR effect on the growth control of mycobacteria in the lungs and the anti-inflammatory effect in the brain using a model of progressive pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice infected with drug-sensitive mycobacteria (strain H37Rv). The results have shown that CUR decreased lung bacilli load and pneumonia of infected animals. Finally, CUR significantly decreased neuroinflammation (expression of TNFα, IFNγ and IL12) and slightly increased the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related to factor 2 (Nrf2) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, improving behavioral status. These results suggest that CUR has a bactericidal effect and can control pulmonary mycobacterial infection and reduce neuroinflammation. It seems that CUR has a promising potential as adjuvant therapy in TB treatment.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Encéfalo/microbiologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tuberculose/metabolismo , Tuberculose Pulmonar/metabolismoRESUMO
RESUMO: No atual contexto português, é ainda visível a generalizada dificuldade em obter instrumentos de avaliação adaptados à população com Dificuldades Intelectuais e Desenvolvimentais (DID) que avaliem o constructo da autodeterminação. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem por objetivo a adaptação e a validação da Arc's Self-Determination Scale à população adolescente e adulta portuguesa com DID. Para esse efeito, foram seguidas as recomendações internacionais inerentes a processos dessa natureza, culminando em uma avaliação de 11 peritos para a evidência quantitativa da validade de conteúdo. Todos os itens dessa escala foram considerados como relevantes ou muito relevantes (n=72), tendo-se obtido acordos moderados (k>.40) e excelentes (k>.75) entre os peritos no cálculo do Kappa de Cohen. A amostra foi constituída por 500 indivíduos adolescentes e adultos entre 16 e 70 anos de idade (24.03±9.15), sendo 256 do género feminino e 244 do género masculino com e sem DID. A escala apresentou uma excelente consistência interna (α=.89), com tendência para correlações fracas a moderadas (.01>r<.51). Os procedimentos inerentes à validade de constructo são, igualmente, apresentados e discutidos. Os principais resultados parecem apontar a ideia de que o instrumento em estudo apresenta as características de validade e de fiabilidade necessárias para que possa ser utilizado em nível nacional.
ABSTRACT: In the current Portuguese context, the generalized difficulty in obtaining assessment instruments adapted to the population with Intellectual and Developmental Difficulties (IDD) that evaluate the construct of self-determination is still visible. In this sense, this paper aims to adapt and validate the Arc's Self-Determination Scale to the Portuguese adolescent and adult population with IDD. To this end, it was considered the international guidelines in cross-cultural adaptation process, culminating with an evaluation of 11 experts for the quantitative evidence of the content validity. All items of this scale were considered as relevant or very relevant (n=72) and there was a moderated (k>.40) and an excellent agreement (k>.75) among the experts in the calculation of Cohen's Kappa. The sample comprised 500 adolescents/adults, aged between 16 and 70 years-old (24.03±9.15), 256 females and 244 males with and without IDD. The scale showed an excellent internal consistency (α=.89) and weak to moderate correlations between sections (.01>r<.51). The procedures inherent to the validity of construct are also presented and discussed. The main results seem to point out the idea that the instrument under study presents the characteristics of validity and reliability required so that it can be used at the national level.
RESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single bacterial infectious agent and is one of the most relevant issues of public health. Another pandemic disease is type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) that is estimated to affect half a billion people in the world. T2D is directly associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle and is frequently associated with immunosuppression. Immune dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia increases infection frequency and severity. Thus, in developing countries the T2D/TB co-morbidity is frequent and represents one of the most significant challenges for the health-care systems. Several immunoendocrine abnormalities are occurring during the chronic phase of both diseases, such as high extra-adrenal production of active glucocorticoids (GCs) by the activity of 11-ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11-ßHSD1). 11-ßHSD1 catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol or corticosterone in lungs and liver, while 11-ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-ßHSD2) has the opposite effect. Active GCs have been related to insulin resistance and suppression of Th1 responses, which are deleterious factors in both T2D and TB. The anabolic adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts antagonistic effects on GC signaling in immune cells and metabolic tissues; however, its anabolic effects prohibit its use to treat immunoendocrine diseases. 16α-bromoepiandrosterone (BEA) is a water miscible synthetic sterol related to DHEA that lacks an anabolic effect while amplifying the immune and metabolic properties with important potential therapeutic uses. In this work, we compared the expression of 11-ßHSD1 and the therapeutic efficacy of BEA in diabetic mice infected with tuberculosis (TB) (T2D/TB) with respect to non-diabetic TB-infected mice (TB). T2D was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet and administering a single low-dose of streptozotocin. After 4 weeks of T2D establishment, mice were infected intratracheally with a high-dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Then, mice were treated with BEA three times a week by subcutaneous and intratracheal routes. Infection with TB increased the expression of 11-ßHSD1 and corticosterone in the lungs and liver of both T2D/TB and TB mice; however, T2D/TB mice developed a more severe lung disease than TB mice. In comparison with untreated animals, BEA decreased GC and 11-ßHSD1 expression while increasing 11-ßHSD2 expression. These molecular effects of BEA were associated with a reduction in hyperglycemia and liver steatosis, lower lung bacillary loads and pneumonia. These results uphold BEA as a promising effective therapy for the T2D/TB co-morbidity.
