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Our study evaluated the oviposition behaviour of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) in five fruit species. Apples, guavas, mangoes, peaches and tangerines were exposed to infestation for 6, 12 and 24 hours. Anastrepha fraterculus and C. capitata showed different oviposition behaviour in apples and tangerines and similar oviposition behaviour in guavas, mangoes and peaches. There was a positive correlation between infestation time and pupae/kg, as well as between pupae/fruit and the survival rate of the immature (pupal viability). In this study, we present discussions about the oviposition behaviour of flies and the host infestation index. This index can reflect the reproductive capacity that each fruit species offers for each fly species. Here, we see an adult recovery rate greater than 89% in the highest infestation index observed in guava (185 A. fraterculus per unit fruit) and peach (220 C. capitata per unit fruit). Understanding the reproductive capacity of each host can help with risk analysis and the management of fruit flies.

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RESUMO

Our study evaluated the oviposition behaviour of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) in five fruit species. Apples, guavas, mangoes, peaches and tangerines were exposed to infestation for 6, 12 and 24 hours. Anastrepha fraterculus and C. capitata showed different oviposition behaviour in apples and tangerines and similar oviposition behaviour in guavas, mangoes and peaches. There was a positive correlation between infestation time and pupae/kg, as well as between pupae/fruit and the survival rate of the immature (pupal viability). In this study, we present discussions about the oviposition behaviour of flies and the host infestation index. This index can reflect the reproductive capacity that each fruit species offers for each fly species. Here, we see an adult recovery rate greater than 89% in the highest infestation index observed in guava (185 A. fraterculus per unit fruit) and peach (220 C. capitata per unit fruit). Understanding the reproductive capacity of each host can help with risk analysis and the management of fruit flies.

Nosso estudo avaliou o comportamento de oviposição de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) em cinco espécies frutíferas. Maçãs, goiabas, mangas, pêssegos e tangerinas foram expostos à infestação por 6, 12 e 24 horas. Anastrepha fraterculus e C. capitata apresentaram comportamento de oviposição diferente em maçãs e tangerinas e comportamentos de oviposição semelhante em goiabas, mangas e pêssegos. Houve correlação positiva entre tempo de infestação e pupas/kg, bem como entre pupas/fruta e taxa de sobrevivência dos imaturos. Neste estudo, apresentamos discussões sobre o comportamento de oviposição de moscas e o índice reprodutivo do hospedeiro. Esse índice pode refletir a capacidade reprodutiva que cada espécie frutífera oferece para cada espécie de mosca. Nesse caso, a taxa de recuperação de adultos foi superior a 89% no maior índice de infestação observado em goiaba (185 A. fraterculus por unidade de fruta) e pêssego (220 C. capitata por unidade de fruta). Compreender a capacidade reprodutiva de cada hospedeiro pode ajudar na análise de risco e no manejo das moscas-das-frutas.

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In this study, we assess image analysis techniques as automatic identifiers of three Anastrepha species of quarantine importance, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, based on wing and aculeus images. The right wing and aculeus of 100 individuals of each species were mounted on microscope slides, and images were captured with a stereomicroscope and light microscope. For wing image analysis, we used the color descriptor Local Color Histogram; for aculei, we used the contour descriptor Edge Orientation Autocorrelogram. A Support Vector Machine classifier was used in the final stage of wing and aculeus classification. Very accurate species identifications were obtained based on wing and aculeus images, with average accuracies of 94 and 95%, respectively. These results are comparable to previous identification results based on morphometric techniques and to the results achieved by experienced entomologists. Wing and aculeus images produced equally accurate classifications, greatly facilitating the identification of these species. The proposed technique is therefore a promising option for separating these three closely related species in the fraterculus group.

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The association among Anastrepha species, braconid parasitoids and host fruits in southern Bahia is recorded. Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was associated with A. serpentina (Wied.) in Pouteria caimito, A. bahiensis Lima in Helicostylis tomentosa, A. sororcula Zucchi in Eugenia uniflora, and A. obliqua (Macquart) in Spondias purpurea. Anatrepha obliqua was unique in fruits of Averrhoa carambola, but associated with D. areolatus, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck). In Achras sapota, A. serpentina was associated with A. anastrephae and D. areolatus, while in Psidium guajava, A. fraterculus (Wied.) and A. sororcula were associated with D. areolatus and U. anastrephae.

