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BACKGROUND: The best anthropometric indicator to verify the association between obesity and hypertension (HTN) has not been established. We conducted this study to evaluate and compare the discriminatory power of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in relation to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in predicting HTN after 13 years of follow-up. METHODS: This study was an observational prospective cohort study performed in the city of Firminópolis, in Brazilian's midwest. The cohort baseline (phase 1) was initiated in 2002 with the evaluation of a representative sample of the normotensive population (≥ 18 years of age). The incidence of HTN was evaluated as the outcome (phase 2). Sociodemographic, dietary and lifestyle variables were used to adjust proportional hazards models and evaluate risk of HTN according to anthropometric indices. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive capacity of these indices. The best HTN predictor cut-offs were obtained based on sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: A total of 471 patients with a mean age of 38.9 ± 12.3 years were included in phase 1. The mean follow-up was 13.2 years, and 207 subjects developed HTN. BMI, WC and WHtR were associated with risk of HTN incidence and had similar power in predicting the disease. However, the associations were only significant for women. The cut-off points with a better HTN predictive capacity were in agreement with current recommendations, except for the WC in men. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that both overall obesity (BMI) and central obesity (WC and WHtR) anthropometric indicators can be used in this population to evaluate the risk of developing hypertension.

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BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic complex disease with an increasing prevalence around the world. Prospective studies in adult cohorts are needed to provide information about predictors of new-onset overweight/obesity on population-based levels. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the risk of an adult individual become overweight/obese after 13 years of follow-up. METHODS: Second phase of an observational population-based prospective cohort study in a small town in the Midwest region of Brazil. A representative sample of the adult population (≥18 years) was assessed in 2002 (phase 1). Anthropometric, sociodemographic, dietary intake and lifestyle data were collected. After 13 years of follow-up (2015), the same variables were re-evaluated (phase 2). New-onset overweight/obesity was the outcome variable. RESULTS: A total of 685 subjects were included with a mean age in phase 1 of 42.7 ± 13.8 years and 56.1 ± 13.8 years in phase 2, the mean follow-up time was 13.2 years and female sex counted for 66.3% of the sample. Total weight gain was 5.9 ± 10.2 Kg, body mass index increased 2.6 ± 3.8 Kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) values increased 8.0 ± 10.5 cm. The prevalence of overweight/obesity went from 49.1% in phase 1 to 69.8% in phase 2 (p < 0.001). The factors associated with a decreased risk of new-onset overweight/obesity were ages between 50 and 64 (RR 0.40; CI 0.24-0.67 - p = 0.001) and ≥65 years (RR 0.15; CI 0.06-0.35 - p < 0.001), being part of the second quartile of fat consumption (RR 0.59; CI 0.35-0.97 - p = 0.041), no alcohol consumption (RR 0.59; CI 0.37-0.93 - p = 0.024) and smoking (RR 0.58; CI 0.39-0.86 - p = 0,007) in phase 1. CONCLUSIONS: We identified in thirteen years of follow-up that older ages, a moderate fat consumption compared to low consumption, no alcohol consumption and smoking habit were related to a decreased risk of new-onset overweight/obesity. Obesity prevention actions must focus on subjects at younger ages and include policies to reduce alcohol consumption.

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Fundamento: A Caminhada Ecológica que ocorre anualmente no Brasil, é um evento único por sua distância (310 Km) e dinâmica de realização (média de 62 km/dia por 5 dias, com ritmo médio de 7,6 km/h). Embora os efeitos benéficos de exercícios de intensidade moderada sejam bem conhecidos, os efeitos do exercício intenso e de longa duração ainda requerem estudo. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da modalidade mista caminhada/corrida em vários parâmetros de pressão arterial (PA) 30 dias antes (A0) do evento, e ao final dos dias 2 (A2), 3 (A3) e 4 (A4) da caminhada. Métodos: Foram medidas PA sistólica e diastólica central (cPAS e cPAD, respectivamente), PA sistólica e diastólica periférica (pPAS e pPAD, respectivamente), pressão de pulso central (cPP), pressão de pulso periférica (pPP), pressão de pulso amplificada (aPP), augmentation index ajustado (AIx75%) e velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) com Mobil-O-Graph ® (IEM, Stolberg, Alemanha) em 25 atletas do sexo masculino (idade média, 45,3 ± 9,1 anos). Foi considerado significativo valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Houve redução de cPAS de A0 para A2 (109,5 para 118,1 mmHg) e de A0 para A3 (109,5 para 102,5 mmHg); redução de pPP de A0 para A2 (49,2 para 38,2 mmHg) e de A0 para A4 (49,2 para 41,2 mmHg); redução de aPP de A0 para A1 (15,6 para 9,5 mmHg), de A0 para A2 (15,6 para 8,0 mmHg) e de A0 para A3 (15,6 para 11,2 mmHg). VOP correlacionou-se com idade. Conclusões: A PA caiu nos primeiros dias da caminhada de longa distância, retornando a níveis próximos aos basais no final, e a VOP correlacionou-se fortemente com idade. Esse tipo de exercício promove efeitos na PA e na VOP similares aos vistos em esportes de longa duração e alta intensidade. Tais mudanças em indivíduos saudáveis e treinados não parecem aumentar os riscos cardiovasculares. Este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar os efeitos desse tipo de exercício no sistema cardiovascular