Assuntos
Androsterona/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Animais , Comorbidade , Corticosterona/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tuberculose/metabolismoRESUMO
As components of the innate immune response, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) efficiently contribute to infection control and maintenance of a latent state in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). As a therapeutic strategy, the administration of recombinant AMPs could be limited by enzymatic degradation and high production costs. Likewise, strategies based on the induction of AMPs have generated controversial results. In this study, 2 recombinant type-5 adenoviruses (Ad) expressing the human ß-defensin 3 (HßD3) or cathelicidin (LL37) were assessed in a murine pulmonary TB model. Mice infected with either a high dose of a drug-sensitive (H37Rv) or a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were treated with a single administration of AdHßD3, AdLL37, AdGFP (control vector expressing a green fluorescent protein), or saline solution (SS). Lungs were obtained to determine the bacterial burden, histologic damage, and cytokine expression at different time points. Mice treated with AdHßD3 or AdLL37 showed significantly lower bacterial load and pneumonia, and higher proinflammatory cytokine expression than the control groups AdGFP and SS. A synergistic therapeutic effect could be observed when first- or second-line antibiotics (ABs) were administered with adenoviral therapy in animals infected with H37Rv or MDR strains, respectively. Adenovirus-delivered AMP's administration constitutes a promising adjuvant therapy for current anti-TB drugs by enhancing a protective immune response and potentially reducing current AB regimes' duration.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/administração & dosagem , Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologia , beta-Defensinas/administração & dosagem , Adenoviridae , Animais , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Camundongos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/patologia , CatelicidinasRESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease in which prolonged, non-resolutive inflammation of the lung may lead to metabolic and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Previous studies have reported that individuals coursing pulmonary TB experience cognitive or behavioural changes; however, the pathogenic substrate of such manifestations have remained unknown. Here, using a mouse model of progressive pulmonary TB, we report that, even in the absence of brain infection, TB is associated with marked increased synthesis of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in discrete brain areas such as the hypothalamus, the hippocampal formation and cerebellum accompanied by substantial changes in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Moreover, histopathological findings of neurodegeneration and neuronal death were found as infection progressed with activation of p38, JNK and reduction in the BDNF levels. Finally, we perform behavioural analysis in infected mice throughout the infection, and our data show that the cytokine and neurochemical changes were associated with a marked onset of cognitive impairment as well as depressive- and anxiety-like behaviour. Altogether, our results suggest that besides pulmonary damage, TB is accompanied by an extensive neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative state which explains some of the behavioural abnormalities found in TB patients.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Animais , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/microbiologia , Sintomas Comportamentais/microbiologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/citologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/patologia , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Disfunção Cognitiva/microbiologia , Depressão/metabolismo , Depressão/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo , Hipocampo/citologia , Hipocampo/imunologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Janus Quinases/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Neurônios/citologia , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Tuberculose Pulmonar/enzimologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/psicologia , Regulação para Cima , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND Cerebral air embolism is a rare iatrogenic complication of endoscopic procedures that can result in irreversible neurological damage. The symptoms of cerebral air embolism are nonspecific and may be attributed to sedation-related complications and central nervous system insults. Having awareness of this rare iatrogenic event and deciding on immediate imaging when it is suspected are essential for prompt diagnosis and treatment. CASE REPORT A 72-year-old man with a past medical history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis with associated portal hypertension underwent an outpatient esophago-gastroduodenoscopy for surveillance of esophageal varices. During the procedure, the patient retched several times and developed a mucosal tear, which was repaired using endoscopic clips. After the procedure, the patient remained sedated for a prolonged time and was subsequently unresponsive. Nonenhanced CT of the head showed several foci of gas throughout the subarachnoid spaces. Follow-up nonenhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated ischemic changes, which were more prominent along the right cerebral hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral air embolism is an iatrogenic complication of endoscopic procedures that can result in irreversible neurological damage. It must be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with altered mental status and neurological deficits after an endoscopic procedure. Diagnostic imaging can be useful in identifying key features of this iatrogenic event. Timely diagnosis and treatment can improve patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Embolia Aérea , Idoso , Encéfalo , Embolia Aérea/diagnóstico por imagem , Embolia Aérea/etiologia , Humanos , Doença Iatrogênica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND Paratesticular tumors are rare causes of scrotal masses; most are benign and arise from the spermatic cord. We present the case of a dermoid cyst, a rare benign paratesticular tumor mimicking a torsed supernumerary testis. CASE REPORT An 8-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department with intense pain and swelling in the left hemiscrotum. He reported severe stabbing pain in his left hemiscrotum, quantified as 10/10, and demonstrating no improvement with change in position. Ultrasonography of the scrotum showed an oval-shaped heterogeneous, predominantly hypoechoic structure observed immediately inferior and lateral to the left testicle, showing no internal vascularity. The right hemiscrotum showed no testicular structure. Based on the sonographic observations, the possibility of 2 adjacent testicles in the left hemiscrotum was raised; the one without vascularity and with hypoechoic texture suggested the presence of ischemic changes due to torsion. The differential diagnosis of a paratesticular mass includes a paratesticular tumor, mimicking of paratesticular neoplasms (i.e. polyorchidism and splenogonadal fusion) and metastases. Surgical exploration of the left hemiscrotum revealed a normal untorsed left testis with an adherent paratesticular mass. An intraoperative frozen biopsy of the mass offered the preliminary diagnosis of an epidermoid cyst. CONCLUSIONS Paratesticular tumors can clinically present variably as a mass, which can be painful. Dermoid cysts can present as a painful mass and the sonographic appearance varies from anechoic to hyperechoic according to the cyst contents. A dermoid cyst as the differential diagnosis of a painful paratesticular mass in boys is important along with the possibility of a torsed supernumerary testicle.
Assuntos
Cisto Dermoide , Cisto Epidérmico , Criança , Cisto Dermoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Escroto/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Overweight and obesity are important risk factors for chronic disorders. Fat accumulation is one of the central manifestations; it occurs via a complex mechanism where multiple metabolic signals converge. Sirtuins are an enzyme family with deacetylase functions that are implicated in the regulation of several genes. Sirt1 and its upstream regulator (miR-34a) are elements of a converging mechanism that integrates the dynamic metabolic state. In this work, we hypothesized that elevated levels of miR-34a in overweight/obese group inhibits Sirt1 activity. Therefore, we studied the miR-34a/Sirt1 axis in mononuclear cells obtained from adipose tissue. METHODS: Adipose tissue samples were collected from 36 subjects, and they were categorized according to body mass index (BMI) as overweight/obesity and normoweight. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were enzymatically dissociated, and mononuclear cells from adipose tissue were isolated by Ficoll Hypaque. Sirt1-positive cells and relative Sirt1 expression were determined by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. Finally, Sirt1 activity was measured with a luminescence assay. RESULTS: The percentage of Sirt1-positive mononuclear cells from adipose tissue decreased along with Sirt1 enzymatic activity in overweight/obese participants. miR-34a expression increased in the overweight/obese group compared to normoweight individuals. There was a negative association between the relative miR-34a expression and Sirt1-positive cells and a synergistic effect on Sirt1-positive cells mediated by the miR-34a inhibitor and Sirt1 agonist. CONCLUSIONS: Our results describe for the first time the presence of miR-34a and Sirt1 in mononuclear cells isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue. Additionally, these results suggest altered sirtuin function in overweight/obese patients and open the possibility for new therapies that involve these metabolic targets.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Obesidade/patologia , Sobrepeso/patologia , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análise , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/genética , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Projetos Piloto , Prognóstico , Sirtuína 1/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal disease caused either by deficiency or presence of a non-functioning C1 inhibitor. The lack or non-functionality of said inhibitors leads to activation of an inflammatory cascade, which result in cutaneous and mucosal edema. Most patients with HAE present with either cutaneous, laryngeal/pharyngeal, or gastrointestinal exacerbations. An uncommon gastrointestinal manifestation of HAE is an intussusception, which in most cases require invasive/surgical management. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old Hispanic female patient with past medical history of HAE, presented with a 4-day history of episodic abdominal pain, worsening during the last 2 days with associated nausea, vomiting, and bright red blood per rectum. The abdominal ultrasound performed at our institution showed an elongated region of hypoechoic and hyperechoic concentric rings, raising suspicion of an intussusception. The patient was treated conservatively, with 30 mg of ecallantide and a unit of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Follow-up abdominopelvic computed tomography scan was performed approximately 20 hours after the administration of fresh frozen plasma revealing complete interval resolution of the colo-colonic intussusception. Subsequently, the patient was kept under hospital care for the next 4 days with adequate progression of diet and without recurrence of intussusception. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, most cases of patient with HAE presenting with intussusception have been treated with invasive/surgical procedures. In our case, conservative management has proven successful to reduce edema with subsequent non-surgical reduction of the intussusception. By directly targeting the pathophysiologic aspects of HAE, an unnecessary invasive procedure, as well as its potential complications, were avoided.