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ABSTRACT The present work was conducted from February to November 2008 into Cucurbitaceae areas under Pest Mitigation Risk System for Anastrepha grandis Macquart in Regente Feijó, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to monitoring and identifying the fruit fly species captured in McPhail traps, in Cucurbitaceae areas to exportation. A total of 48 specimens of Anastrepha were captured, being 32 males (66.7%) and 16 females (33.3%). We captured Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. montei Lima, .A. fraterculus (Wied.) and Anastrepha sp. The most frequent species were A. pickeli (15.4%) and A. fraterculus (10.26%). Anastrepha pickeli was the most predominant and frequent. A. grandis was not captured, that indicate conditions to reaching area of low prevalence status.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi conduzido em área sob Sistema de Mitigação de Risco-SMR para Anastrepha grandis Macquart em Regente Feijó, Estado de São Paulo, de fevereiro a novembro de 2008, com o objetivo de monitorar e identificar as espécies de moscas-das-frutas capturadas em armadilhas tipo McPhail, em área de cucurbitáceas para exportação. Um total de 48 espécimes de Anastrepha Schiner foi capturado, sendo 32 machos (66,67%) e 16 fêmeas (33,33%). Foram identificadas Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Anastrepha pickeli Lima, Anastrepha montei Lima, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) e Anastrepha sp. As espécies mais frequentes foram A. pickeli (15,4%) e A. fraterculus (10,3%). A. grandis não foi detectada na área monitorada, indicando ótimas condições para estabelecimento de área de baixa prevalência.

RESUMO

Este trabalho foi conduzido em área sob Sistema de Mitigação de Risco-SMR para Anastrepha grandis Macquart em Regente Feijó, Estado de São Paulo, de fevereiro a novembro de 2008, com o objetivo de monitorar e identificar as espécies de moscas-das-frutas capturadas em armadilhas tipo McPhail, em área de cucurbitáceas para exportação. Um total de 48 espécimes de Anastrepha Schiner foi capturado, sendo 32 machos (66,67%) e 16 fêmeas (33,33%). Foram identificadas Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Anastrepha pickeli Lima, Anastrepha montei Lima, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) e Anastrepha sp. As espécies mais frequentes foram A. pickeli (15,4%) e A. fraterculus (10,3%). A. grandis não foi detectada na área monitorada, indicando ótimas condições para estabelecimento de área de baixa prevalência.

The present work was conducted from February to November 2008 into Cucurbitaceae areas under Pest Mitigation Risk System for Anastrepha grandis Macquart in Regente Feijó, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to monitoring and identifying the fruit fly species captured in McPhail traps, in Cucurbitaceae areas to exportation. A total of 48 specimens of Anastrepha were captured, being 32 males (66.7%) and 16 females (33.3%). We captured Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. montei Lima, .A. fraterculus (Wied.) and Anastrepha sp. The most frequent species were A. pickeli (15.4%) and A. fraterculus (10.26%). Anastrepha pickeli was the most predominant and frequent. A. grandis was not captured, that indicate conditions to reaching area of low prevalence status.

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This work was carried out in orchards of guava progenies, and loquat and peach cultivars, in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in 2002 and 2003. Guavas and loquats were bagged and unbagged bi-weekly and weekly, respectively, for assessment of the infestation period. Peach was only bagged weekly. The assays started when the fruits were at the beginning of development, but still green. Ripe fruits were taken to the laboratory and placed individually into plastic cups. McPhail plastic traps containing torula yeast were hung from January 2002 to January 2004 to assess the fruit fly population in each orchard, but only the Ceratitis capitata population is here discussed. Five tephritid species were reared from the fruits: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, and C. capitata, in addition to six lonchaeid species: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4, and Neosilba sp. 10 (both species are in the process of being described by P. C. Strikis), as well as some unidentified Neosilba species. Ten parasitoid species were obtained from fruit fly puparia, of which five were braconids: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and five figitids: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut), and Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata showed a seasonal behavior with population density peaking at the second semester of each year. Anastrepha and Neosilba species remained in the orchards throughout both years.

