RESUMO

Since the inclusion in the Olympic Games (2008), open swimming races have attracted greater media attention and, therefore, have a greater number of practitioners, especially in Brazil, an extremely favorable country for this sport. However, increasing reports of fatal incidents in open water races brought the medical and scientific community to attention. The aim of this study was to review the characteristics of deaths in open waters events in Brazil from 2009 to 2019. The survey was divided into 3 steps: 1) contacting sports-related federations and companies, including swimming and triathlon federations, master associations and event organizing companies; 2) internet search; and 3) personal communication with athletes, coaches, organizers, and health personnel. A total of 12 deaths were observed in open water swimming races, including triathlon swimming segment races in Brazil from 2009 to 2019. The average was 1.1 deaths per year, whereas in the last 3 years (2017-2019) the average was 3 deaths per year. The male participants accounted for 11 deaths (91.7%), the average age was 47 years old, experienced athletes were more affected (80%), and incidents occurred mainly in ocean waters (75%). The increase of deaths in the last 3 years draws attention, and the best way to reduce the deaths by drowning in open waters in Brazil, is to understand the profile and causes, to propose solutions.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Drowning is a common and often preventable cause of death, especially in children. The mass media often propagate misinformation about "dry" and "secondary" drowning, diverting attention from appropriate efforts to prevent drowning and rescue and treat those who do drown.

Assuntos

RESUMO

International data severely underestimates actual drowning numbers. Almost all victims are able to help themselves or are rescued in time. This study aims to report the occurrence of Drowning Chain of Survival actions and resuscitations needed in a fully operational lifeguard service. METHODOLOGY: Data was collected from Dec-2009 to Mar-2015 by lifeguards at a 6km-long beach in Brazil. The Drowning Chain of Survival links were summarized into 3 main action-response sections: Prevention; rescue; and provide care. Rescues were classified by severity. RESULTS: Lifeguards reported 1,565,699 actions during the study period. Preventative actions comprised 1,563,300(99.8%) and 2044 (0.1%) involved recognizing a person in stress/distress and rescuing them. Of those requiring rescue, 355(0.02%) needed medical assistance due to respiratory symptoms, isolated respiratory arrest, or cardiopulmonary arrest. Those cases were classified by severity as: Grade 1 = 234(65.9%), grade 2 = 78(22%), grade 3 = 22(6.2%), grade 4 = 7(2%), grade 5 = 4(1.1%), and Grade 6 = 10(2.8%). From all 2044 rescues, 14(0.7%) were grade 5 and 6 and needed respiratory or cardiorespiratory resuscitation. An estimative incident rate for each day at a lifeguarded beach revealed: 1 rescue for every 4.227 beach attendances, 1 drowning for every 24,338 beach attendances, and 1 instance of CPR being performed for every 617,142 beach attendances. The prevalent misconception that majority of drowning require resuscitation is perpetuated by the media and publishers. We are only just seeing the tip of the iceberg and urgently need to look at the problem in its entirety. Considering all the intervention undertaken by lifeguards in a fully operational system, the incidence of resuscitation being performed is only one in every 112,000 lifeguarding actions (0.0009%).

Assuntos

RESUMO

We read with great interest the recent paper by Cerland et al. on the frequency, nature, and consequences of post-drowning pneumonia[...].