Assuntos
Angioedemas Hereditários/complicações , Colo/diagnóstico por imagem , Intussuscepção/terapia , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Plasma , Adolescente , Angioedemas Hereditários/diagnóstico , Angioedemas Hereditários/terapia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Colo/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Intussuscepção/diagnóstico , Intussuscepção/etiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Ultrassonografia/métodosRESUMO
Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de indicadores da eficiência reprodutiva em fêmeas bovinas em sistema de cria extensiva e monta controlada, avaliaram-se os dados dos controles de 92 vacas do município da Cahama da província do Cunene. Para a análise estatística criou-se uma base de dados no Programa Microsoft Office Excel 2013; obtiveram-se as estatísticas simples e agruparam-se os dados pelos pesos de incorporação das vacas à monta, em 4 grupos: I) 221-250 Kg, II) 251-280 Kg, III) 281-320 Kg e IV) >321 Kg; os dados processaram-se mediante análise de variância e comparação de médias por Prova de Tukey para as variáveis: Peso ao Primeiro Serviço (PPS), Período de Serviço (PS), Duração da Gestação (DG), Período Entre Partos (PEP), Idade da Vaca (IV) e Número de Crias (NC). Realizaram-se análise de correlação entre as variáveis: PPS, PS, DG, PEP, IV e NC. Observou-se diferenças (p<0,001) nos PPS, sendo os valores de 236,93±0,74; 236,93±0,74; 306,25±2,89 e 348,89±10,98 Kg para os grupos I, II, III, IV, respectivamente; mas não houve diferenças no PS (77,60±0,99 dias), DG (280,73±0,32 dias), PEP (357,39±0,99 dias) e IV (7,74±0,17 anos) nos diferentes grupos de pesos de incorporação das vacas à monta. Enquanto o NC variou entre 4,47±0,27 e 4,70±0,08 bezerros por vaca. Conclui-se que a eficiência reprodutiva das vacas, avaliadas pelo período de serviço, período entre partos e número médio de crias por vacas é satisfatória.