Background: An ecological hiking occurs yearly in Brazil. It is a unique event because of its distance (310 km) and dynamics (mean of 62 km/day for 5 days with mean pace of 7.6 km/h). Although beneficial effects of moderate-intensity exercises are well-known, the effects of intense and long-duration exercise still require study. Objective: To evaluate the effects of mixed walking/running race on various blood pressure (BP) parameters 30 days before (A0), on the 2 nd (A2), 3 rd (A3), and 4 th (A4) days after completing the day's stage. Methods: Central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic BP (cDBP), peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic BP (pDBP), central pulse pressure (cPP), peripheral pulse pressure (pPP), amplified pulse pressure (aPP), corrected augmentation index (AIx75%) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured using an oscillometric Mobil-O-Graph ® (IEM, Stolberg, Germany) in 25 male athletes (mean age of 45.3 ± 9.1 years). A p value < 0.05 was considered a statistically-significant difference. Results: cSBP decreased from A0 to A2 (109.5 to 118.1 mmHg) and from A0 to A3 (109.5 to 102.5 mmHg); pPP decrease from A0 to A2 (49.2 to 38.2 mmHg) and from A0 to A4 (49.2 to 41.2 mmHg); aPP decrease from A0 to A1 (15.6 to 9.5 mmHg), from A0 to A2 (15.6 to 8.0 mmHg) and from A0 to A3 (15.6 to 11.2 mmHg). PWV correlated with age. Conclusions: Blood pressure dropped on the first days of the race and returned to close to baseline values at the end. PWV correlates strongly with age. This type of exercise promotes effects on BP and PWV similar to those seen in long-duration, high-intensity sports. These changes in trained healthy individuals do not seem to increase cardiovascular risks. This was the first study to assess the effects of this type of exercise on the cardiovascular system

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Abstract Background: Regional differences of using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) as an alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive adolescents are unknown. Objectives: Define if HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian capital with elevated office blood pressure (BP). Methods: Adolescents (12-18years) from public and private schools with BP > 90th percentile were studied to compare and evaluate the agreement among office BP measurements, HBPM and ambulatory BP monitoring. Office BP measurements, HBPM and ABPM were performed according to guidelines recommendations. Semi-automatic devices were used for BP measurements. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: We included 133 predominantly males (63.2%) adolescents with a mean age of 15±1.6 years. HBPM systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure mean values were similar to the daytime ABPM values (120.3 ± 12.6 mmHg x 121.5 ± 9.8 mmHg - p = 0.111 and 69.4 ± 7.7 mmHg x 70.2 ± 6.6 mmHg - p = 0.139) and lower than the office measurement values (127.3 ± 13.8 mmHg over 74.4 ± 9.5 mmHg - p < 0,001). The Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between HBPM and ABPM. Conclusions: HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital with elevated office BP and can be used as an alternative to ABPM.

