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BACKGROUND: Contrary to what happens in children and adults, the prevalence and the factors related to hospitalisation for asthma/wheezing in infants with recurrent asthma-like symptoms are poorly known. METHODS: This study is part of the International Study of Wheezing in infants Phase 3; 2,079 infants (aged 12-18 months) with recurrent asthma-like symptoms, from 11 South American centres, were studied to determine the prevalence and the associated factors for wheezing exacerbation admission. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were employed for analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of admission for wheezing was 29.7% (95% CI 27.7-31.6) and was significantly associated to severe wheezing episodes (OR: 3.89; 95% CI: 2.93-5.18, p < 0.001), physician-diagnosed asthma (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.33-2.41, p < 0.0001), use of inhaled corticosteroids (OR: 1.78; 95%CI: 1.38-2.29, p < 0.0001), maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.19-2.39, p = 0.003) and onset of wheezing in the first trimester of life (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02-1.66, p = 0.038). Breast feeding ≥4 months (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.54-0.96, p = 0.004), maternal high educational level (>12 years) (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.51-0.85, p = 0.001) and total monthly household income ≥US$ 3,000 (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.18-0.67, p = 0.002), were protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with recurrent asthma-like symptoms have a high rate of admissions. Tobacco smoking in pregnancy, viral respiratory illness in the first trimester of life and severe progression were risks for admissions. Improving medical management to prevent severe exacerbations, prolonging the postnatal period at home longer than 3 months, favouring breastfeeding and avoiding smoking during pregnancy may have a preventive role for admissions in infants with recurrent asthma-like symptoms.

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Introducción: Los episodios de obstrucción bronquial durante el primer año de vida en los lactantes sanos, constituyen una consulta frecuente en pediatría. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto del tabaquismo prenatal como factor asociado a padecer episodios de sibilancias en el primer año de vida en lactantes sanos, sin historia familiar de asma y/o atopía. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre mayo del 2012/2013 en el Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", mediante una encuesta dirigida a madres de lactantes sanos de 12 a 15 meses de edad, sin antecedentes familiares de asma y /o atopía. El objetivo fue evaluar el tabaquismo prenatal como factor de riesgo asociado a padecer episodios de obstrucción bronquial en lactantes sanos, en el primer año de vida. Resultados: Se contactaron 601 madres de lactantes sanos de 12 a 15 meses de edad. Fueron elegibles 379 para completar la encuesta acerca de lo ocurrido en el primer año de vida de sus hijos. Mediante análisis multivariado, los factores de riesgo asociados a padecer al menos un episodio de sibilancia fueron: exposición prenatal (EP) al humo del tabaquismo materno (p=0.03 ODDS= 3 IC 95% 1,09 ­ 8,27), sexo masculino (p=0,002, ODDS 2,03 IC 1,29-3,20), edad del primer resfrío (p < 0,001 ODDS 0,76 IC 0,69-0,83). Conclusiones: En lactantes sanos, sin factores de riesgo para asma y/o atopía, el tabaquismo prenatal constituyó un factor de riesgo para generar sibilancias broncopulmonares e infecciones virales respiratorias a una edad más temprana.

Introduction: During the first year of life of healthy infants, bronchial obstructive episodes are a frequent reason of consultation in pediatric practice. The objective was to assess the impact of prenatal smoking as a risk factor associated to bronchospasm episodes during the first year of life in healthy infants without family history of asthma and/or atopia. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed between May, 2012 and May 2013 at Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", through a survey completed by mothers of healthy infants from 12 to 15 months old without asthma and/or atopia family antecedents. Main purpose was to assess the prenatal smoking as a risk factor associated to bronchospasm episodes during the first year of life in healthy infants. Results: 601 mothers of patients 12 to 15 months old were contacted, among which 379 completed the survey in relation to what had happened during the first twelve months of their children's life. Through multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated to suffer at least one bronchial obstructive episode were: prenatal exposure to maternal smoking (p=0.03 ODDS= 3 IC 95% 1,09 ­ 8,27), male gender (p=0,002 ODDS 2,03 IC 1,29- 3,20), age at first cold (p < 0,001 ODDS 0,76 IC 0,69-0,83). Conclusions: In healthy infants, without risk factors associated to asthma y/o atopia, prenatal smoking represented a risk factor to generate bronchopulmonary wheezing and viral respiratory infections at a younger age.