Assuntos

RESUMO

The most frequent jellyfish in Southern Brazil causes mainly local pain and skin plaques. A 3-year-old female bather presented an erythematous, irregular plaque on the left forearm after contact with a jellyfish and intense facial angioedema with facial flushing. The lungs had vesicular murmur, wheezes, and snorts, and pink and spumous secretion in the airways with intercostal retraction. She was administered subcutaneous adrenaline (0.1mg/kg) and hydrocortisone intravenous (10mg/kg) with total recovery in a few minutes. The manifestations of anaphylactic reactions are distinct from those of envenomations, and prompt and adequate care is fundamental in these situations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The most frequent jellyfish in Southern Brazil causes mainly local pain and skin plaques. A 3-year-old female bather presented an erythematous, irregular plaque on the left forearm after contact with a jellyfish and intense facial angioedema with facial flushing. The lungs had vesicular murmur, wheezes, and snorts, and pink and spumous secretion in the airways with intercostal retraction. She was administered subcutaneous adrenaline (0.1mg/kg) and hydrocortisone intravenous (10mg/kg) with total recovery in a few minutes. The manifestations of anaphylactic reactions are distinct from those of envenomations, and prompt and adequate care is fundamental in these situations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Aquatic sports are included in the top list of risky practices as the environment per se carries a possibility of death by drowning if not rescued in time. Not only are aquatic sports related to a high risk of death, but also all sports practiced on the water, over the water and on ice. Whatever the reason a person is in the water, drowning carries a higher possibility of death if the individual is unable to cope with the water situation, which may simply be caused by an inability to stay afloat and get out of the water or by an injury or disease that may lead to physical inability or unconsciousness. The competitive nature of sports is a common pathway that leads the sports person to exceed their ability to cope with the environment or simply misjudge their physical capability. Drowning involves some principles and medical interventions that are rarely found in other medical situations as it occurs in a deceptively hostile environment that may not seem dangerous. Therefore, it is essential that health professionals are aware of the complete sequence of action in drowning. This article focuses on the pulmonary injury in sports and recreational activities where drowning plays the major role.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The whole drowning process usually occurs within seconds to a few minutes. An early rescue may stop and/or prevent most medical complications. Fins, rescue tube, and rescue board (RB) are the equipment most frequently used by lifeguards. Our objective was to compare, in a water rescue quasiexperimental trial, these different pieces of rescue equipment to define the safest and with the lower rescue time as well as to assess their effects on the lifeguards' physiological state and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance. METHOD: A controlled trial was conducted to study the time effect of 4 different rescue techniques and assess CPR quality, along with the physiological effects of each rescue technique (blood lactate and subjective Borg's scale effort perception) on 35 lifeguards. RESULTS: Among the final sample subjects (n = 23), a total of 92 rescues were completed. Total water rescue time was longer without equipment (NE). The total rescue time was significantly lower using RB (P < .001). Similar good quality of CPR before and after water rescue was observed in all trials (P > .05), although correct ventilations represented less than 50% of total in all trials. Blood lactate increased after all rescues. The subjective effort Borg's scale showed significantly less effort using RB vs without equipment, fins, and fins and rescue tube. CONCLUSION: The use of propelling and/or floating equipment saves precious time with repercussions in the reduction of drowning mortality and morbidity. The RB offers a significant advantage. Lifeguards need more CPR training, especially considering the importance of efficient ventilations for drowning victims.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: fazer uma revisão crítica a respeito da epidemiologia e do tratamento do afogamento na população pediátrica. Fontes de dados: foram pesquisados todas as fontes bibliográficas do sistema Medline (internet), artigos apresentados em congressos, recomendações internacionais, bem como livros sobre emergência e terapia intensiva. Síntese dos dados: a cada ano, 500.000 pessoas morrem afogadas em todo o mundo. Os principais fatores de risco para o afogamento são: a idade, ser do sexo masculino, o uso de bebidas alcoólicas, a baixa condição socioeconômica e a falta de supervisão. Mundialmente, o afogamento constitui a primeira causa de morte do seo masculino na faixa et´[aria entre 5 e 14 anos, sendo a segunda causa no Brasil desse grupo. Em nosso país, há 7.210 mortes ao ano por afogamwento (5,2/100.000 habitantes), sendo mais frequentes os casos em água doce (rios, lagos e represas). Esta revisão procura difundir para os pediatras conceitos relativos a uma nova defenição do afogamento, sua nomenclatura e classificação; a cadeia de sobrevivência; as técnicas mais adequadas de resgate; o tratamento e as novas abordagens na ressuscitação da criança afogada. Conclusões: nos últimos 15 anos houve acentuada valorização do tema afogamento, resultando em redução da morbimortalidade por essa causa. Todavia, o afogamento ainda constitui grave e negligenciado problema de saúde pública, que necessita, com urgência, em âmbito nacional, de campnahas de prevenção que objetivem reduzir sua incidência n/ao só no litoral, mas principalmente np interior do país.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: At present, there is no reliable information indicating the best option of rescuing a non-breathing drowning victim in the water. Our objectives were to compare the outcomes of performing immediate in-water resuscitation (IWR) or delaying resuscitation until the victim is brought to shore. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was conducted of non-breathing drowning victims rescued by lifeguards in the coastal area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients were coded as IWR and no-IWR (NIWR) cases based on the lifeguard's decision whether to perform IWR. Death and development of severe neurological damage (SND) were considered poor outcome. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were studied. Their median age was 17 (9-31) years. Nineteen (41.3%) patients received IWR and 27 (58.7%) did not. The mortality rate was lower for IWR cases (15.8% versus 85.2%, P < 0.001). However, among surviving IWR cases, 6 (31.6%) developed SND. In multivariate analysis, higher age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.24), P = 0.038] was associated with death, while IWR [ OR = 0.05 (95% CI = 0.01-0.50), P = 0.011] was protective. When death or the development of SND was set as the dependent variable, longer cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) duration was the unique variable selected (OR = 1.77 (95% CI = 1.13-2.79), P = 0.013]. Every patient with CPA duration higher than 14 min had a poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying resuscitation efforts were associated with a worse outcome for non-breathing drowning victims. In the cases studied, IWR was associated with improvement of the likelihood of survival. An algorithm was developed for its indications and to avoid unnecessary risks to both victim and rescuer.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do estudo foi atualizar a classificaçao de afogamento utilizada durante 20 anos pelo Centro de Recuperaçao de Afogados (CRA - Rio de Janeiro), para que seja possível determinar de forma mais precisa o tratamento e o prognóstico desta condiçao clínica, de acordo com sua gravidade. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos de afogamento ocorridos durante 20 anos (1972-1991), numa área restrita de 20km, entre as praias de Sao Conrado e Flamengo, no Rio de Janeiro. A área estudada representa aproximadamente 30 por cento de todos os casos que ocorrem nesta cidade. De um total de 41.279 resgates realizados nas praias pelos guarda-vidas, 2.304 casos necessitaram de atendimento médico no Centro de Recuperaçao de Afogados. A idade média foi de 22,75 anos (DP = 11,48) 98,7 por cento ocorreram em água do mar e 74,2 por cento eram do sexo masculino. Para a atualizaçao da classificaçao foram avaliados estatisticamente cinco parâmetros clínicos: ausculta pulmonar, necessidade de assistência ventilatória, status cardiovascular, nível de consciência e a presença de apnéia ou parada cardiorrespiratória. Todos estes parâmetros foram avaliados por médicos no primeiro atendimento. A revisao destes 2.304 casos de afogamento permitiu estabelecer uma atualizaçao (1992) da classificaçao de afogamento que vinha sendo utilizada há 20 anos pelos médicos do Centro de Recuperaçao de Afogados, a qual resultou na divisao abaixo, onde sao demonstradas sua freqüência, a mortalidade geral e no CRA e a necessidade de internaçao por mais de 12 horas.

Assuntos