Resumo Fundamentos: São desconhecidas as diferenças regionais na utilização da monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA) como alternativa à monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) em adolescentes hipertensos. Objetivos: Definir se MRPA é uma opção para confirmar diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira com pressão arterial (PA) elevada. Métodos: Adolescentes (12-18 anos) de escolas públicas e privadas com percentil de PA > 90 foram estudados para comparar e avaliar a concordância entre as medidas de PA, MRPA e MAPA. As medidas de PA de consultório, MRPA e MAPA foram realizadas de acordo com as recomendações das diretrizes. Foram utilizados dispositivos semiautomáticos para medições de PA. Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 133 adolescentes predominantemente do sexo masculino (63,2%) com idade média de 15 ± 1,6 anos. Os valores médios da pressão arterial sistólica e pressão arterial diastólica da MRPA foram semelhantes aos valores de MAPA diurnos (120,3 ± 12,6 mmHg x 121,5 ± 9,8 mmHg - p = 0,111 e 69,4 ± 7,7 mmHg x 70,2 ± 6,6 mmHg - p = 0,139) e inferiores aos valores de consultório (127,3 ± 13,8 mmHg por 74,4 ± 9,5 mmHg - p < 0,001). Os gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraram boa concordância entre MRPA e MAPA. Conclusões: MRPA é uma opção para confirmar diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira com PA de consultório elevada e pode ser usada como alternativa à MAPA.

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OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight in adolescents and its associated factors. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study in public and private schools in Goiania, Brazil. Socioeconomic status, family history of obesity, lifestyle, blood pressure and Body Mass Index were studied in a sample of 1,169 Brazilian youth aged 12 - 18 years, who attended public and private schools. Data were obtained from a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements previously tested in a pilot study. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, prevalence ratios and associations with the other factors. RESULTS:: The prevalence of overweight was 21.2%, with a significant difference between boys and girls (26.3 and 16.8% respectively). Regression analysis showed that maternal obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight in boys (PR = 1.86; p = 0.004), and boys aged 15 - 18 years had a lower prevalence of overweight than boys aged 12 - 14 years (PR = 0.70; p = 0.021). Among the girls, the presence of obese parents was associated with higher prevalence of overweight (PR = 2.42; p < 0.001), and the girls from a C class socioeconomic position were negatively associated with overweight (PR = 0.67; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS:: Overweight in adolescence is associated with gender, obesity family history, and socioeconomic position. These data should be considered when planning intervention programs.

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BACKGROUND: Regional differences of using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) as an alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive adolescents are unknown. OBJECTIVES: Define if HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian capital with elevated office blood pressure (BP). METHODS: Adolescents (12-18years) from public and private schools with BP > 90th percentile were studied to compare and evaluate the agreement among office BP measurements, HBPM and ambulatory BP monitoring. Office BP measurements, HBPM and ABPM were performed according to guidelines recommendations. Semi-automatic devices were used for BP measurements. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: We included 133 predominantly males (63.2%) adolescents with a mean age of 15±1.6 years. HBPM systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure mean values were similar to the daytime ABPM values (120.3 ± 12.6 mmHg x 121.5 ± 9.8 mmHg - p = 0.111 and 69.4 ± 7.7 mmHg x 70.2 ± 6.6 mmHg - p = 0.139) and lower than the office measurement values (127.3 ± 13.8 mmHg over 74.4 ± 9.5 mmHg - p < 0,001). The Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between HBPM and ABPM. CONCLUSIONS: HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital with elevated office BP and can be used as an alternative to ABPM.

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Fundamentos: A medida da pressão arterial é recomendada em toda avaliação médica, independente da especialidade.É um procedimento simples e de fácil realização, mas frequentemente negligenciado e realizado de forma incorreta. Objetivo: Avaliar se a medida da pressão arterial estava sendo realizada rotineiramente e comparar os valores encontrados por medida rotineira em consulta ambulatorial às medidas realizadas, seguindo a técnica adequada. Métodos: Estudo transversal e observacional que incluiu pacientes adultos (> 18 anos) atendidos nos ambulatórios de especialidades clínicas e cirúrgicas de um hospital universitário. Os sujeitos responderam a questionário específico e, em seguida, foram submetidos a três medidas de pressão arterial, seguindo as recomendações das diretrizes vigentes, por equipe treinada. Seguiram para o atendimento ambulatorial e após o término, foi verificado em prontuário se a pressão arterial foi aferida e, em caso positivo, anotou-se o valor desta aferição. Resultados: Foram selecionados consecutivamente 129 pacientes com idade média de 53 anos (± 15,92) e predomínio do sexo feminino (61,2%). A maioria foi atendida em especialidades clínicas (70,5%) e 49,6% referiram diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. A pressão arterial não foi aferida em 38,8% dos atendimentos, sendo mais frequente nas especialidades cirúrgicas (72,5% vs. 27,5%; p < 0,001). O diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica não influenciou na chance de um paciente ter sua pressão aferida (p = 0,082). Não houve diferença entre a pressão arterial aferida pelos pesquisadores e aquelas realizadas em consulta (118 mmHg vs. 117 mmHg; p = 0,651; 72 mmHg vs. 75 mmHg; p = 0,055). Conclusões: A pressão arterial dos pacientes não foi aferida em um grande número de atendimentos, principalmente nos ambulatórios de especialidades cirúrgicas