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Resumen: Introducción: Los episodios de obstrucción bronquial a temprana edad constituyen un problema frecuente en pediatría. El objetivo de este estudio, además de conocer la prevalencia de sibilancias recurrentes en lactantes de Buenos Aires, fue identificar los factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal realizado durante 2011 y 2012, en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, como parte del Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes, mediante una encuesta validada para padres de lactantes de 12 a 15 meses. Se evaluó la prevalencia de sibilancias, fundamentalmente de tipo recurrentes (tres o más episodios) y los posibles factores asociados. El análisis estadístico se realizó por prueba de χ2, prueba de Fisher y análisis de regresión logística univariada y multivariada. El nivel de significación fue de 0.05. Resultados: De 1063 lactantes, el 58.9% (intervalo de confianza (IC) 95% 55.9-61.9) presentaron al menos un episodio de sibilancia y el 26.3% (IC 95% 23.8-29.9), tres o más episodios (sibilancias recurrentes). Los factores vinculados a padecer al menos un episodio de sibilancia fueron el sexo masculino (p = 0.001), seis o más resfríos en el primer año (p < 0.0001), edad del primer resfrío < 4 meses (p < 0.0001), neumonía (p < 0.0001), tabaquismo durante el embarazo (p = 0.01). Los factores relacionados con sibilancias recurrentes fueron seis o más resfríos en el primer año de vida (p < 0.0001), tener el primer episodio de sibilancia antes del cuarto mes de vida (p < 0.0001) y sibilancias nocturnas (p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sibilancias recurrentes en Buenos Aires es alta (26.3%). Algunos de los factores asociados serían prevenibles.

Abstract: Background: The episodes of bronchial obstruction at early age constitute a frequent problem in Pediatrics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of recurrent wheezing in infants in Buenos Aires City, as well as to identify any associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed from 2011 to 2012 in the Children Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires City, as part of the International Study of Wheezing in Infants. A validated questionnaire was applied to parents of infants aged between 12 and 15 months. The prevalence of wheezing, mostly the recurrent episodes (three or more), and their probable associated factors were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed with χ2, Fisher's test, binary and logistics multiple regression analysis. The significance level was 0.05. Results: Over 1063 infants, 58.9% (confidence interval (CI) 95% 55.9-61.9) presented at least one episode of wheezing and 26.3% (CI95% 23.8-29.9) three or more episodes (recurrent wheezing). Risk factors associated to wheezing were male gender (p = 0.001), six or more episodes of cold during the first year of life (p < 0.0001), age at first cold < 4 months (p < 0.0001); pneumonia (p < 0.0001) and smoking during pregnancy (tobacco) (p = 0.01). For recurrent wheezing, risk factors we considered as six or more episodes of cold during the first year of life (p < 0.0001), early (< 4 month of age) onset wheezing (p < 0.0001) and nocturnal wheezing (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of recurrent wheezing among infants in Buenos Aires Ciy was high (26.3%). Some identified associated factors can be preventable.