In order to evaluate the behavior of indicators of reproductive efficiency in bovine females in a system of extensive breeding and controlled mating, the data of the controls of 92 cows of the municipality of Cahama in Cunene Province were evaluated. For the statistical analysis a database was created in the Microsoft Office Excel 2013 Program; the simple statistics were obtained and the data were grouped by the incorporation weights of the cows to be mate into 4 groups: I) 221-250 kg, II) 251-280 kg, III) 281-320 kg and IV)> 321 Kg; the data were processed through analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey's test for the following variables: Weight at the First Service (WFS), Period of Service (PS), Duration of Gestation (DG), Period Between child-Birth (PBC), Age of the Cow (AC) and Number of heifer (NH). Correlation analysis was performed among the investigated variables. Differences (p <0.001) were observed in WFS, with values of 236.93 ± 0.74; 260.40 ± 2.0; 306.25 ± 2.89 and 348.89 ± 10.98 kg for groups I, II, III, IV, respectively; but there were no differences in PS (77.60 ± 0.99 days) and DG (280.73 ± 0.32 days) between the different groups; the mean PBC was 357.39 ± 0.99 days. The NH varied between 4.47 ± 0.27 and 4.70 ± 0.08 heifer per cow. The correlation analysis showed coefficients (p <0.01) among WFS, PBC and AC (r = 0.79-0.92) and between PBC, PS and AC (r = 0.84). It is concluded that the reproductive efficiency of the cows, evaluated by the period of service, period between calving and the average number of heifer by cows, is satisfactory.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Fatores Biológicos , Prenhez , Reprodução/fisiologia , Tamanho da Ninhada de VivíparosRESUMO
Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de indicadores da eficiência reprodutiva em fêmeas bovinas em sistema de cria extensiva e monta controlada, avaliaram-se os dados dos controles de 92 vacas do município da Cahama da província do Cunene. Para a análise estatística criou-se uma base de dados no Programa Microsoft Office Excel 2013; obtiveram-se as estatísticas simples e agruparam-se os dados pelos pesos de incorporação das vacas à monta, em 4 grupos: I) 221-250 Kg, II) 251-280 Kg, III) 281-320 Kg e IV) >321 Kg; os dados processaram-se mediante análise de variância e comparação de médias por Prova de Tukey para as variáveis: Peso ao Primeiro Serviço (PPS), Período de Serviço (PS), Duração da Gestação (DG), Período Entre Partos (PEP), Idade da Vaca (IV) e Número de Crias (NC). Realizaram-se análise de correlação entre as variáveis: PPS, PS, DG, PEP, IV e NC. Observou-se diferenças (p<0,001) nos PPS, sendo os valores de 236,93±0,74; 236,93±0,74; 306,25±2,89 e 348,89±10,98 Kg para os grupos I, II, III, IV, respectivamente; mas não houve diferenças no PS (77,60±0,99 dias), DG (280,73±0,32 dias), PEP (357,39±0,99 dias) e IV (7,74±0,17 anos) nos diferentes grupos de pesos de incorporação das vacas à monta. Enquanto o NC variou entre 4,47±0,27 e 4,70±0,08 bezerros por vaca. Conclui-se que a eficiência reprodutiva das vacas, avaliadas pelo período de serviço, período entre partos e número médio de crias por vacas é satisfatória.(AU)
In order to evaluate the behavior of indicators of reproductive efficiency in bovine females in a system of extensive breeding and controlled mating, the data of the controls of 92 cows of the municipality of Cahama in Cunene Province were evaluated. For the statistical analysis a database was created in the Microsoft Office Excel 2013 Program; the simple statistics were obtained and the data were grouped by the incorporation weights of the cows to be mate into 4 groups: I) 221-250 kg, II) 251-280 kg, III) 281-320 kg and IV)> 321 Kg; the data were processed through analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey's test for the following variables: Weight at the First Service (WFS), Period of Service (PS), Duration of Gestation (DG), Period Between child-Birth (PBC), Age of the Cow (AC) and Number of heifer (NH). Correlation analysis was performed among the investigated variables. Differences (p <0.001) were observed in WFS, with values of 236.93 ± 0.74; 260.40 ± 2.0; 306.25 ± 2.89 and 348.89 ± 10.98 kg for groups I, II, III, IV, respectively; but there were no differences in PS (77.60 ± 0.99 days) and DG (280.73 ± 0.32 days) between the different groups; the mean PBC was 357.39 ± 0.99 days. The NH varied between 4.47 ± 0.27 and 4.70 ± 0.08 heifer per cow. The correlation analysis showed coefficients (p <0.01) among WFS, PBC and AC (r = 0.79-0.92) and between PBC, PS and AC (r = 0.84). It is concluded that the reproductive efficiency of the cows, evaluated by the period of service, period between calving and the average number of heifer by cows, is satisfactory.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Reprodução/fisiologia , Prenhez , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Fatores BiológicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations based on evidence on the management of vitaminD deficiency in the general population. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. METHODS: Recommendations were formulated using the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed) using the term VitaminD and the name of each issue. Papers in English and Spanish with publication date before 17 March 2016 were included. Recommendations were jointly discussed by the Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: This document summarizes the data about vitaminD deficiency in terms of prevalence, etiology, screening indications, adequate levels and effects of supplementation on bone and non-skeletal health outcomes.