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This work was carried out in orchards of guava progenies, and loquat and peach cultivars, in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in 2002 and 2003. Guavas and loquats were bagged and unbagged bi-weekly and weekly, respectively, for assessment of the infestation period. Peach was only bagged weekly. The assays started when the fruits were at the beginning of development, but still green. Ripe fruits were taken to the laboratory and placed individually into plastic cups. McPhail plastic traps containing torula yeast were hung from January 2002 to January 2004 to assess the fruit fly population in each orchard, but only the Ceratitis capitata population is here discussed. Five tephritid species were reared from the fruits: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, and C. capitata, in addition to six lonchaeid species: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4, and Neosilba sp. 10 (both species are in the process of being described by P. C. Strikis), as well as some unidentified Neosilba species. Ten parasitoid species were obtained from fruit fly puparia, of which five were braconids: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and five figitids: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut), and Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata showed a seasonal behavior with population density peaking at the second semester of each year. Anastrepha and Neosilba species remained in the orchards throughout both years.

Este trabalho foi realizado em três pomares em Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, em 2002 e 2003, representados por coleção de progênies de goiabeiras, de cultivares de nespereiras e de cultivares de pessegueiros. O período de infestação foi determinado por meio de ensacamento e desensacamento quinzenal e semanal de goiabas e nêsperas, respectivamente, e pelo ensacamento semanal de pêssegos. Os ensaios iniciaram-se com os frutos verdes (princípio de desenvolvimento). Os frutos maduros foram levados ao laboratório e acondicionados individualmente em copos plásticos. A flutuação populacional de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) foi avaliada por meio de armadilhas plásticas modelo McPhail com torula em cada pomar, de janeiro/2002 a janeiro/2004. Dos frutos foram obtidas cinco espécies de tefritídeos: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi e C. capitata e seis de lonqueídeos: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4 e Neosilba sp. 10, além de algumas espécies não-identificadas. Foram obtidas 10 espécies de parasitóides, cinco da família Braconidae - Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) - e cinco da família Figitidae - Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut) e Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata apresentou comportamento sazonal com picos populacionais durante o segundo semestre dos dois anos. As espécies de Anastrepha e de Neosilba permaneceram nos pomares durante os dois anos.

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ABSTRACT The acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch has been registered in several countries including Brazil. The objective of this study was to detect the resistance of T. urticae to the acaricides abamectin and fenpyroximate, and to evaluate the resistance frequency in commercial fields of several crops in the state of São Paulo. Discriminating concentrations of 4.79 mg of active ingredient (A.I.)/L for abamectin and of 46.3 mg of A.I./L for fenpyroximate were established for monitoring T. urticae resistance to these acaricides. Twenty nine mite populations were collected from commercial fields of different crops (strawberry, bean, fig, raspberry, papaya, peach, tomato, chrysanthemum, aster, goldenrod), in 15 counties in the state of São Paulo. Bean-leaf-disc arenas were infested with T. urticae mites and submitted to acaricide spraying at the discriminating concentration of each chemical, using a Potter spray tower. The percentages of survival were registered 48 hours after treatment. The results showed significant differences among populations in their responses to abamectin and fenpyroximate. Populations with frequencies of resistance from zero to 81.3% were observed for abamectin, and from zero to 94.5% for fenpyroximate. The highest frequencies of resistance were registered from populations collected at ornamental plants.

RESUMO A resistência de ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, a acaricidas tem sido registrada em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. O estudo teve como objetivo detectar a resistência de T. urticae aos acaricidas abamectin e fenpyroximate, e avaliar a frequência de resistência a esses compostos em áreas comerciais de diversas culturas no Estado de São Paulo. Foram estabelecidas as concentrações discriminatórias de 4,79 mg de ingrediente ativo (i.a.)/L para abamectin e de 46,3 mg de i.a./ L para fenpyroxymate, para o monitoramento da resistência de T. urticae a esses acaricidas. O monitoramento foi realizado coletando-se 29 populações de ácaros em áreas comerciais de diferentes culturas (morango, feijão, figo, framboesa, mamão, pêssego, tomate, crisântemo, áster, tango), em 15 municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Arenas confeccionadas com folha de feijão foram infestadas com ácaros T. urticae e pulverizadas com um dos acaricidas avaliados, na sua respectiva concentração discriminatória, em torre de Potter. As porcentagens de sobrevivência foram avaliadas 48 horas após a aplicação. Os resultados indicaram grande variabilidade entre as populações com relação à suscetibilidade a abamectin e fenpyroximate. Foram observadas populações com frequências de resistência entre zero e 81,3% para abamectin; e entre zero e 94,5% para fenpyroximate. As maiores frequências de resistência foram observadas em populações coletadas de ornamentais.