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BACKGROUND: The episodes of bronchial obstruction at early age constitute a frequent problem in Pediatrics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of recurrent wheezing in infants in Buenos Aires City, as well as to identify any associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed from 2011 to 2012 in the Children Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires City, as part of the International Study of Wheezing in Infants. A validated questionnaire was applied to parents of infants aged between 12 and 15 months. The prevalence of wheezing, mostly the recurrent episodes (three or more), and their probable associated factors were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed with χ2, Fisher's test, binary and logistics multiple regression analysis. The significance level was 0.05. RESULTS: Over 1063 infants, 58.9% (confidence interval (CI) 95% 55.9-61.9) presented at least one episode of wheezing and 26.3% (CI95% 23.8-29.9) three or more episodes (recurrent wheezing). Risk factors associated to wheezing were male gender (p=0.001), six or more episodes of cold during the first year of life (p <0.0001), age at first cold <4 months (p <0.0001); pneumonia (p <0.0001) and smoking during pregnancy (tobacco) (p=0.01). For recurrent wheezing, risk factors we considered as six or more episodes of cold during the first year of life (p <0.0001), early (< 4 month of age) onset wheezing (p <0.0001) and nocturnal wheezing (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of recurrent wheezing among infants in Buenos Aires Ciy was high (26.3%). Some identified associated factors can be preventable.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of recurrent wheezing (RW) defined as ≥3 episodes of wheezing, risk factors, and treatments prescribed during the first year of life in Latin American infants. METHODS: In this international, cross-sectional, and community-based study, parents of 12,405 infants from 11 centers in 6 South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay) completed a questionnaire about wheezing and associated risk/protective factors, asthma medications, and the frequency of and indications for the prescription of antibiotics and paracetamol during the first year of life. RESULTS: The prevalence of RW was 16.6% (95% CI 16.0-17.3); of the 12,405 infants, 72.7% (95% CI 70.7-74.6) visited the Emergency Department for wheezing, and 29.7% (27.7-31.7) was admitted. Regarding treatment, 49.1% of RW infants received inhaled corticosteroids, 55.7% oral corticosteroids, 26.3% antileukotrienes, 22.9% antibiotics ≥4 times mainly for common colds, wheezing, and pharyngitis, and 57.5% paracetamol ≥4 times. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, household income per month <1,000 USD, history of parental asthma, male gender, and nursery school attendance were significant risk factors for higher prevalence and severity of RW, whereas breast-feeding for at least 3 months was a significant protective factor. Pneumonia and admissions for pneumonia were significantly higher in infants with RW as compared to the whole sample (3.5-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RW affects 1.6 out of 10 infants during the first year of life, with a high prevalence of severe episodes, frequent visits to the Emergency Department, and frequent admissions for wheezing. Besides the elevated prescription of asthma medications, there is an excessive use of antibiotics and paracetamol in infants with RW and also in the whole sample, which is mainly related to common colds.

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Diversos estudios demostraton la utilidad clínica de los corticoides inhalados para tratar el asma en lactantes y niños pequeños. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, no se han publicado estudios que evalúen su efecto sobre la función pulmonar en este grupo etario.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la función pulmonar y la eficacia clínica del tratamiento con propionato de fluticasona (PF) durante 6 meses, en niños <2 años con sibilancias recurrentes y factores de riesgo para desarrollar asma.En un estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, se etudiaron niños de 6 a 20 meses de edad, con 3 o más episodios previos de sibilancias, antecedentes de asma o atopia en familiares de primer grado y un score de desviación estándar del flujo máximo a nivel de la capacidad residual funcional (SDS V´maxFRC<) menor de -1. Se asignó a los pacientes en forma aleatorizada para recibir PF (125 Ag)o placebo, dos veces por día, conun aerosol presurizado y espaciador, durante 6 meses. Se evaluó la funciónpulmonar al inicio y al final. Durante el estudio, los padres completaron diariamente una cartilla conlos síntomas respiratorios, el requerimiento de medicación de rescate y las consultas de emergencia.Se evaluaron 14 niños en el grupo PF (12,9 ± 4 meses) y 12 en el grupo placebo (14 ± 4 meses). La diferencia promedio del SDS V´max FRC fue 5,86 (IC: 2,94-8,78) y 0,82 (IC: -2,34-3,97) para los grupos PF y placefo, respectivamente (p = 0,02). El porcentaje de días sin síntomas fue 91,3 ± 7 y 83,9 ± 10 (p = 0,05), el número de exacerbaciones respiratorias fue 2,1 ± 1,7 y 4,1 ± 3 (p = 0,04) y el porcentaje de días de administración de salbutamol fue de 8,6 ± y 16,3 ± 9 (p = 0,025) con PF y placebo, respectivamente.El tratamiento con PF 125 Ag, dos veces por día, durante 6 meses aumenta la función pulmonar y mejora la evolución clínica en lactantes y niños pequeños con sibilancias recurrentes y factores de riesgo de asma. (AU)