Background: Blood pressure measurement is recommended in all medical evaluations, regardless of the specialty. It is a simple and easy-to-do procedure, but usually neglected or performed incorrectly. Objectives: To assess if blood pressure is being measured routinely and compare the values obtained in the usual ambulatory consultations to those obtained when following the adequate techniques. Methods: Cross-sectional and observational study that included adult (age >18 years) outpatients treated in clinical and surgical specialties of a teaching hospital. Subjects answered a specific questionnaire and then three blood pressure measurements were performed according to the current guidelines by trained research staff. After that, the patients had their appointments and at the end, the medical charts were checked to see if blood pressure was measured and, if so, the observed value was recorded. Results: We included 129 consecutive patients with a mean age of 53 years (± 15.92) predominantly females (61.2%). Most of the appointments occurred in clinical specialties (70.5%) and 49.6% reported themselves as hypertensive. Blood pressure was not measured in 38.8% of the patients, more frequently in surgical specialties (72,5% vs. 27,5%; p < 0,001). The previous diagnosis of hypertension did not influence the chance of a patient having his blood pressure measured (p = 0,082). There were no differences between the blood pressure measured by the researchers and those recorded at the medical charts (118 mmHg vs. 117 mmHg; p = 0,651; 72 mmHg vs. 75 mmHg; p = 0,055). Conclusions: The patients' blood pressure levels were not measured in many of the medical appointments, especially at outpatient clinics of surgical specialties

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RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso (EP) e fatores associados em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em escolas públicas e privadas de Goiânia (GO). Foram analisados adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos (n = 1.169) por meio de questionário padronizado. A prevalência de EP foi avaliada pelas curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) por idade. As associações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de antecedentes familiares de obesidade, de estilo de vida e de pressão arterial com o EP foram analisadas por intermédio da razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada por meio da regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de EP foi de 21,2%, sendo 14,1% de sobrepeso e 7,1% de obesidade, com diferenças significativas entre gêneros (26,3% dos rapazes versus 16,8% das moças). Na análise de Poisson, a obesidade materna (RP = 1,86; p = 0,004) foi associada com a maior prevalência de EP no sexo masculino, e aqueles com idade entre 15 e 18 anos tiveram menor prevalência de EP quando comparados àqueles com idade entre 12 e 14 anos (RP = 0,70; p = 0,021). No sexo feminino, a presença de pais obesos (RP = 2,42; p < 0,001) associou-se a maior prevalência de EP, e as moças pertencentes à classe C tiveram menor prevalência de EP (RP = 0,67; p = 0,035). Conclusões: O EP em adolescentes esteve associado ao gênero, à obesidade familiar, e a melhor classificação socioeconômica - fatores que devem ser o foco do planejamento de intervenções específicas na promoção da saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight in adolescents and its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study in public and private schools in Goiania, Brazil. Socioeconomic status, family history of obesity, lifestyle, blood pressure and Body Mass Index were studied in a sample of 1,169 Brazilian youth aged 12 - 18 years, who attended public and private schools. Data were obtained from a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements previously tested in a pilot study. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, prevalence ratios and associations with the other factors. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 21.2%, with a significant difference between boys and girls (26.3 and 16.8% respectively). Regression analysis showed that maternal obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight in boys (PR = 1.86; p = 0.004), and boys aged 15 - 18 years had a lower prevalence of overweight than boys aged 12 - 14 years (PR = 0.70; p = 0.021). Among the girls, the presence of obese parents was associated with higher prevalence of overweight (PR = 2.42; p < 0.001), and the girls from a C class socioeconomic position were negatively associated with overweight (PR = 0.67; p = 0.035). Conclusions: Overweight in adolescence is associated with gender, obesity family history, and socioeconomic position. These data should be considered when planning intervention programs.

