RESUMO
A free water surface wetland was built to treat wastewater containing metals (Cr, Ni, Zn) and nutrients from a tool factory in Argentina. Water, sediment and macrophytes were sampled in the inlet and outlet area of the constructed wetland during three years. Three successive phases of vegetation dominance were developed and three different patterns of contaminant retention were observed. During the Eichhornia crassipes dominance, contaminants were retained in the macrophyte biomass; during the E. crassipes+Typha domingensis stage, contaminants were retained in the sediment and in the T. domingensis dominance stage, contaminants were retained in sediment and in the macrophyte biomass. Removal efficiency was not significantly different among the three vegetation stages, except for NH(4)(+) and i-P(diss). Because of its highest tolerance, T. domingensis is the best choice to treat wastewater of high pH and conductivity with heavy metals, a common result from many industrial processes.
Assuntos
Metais Pesados/isolamento & purificação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Argentina , Eichhornia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Condutividade Elétrica , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Compostos Inorgânicos/isolamento & purificação , Typhaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
A free water surface wetland was built to treat wastewater containing metals (Cr, Ni and Zn) and nutrients from a tool factory in Santo Tomé, Santa Fe, Argentina. Eichhornia crassipes became dominant and covered about 80% of the surface throughout the first year, and decreased progressively until its disappearance. When water depth was lowered Typha domingensis steadily increased plant cover and attained 30% of the surface by the end of the study. While E. crassipes was dominant, the wetland retained 62% of the incoming Cr and 48% of the Ni. NO3- and NO2-, were also removed (65% and 78%, respectively), while dissolved inorganic phosphate (i-P(diss)) and NH4+ were not removed. Zn was below 50 microg l(-1) in both the influent and effluent. Metal concentration in the sediments did not increase and retention was mediated through macrophytes uptake. During the period of E. crassipes decline the wetland retained 49% of the incoming Cr, 45% of Ni, 58% NO3-, 94% NO2-, 58% NH4+ and 47% i-P(diss). Cr, Ni and Zn in the bottom sediment increased in the inlet but not in the outlet. Since T. domingensis became dominant, retention was 58% Cr, 48% Ni and 64% i-P(diss), while 79% NO3-, 84% NO2- and 13% NH4+ were removed. Metals in the bottom sediment increased in the inlet. In spite of the significant growth of E. crassipes at the beginning, T. domingensis remained after most of the transplanted macrophytes had disappeared. Macrophyte disappearance could be related to the overall toxicity of several environmental constrains as high pH and conductivity, metal concentration, and sulphide presence.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Eichhornia/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Typhaceae/metabolismo , Áreas Alagadas , Argentina , Eichhornia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resíduos Industriais , Solo/análise , Typhaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
This study was aimed at determining the spatial and temporal variation of P distribution in sediment of an artificial wetland for sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, and the fraction that is potentially involved in the P exchange processes. Influent, effluent, macrophytes and sediment at the inlet, middle and outlet areas were sampled over 24 months. The P-fractionation in sediment was performed following the EDTA method. Eichhornia crassipes and Typha domingensis removed P efficiently when cover was high, but E. crassipes caused anoxic conditions. The increase in cover of T. domingensis may contribute to attain oxic conditions and to improve P removal. When macrophytes are not present or when cover is low, sediment seems to increase removal efficiency. A significant increase in the concentration of the fraction of Fe(OOH) approximately P and mainly that of CaCO(3) approximately P can be observed at the inlet. High pH, Ca(2+) and CO(3)(-)(2) concentrations in the influent suggest that P co-precipitates together with CaCO(3). Therefore, it seems that CaCO(3) approximately P represents the main precipitating mechanism. However, mineralization of organic matter maintained the sediment at a pH range lower than the high values prevailing in the influent. CO(3)(-)(2) could undergo partial dissolution and the released i-P(diss) could be readsorbed onto the Fe(OOH) approximately P fraction. Since the environment for P retention (high pH, Fe, Ca and ionic concentrations) is largely provided by the influent, the wetland may be expected to continue retaining P as far as the composition of the influent is maintained and there are available adsorption sites in the sediment.
Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Compostos de Fósforo/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Purificação da Água/métodos , Áreas Alagadas , Adsorção , Argentina , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biomassa , Compostos de Fósforo/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Água/química , Microbiologia da Água , Movimentos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The aim of this work was to determine chromium and cadmium bioaccumulation processes of two free-floating macrophytes commonly used in wetlands for water treatment: Salvinia herzogii and Pistia stratiotes. Metal removal from the solution involves two stages: a fast one and a slow one. The fast stage of the Cd uptake is significantly different for each species, while it is not significantly different in Cr uptake. The most important processes of Cd uptake are biological ones in S. herzogii and adsorption, chelation and ionic exchange are in P. stratiotes. The main processes of Cr uptake in both macrophytes are adsorption, chelation and ion exchange. The slow stage is different for each species and metal. Cr precipitation induced by roots occurs in P. stratiotes. Cr uptake through leaves is probably the main cause of the increase of Cr in the aerial parts of S. herzogii.
Assuntos
Araceae/metabolismo , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Cromo/farmacocinética , Gleiquênias/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinética , Adsorção , Troca Iônica , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de un humedal construído a escala piloto en la remoción de contaminantes de un efluente de alta salinidad de una industria metalúrgica. Los principales contaminantes son industriales y cloacales, y el efluente recibió un tratamiento primario previo. Se dispusieron plantas acuáticas regionales enraizadas y flotantes, y se determinó semanalmente la calidad química del efluente de entrada y de salida, siendo el funcionamiento del humedal experimental altamente satisfactorio
RESUMO
Cd uptake capacity of a group of floating macrophytes (Salvinia herzogii, Pistia stratiotes, Hydromistia stolonifera and Eichhornia crassipes) was determined in outdoors experiments during the lowest temperature period of the year. Although all studied species were highly efficient in the Cd uptake, Pistia stratiotes was selected for further research because of its superior performance and its higher average relative growth rate. Cadmium% removal by Pistia stratiotes was greater in the first 24 h of the experiments (63, 65, 72 and 74% of the added Cd for 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg Cd 1(-1), respectively). After 31 days of growth, Pistia statiotes efficiently removed Cd at the studied concentrations. The macrophyte was able to keep its capacity for Cd removal even though some toxicity symptoms appeared at 4 and 6 mg Cd 1(-1). The greater the initial concentration, the greater Cd bioaccumulation rates. The increase of Cd concentration in plant tissues occurred especially in roots and was linearly related to the quantity of Cd added. Cd sorption by roots is faster than translocation to the plant aerial part and it occurs mainly during the first 24h.