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Diversos estudios demostraton la utilidad clínica de los corticoides inhalados para tratar el asma en lactantes y niños pequeños. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, no se han publicado estudios que evalúen su efecto sobre la función pulmonar en este grupo etario.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la función pulmonar y la eficacia clínica del tratamiento con propionato de fluticasona (PF) durante 6 meses, en niños <2 años con sibilancias recurrentes y factores de riesgo para desarrollar asma.En un estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, se etudiaron niños de 6 a 20 meses de edad, con 3 o más episodios previos de sibilancias, antecedentes de asma o atopia en familiares de primer grado y un score de desviación estándar del flujo máximo a nivel de la capacidad residual funcional (SDS V´maxFRC<) menor de -1. Se asignó a los pacientes en forma aleatorizada para recibir PF (125 µg)o placebo, dos veces por día, conun aerosol presurizado y espaciador, durante 6 meses. Se evaluó la funciónpulmonar al inicio y al final. Durante el estudio, los padres completaron diariamente una cartilla conlos síntomas respiratorios, el requerimiento de medicación de rescate y las consultas de emergencia.Se evaluaron 14 niños en el grupo PF (12,9 ± 4 meses) y 12 en el grupo placebo (14 ± 4 meses). La diferencia promedio del SDS V´max FRC fue 5,86 (IC: 2,94-8,78) y 0,82 (IC: -2,34-3,97) para los grupos PF y placefo, respectivamente (p = 0,02). El porcentaje de días sin síntomas fue 91,3 ± 7 y 83,9 ± 10 (p = 0,05), el número de exacerbaciones respiratorias fue 2,1 ± 1,7 y 4,1 ± 3 (p = 0,04) y el porcentaje de días de administración de salbutamol fue de 8,6 ± y 16,3 ± 9 (p = 0,025) con PF y placebo, respectivamente.El tratamiento con PF 125 µg, dos veces por día, durante 6 meses aumenta la función pulmonar y mejora la evolución clínica en lactantes y niños pequeños con sibilancias recurrentes y factores de riesgo de asma.

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This study assessed the effects of treatment with fluticasone in children younger than 2 years old with recurrent wheezing and risk factors of developing asthma. This double-blind placebo-controlled study randomized children to receive fluticasone (125 mug; n = 14) or placebo (n = 12) twice daily for 6 months. Pulmonary function was assessed at the beginning and end, and parents filled out a daily diary recording respiratory symptoms, need for rescue medication, and emergency care. The SD score of maximum flow at functional residual capacity was -0.74 +/- 0.6 at the beginning and 0.44 +/- 1 at the end for the fluticasone group (p = 0.001), and -0.79 +/- 0.3 at the beginning and -0.78 +/- 1.4 at the end for the placebo group (p = 0.97). A statistically significant difference (p = 0.02) was observed between treatments. The percentage of symptom-free days was 91.3 +/- 7% for fluticasone and 83.9 +/- 10% for placebo (p = 0.05). The number of respiratory exacerbations was 2.1 +/- 1.7 and 4.1 +/- 3 (p = 0.04), and the percentage of days on albuterol was 8.6 +/- 6% and 16.3 +/- 9% (p = 0.028). Treatment with fluticasone twice daily for 6 months improves pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in children with asthma younger than 2 years.

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