Assuntos
Vitamina D , Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Doenças Ósseas/complicações , Suplementos Nutricionais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Nefropatias/complicações , Hepatopatias/complicações , Síndromes de Malabsorção/complicações , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Debilidade Muscular/etiologia , Debilidade Muscular/prevenção & controle , Necessidades Nutricionais , Obesidade/complicações , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/prevenção & controle , Deficiência de Vitamina D/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is a multidimensional measure of well-being designed to assess emotional, psychological and social well-being. It has been translated into different languages; however, there is no validated Spanish version. Our aim was to provide the Spanish-speaking community with a validated version of the MHC-SF. METHOD: We translated the questionnaire into Spanish (s-MHC-SF) and assessed its validity in a sample of 3,355 Chilean adults. The data was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis using the original correlated-traits three-factor model and a recently described bifactor model. RESULTS: The scores obtained with s-MHC-SF had excellent reliability (α = .94). While the correlated-traits three-factor model provided an acceptable fit to the data, the bifactor model yielded a superior fit. According to measurement invariance results, both models could be used to compare scores over gender, geographical region, age, and time in the sample. CONCLUSION: s-MHC-SF is a valid questionnaire for the evaluation of personal well-being in Spanish-speaking populations.
Assuntos
Saúde Mental , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Afeto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tradução , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Se investigó el uso de plantas medicinales entre los habitantes de Sogamoso, población agraria en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia, donde campesinos en sus huertos y paisajes de zona andina y páramo preservan y usan una alta diversidad de plantas, manteniendo una cultura de saberes tradicionales, para el tratamiento de enfermedades humanas o de uso etno-veterinario; aprovechando así los beneficios que conlleva la conservación, para preservar y utilizar especies registradas. La metodología desarrollada fue una investigación de acción participativa, donde se realizaron encuestas de tipo específico a 100 personas, quienes expresaron tener un uso de las plantas medicinales. Se incluyó la caracterización ecológica de la zona elegida, comprendiendo las microcuencas de río Monquirá y río Cusiana, donde los recursos in-situ fueron inventariados con la comunidad, recopilándose fotografías, usos de las plantas nativas, exóticas o cultivadas en huertos. Como resultado se obtuvo la descripción a nivel botánico, ecológico, climático, así como las prácticas para la conservación o siembra, inventariándose más de 178 especies, en 55 familias con sus respectivos usos medicinales y formas de preparación, incluyendo la categorización de plantas frías, calientes, de aplicaciones externas o de elaboración de productos. Se recopilo el saber popular y se rescató el uso tradicional de plantas medicinales nativas que poseen los mayores o abuelos y que es transmitido de generación en generación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Plantas Medicinais , Saúde Pública , População Rural , Colômbia , Etnobotânica , FitoterapiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: los resultados a largo plazo de la terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARVC) en África han sido escasamente reportados. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad de la TARVC a través de 2 factores determinantes: la mortalidad y la pérdida del seguimiento. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal, en 1 000 adultos que comenzaron TARVC en el 2004 y fueron seguidos hasta el 2009 en el hospital "Esperança", en Luanda. RESULTADOS: el conteo basal medio de linfocitos T CD4+ fue de 147,1 cél/mm3. El 46 % se presentó con estadio clínico III o IV de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La edad promedio fue 34,6 años. Durante 60 000 meses-personas de seguimiento (media 34 meses), 335 pacientes fallecieron, 153 fueron perdidos en el seguimiento y la retención en el tratamiento a los 5 años fue 51,2 %. La tasa cruda de muerte fue 7,9 por 100 años-persona (95 % IC 5,6-8,3). Se detectó un tiempo medio de supervivencia significativamente menor en las mujeres (39,1 meses vs. 42), en aquellos con un conteo basal de linfocitos T CD4+ menor de 200 cél/mm3 (27,3 meses vs. 32,4), en los clasificados en los estadios avanzados de la OMS (25,6 meses vs. 31,7) y en los que alcanzaban tanto criterios clínicos como inmunológicos para iniciar la terapia (30,4 meses vs. solo con inmunológicos 33,7). CONCLUSIONEs: se observó una buena retención a largo plazo y resultados clínicos. La mortalidad relativamente elevada a los 5 años presenta un desafío importante para lograr mejores resultados de la TARVC y sugiere la necesidad de reforzar las estrategias que promuevan la adherencia al tratamiento.