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ABSTRACT The present work was accomplished in Fazendinha District, Macapá, Amapá State, aiming at to identify the species of fruit flies present in a guava orchard. They were installed 4 plastic McPhail traps containing as bait hydrolysed corn protein (5%), in an orchard composed for about 100 plants, with about three years of age. From October of 2006 to January of 2007, 115 specimens of Tephritidae were captured (44 males and 71 females), all belonging to Anastrepha: A. antunesi Lima, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. striata Schiner, A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. shannoni Stone. January was the period of larger occurrence, with predominance of A. striata. This is the first record of A. shannoni to Amapá State, Brazil.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi realizado no Distrito de Fazendinha, Macapá, Estado do Amapá, com o objetivo de identificar as espécies de moscas-das-frutas ocorrentes em um pomar de goiabeira. Foram instaladas 4 armadilhas tipo McPhail contendo como isca proteína hidrolisada de milho a 5%, em um pomar com aproximadamente 100 plantas, com cerca de três anos de idade. De outubro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007 foram capturados 115 exemplares de Tephritidae (44 machos e 71 fêmeas), todos pertencentes ao gênero Anastrepha: A. antunesi Lima, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. striata Schiner, A. obliqua (Macquart) e A. shannoni Stone. O período de maior ocorrência foi o mês de janeiro, com predominância de A. striata. Este constitui o primeiro registro de A. shannoni para o Estado do Amapá.

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ABSTRACT This work was carried out to establish the association of the fruit flies species, their host plants and their parasitoids in Ilha de Santana, Amapá State, Brazil. Forty four samples from 13 vegetable species were collected, totalizing 4,177 fruits and 78,753 grams. The fruits were collected in 2005, from January to July, and from them 608 puparia were obtained, from which emerged 225 fruit flies of Anastrepha genus and 42 Braconidae parasitoids. Fruit flies emergence were only verified on Spondias mombin L., Psidium guajava L. and Pouteria caimito Radlk samples. The recorded species were A. obliqua Macquart, A. striata Schiner and A. leptozona Hendel. Three species of parasitoids emerged from samples of S. mombin and P. guajava: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Opius sp. and Asobara anatrephae (Muesebeck).

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou efetuar um levantamento de moscas-das-frutas, suas plantas hospedeiras e seus parasitóides na Ilha de Santana, Estado do Amapá, Brasil. Foram coletadas 44 amostras de frutos de 13 espécies vegetais, totalizando 4.177 frutos e 78.753 g. Os frutos foram coletados no período de janeiro a julho de 2005, sendo obtidos 608 pupários, de onde emergiram 225 moscasdas-frutas pertencentes ao gênero Anastrepha e 42 parasitóides da família Braconidae. Houve emergência de moscas-das-frutas somente de amostras de taperebá (Spondias mombin L.), goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) e abiu (Pouteria caimito Radlk.). As espécies registradas foram A. obliqua Macquart, A. striata Schiner e A. leptozona Hendel. Parasitóides de 3 espécies emergiram de amostras de taperebá e goiaba: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Opius sp. e Asobara anatrephae(Muesebeck).

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The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of some insecticides and fungicides on the interaction between predacious mites of the families Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae on citrus. Euseius citrifolius Denmark and Muma, Euseius concordis (Chant) (Phytoseiidae), and Agistemus aff. bakeri (Stigmaeidae) were the most abundant species of predacious mites. No significant reduction of the population of stigmaeids was detected following the pesticide treatment. On the contrary, the population of those mites increased after the application of methidathion, petroleum oil, deltamethrin, cupric oxychloride and cuprous oxide, as compared to the population of those mites in the control plots. The chemicals promoting increased stigmaeid populations are some of those that promoted reduction of phytoseiid populations. A significant negative correlation was found between the numbers of phytoseiids and stigmaeids on citrus leaves immediately before treatments, and 33, 50, 83 and 105 days after treatment. A clear negative linear correlation between the number of predacious mites from both families was detected for benomyl, cupric oxychloride, cuprous oxide, thiophanate methyl, and control. Phytoseiid-stigmaeid interaction on citrus orchard is discussed.

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