INTRODUCTION: long-term results of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Africa have been poorly informed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of TARVC through 2 factors: mortality and follow-up loss. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted in 1000 adults who began cART in 2004 and were followed until 2009 at "Esperança" Hospital in Luanda. RESULTS: The CD4 + count mean baseline of T lymphocytes was 147.1 cells/mm3. 46 % presented with clinical stage III or IV according to World Health Organization standards. The average age was 34.6 years. During 60 000 person-months follow-up (mean 34 months), 335 patients died, 153 lost follow up and adherence to treatment after 5 years was 51.2 %. The gross mortality rate was 7.9 (95 % CI 5.6 to 8.3) 100 person-years. A significantly shorter survival mean was detected in women (39.1 months vs. 42), in those with lymphocytes CD4 + count baseline below 200 cells/mm3 (27.3 months vs. 32.4), in those classified in advanced stages according to WHO standards (25.6 months vs. 31.7) and in those reaching both clinical and immunological criteria to start therapy (30.4 months vs. 33.7 immunological only). CONCLUSIONS: A good long-term adherence to treatment and clinical outcomes were observed. The relatively high mortality after 5 years presents a major challenge for better cART results and suggests the need to strengthen strategies to promote treatment adherence.
Assuntos
Humanos , Mortalidade/etnologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , África/epidemiologia , Perda de SeguimentoRESUMO
El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre práctica físico-deportiva, motivos para realizarla y flujo experimentado en dicha práctica en una muestra de 101 jóvenes españoles. Los participantes respondieron autoinformes de actividad físico-deportiva, motivos para realizar esa actividad (Capdevila, 2003) y experiencias de flow en la misma (Jackson & Eklund, 2002). Los resultados indicaron que los hombres realizan más ejercicio y deporte que las mujeres, manifiestan una mayor motivación intrínseca y experimentan un mayor nivel de flujo en la actividad físico-deportiva. El flujo experimentado y los motivos intrínsecos se mostraron como factores predictores de la práctica físico-deportiva, mientras que los motivos extrínsecos no predijeron dicha práctica. Los resultados anteriores sugieren que fomentar motivos de diversión y experiencias subjetivas positivas como el flujo ayudarán a incrementar la adherencia a la práctica físico-deportiva en jóvenes.
In this study we explored the relationship between exercise - sports practice, motives for practice and flow experienced during such activities in a sample of Spanish young adults. 101 participants responded self-reports on exercise-sports practice, motives (Capdevila, 2003) and states of flow (Jackson & Eklund, 2002). The results indicated that, compared to women, physical practice was higher among men, who also showed a higher intrinsic motivation and experienced flow at a higher degree. Flow and intrinsic motives predicted physical practice, whilst extrinsic motives could not predict it. These results point out that promoting enjoyment-related motives and positive subjective experiences such as flow might help in enhancing adherence to exercise and sports among young people.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Psicologia do Esporte , MotivaçãoRESUMO
We study the dynamics of carriers in graphene subjected to an inhomogeneous magnetic field. For a magnetic field with a hyperbolic profile the corresponding Dirac equation can be analyzed within the formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, and leads to an exactly solvable model. We study in detail the bound-state spectrum. For a narrow barrier the spectrum is characterized by a few bands, except for the zero energy level that remains degenerated. As the width of the barrier increases we can track the band's evolution into the degenerated Landau levels. In the scattering regime a simple analytical formula is obtained for the transmission coefficient, this result allows us to identify the resonant conditions at which the barrier becomes transparent.
Assuntos
Campos Eletromagnéticos , Grafite/química , Modelos Químicos , Simulação por Computador , Teoria QuânticaRESUMO
O Sistema Único de Saúde- SUS foi elaborado a partir da necessidade de se organizar a saúde brasileira, a fim de otimizar o acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde. Os benefícios são principalmente indivíduos de uma classe econômica baixa e que não possuem condições financeiras para usufruir do atendimento hospitalar particular. O SUS garante aos brasileiros um atendimento de qualidade baseado nos seus princípios que são: universalidade, integralidade e equidade, de uma maneira simplista significam que a saúde é um direito de todos e estes direitos são assegurados pelo SUS. A reflexão destes princípios está empregada em todos os serviços disponibilizados pelo SUS que vão de vacinas até transplante de orgão. De fato os serviços de saúde pública ofertados á população do Brasil, estão longe de ser um modelo de excelência, porém com a criação do SUS em 1980 houve uma melhora significativa nos serviços prestados