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BACKGROUND: As the world population ages, patients older than 80 years, known as very elderly, are more frequently found. There are no studies in this age group aimed at analyzing the multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and some comorbidities. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of a multidisciplinary approach in very elderly hypertensives cared for at a specialized service. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective cohort study in a multidisciplinary service specialized in the SAH treatment in the Brazilian West-Central region. Patients aged 80 years and older by June 2015 were included. Data from the first (V1) and last visit (Vf) were assessed. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure (BP), renal function, pharmacological treatment, lifestyle, comorbidities and cardiovascular events were studied, comparing data from V1 and Vf. Controlled BP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) lower than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) lower than 90 mm Hg. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSSR software, version 21.0. Values of p<0,05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Data of 71 patients were assessed with a mean follow-up time of 15,22 years. Their mean age at V1 was 69.2 years, and, at Vf, 84.53 years, and 26.8% of them were males. There was a significant reduction in mean SBP (157.3 x 142.1 mm Hg; p<0.001) and DBP (95.1 x 77.8 mm Hg; p<0.001), with an increase in BP control rates from V1 to Vf (36.6 x 83.1%; p<0.001). The number of antihypertensive drugs used increased (1.49 x 2.85; p<0.001), with an increase in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (22.5 x 46.5%; p=0.004), angiotensin II receptor blockers (4.2 x 35.2%; p<0.001) and calcium-channel blockers (18.3 x 67.6%; p<0.001). There was a reduction in total cholesterol (217.9 x 191 mg/dL; p<0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (139.6 x 119.0 mg/dL; p<0.001), but worsening of the glomerular filtration rate (62.5 x 45.4 mL/min; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The multidisciplinary intervention in very elderly hypertensives increased BP control rate, with optimization of the pharmacological treatment.

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Abstract Background: As the world population ages, patients older than 80 years, known as very elderly, are more frequently found. There are no studies in this age group aimed at analyzing the multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and some comorbidities. Objectives: To assess the effect of a multidisciplinary approach in very elderly hypertensives cared for at a specialized service. Methods: Longitudinal retrospective cohort study in a multidisciplinary service specialized in the SAH treatment in the Brazilian West-Central region. Patients aged 80 years and older by June 2015 were included. Data from the first (V1) and last visit (Vf) were assessed. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure (BP), renal function, pharmacological treatment, lifestyle, comorbidities and cardiovascular events were studied, comparing data from V1 and Vf. Controlled BP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) lower than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) lower than 90 mm Hg. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSSR software, version 21.0. Values of p<0,05 were considered significant. Results: Data of 71 patients were assessed with a mean follow-up time of 15,22 years. Their mean age at V1 was 69.2 years, and, at Vf, 84.53 years, and 26.8% of them were males. There was a significant reduction in mean SBP (157.3 x 142.1 mm Hg; p<0.001) and DBP (95.1 x 77.8 mm Hg; p<0.001), with an increase in BP control rates from V1 to Vf (36.6 x 83.1%; p<0.001). The number of antihypertensive drugs used increased (1.49 x 2.85; p<0.001), with an increase in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (22.5 x 46.5%; p=0.004), angiotensin II receptor blockers (4.2 x 35.2%; p<0.001) and calcium-channel blockers (18.3 x 67.6%; p<0.001). There was a reduction in total cholesterol (217.9 x 191 mg/dL; p<0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (139.6 x 119.0 mg/dL; p<0.001), but worsening of the glomerular filtration rate (62.5 x 45.4 mL/min; p<0.001). Conclusion: The multidisciplinary intervention in very elderly hypertensives increased BP control rate, with optimization of the pharmacological treatment.

Resumo Fundamento: Indivíduos com mais de 80 anos, denominados muito idosos, são encontrados com uma frequência crescente com o envelhecimento da população mundial. Não há estudos com essa população avaliando a intervenção multidisciplinar no tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e algumas comorbidades associadas. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do tratamento multiprofissional em hipertensos muito idosos acompanhados em serviço especializado. Métodos: Estudo de coorte longitudinal retrospectivo em serviço multidisciplinar para o tratamento de HAS do centro-oeste brasileiro. Incluídos pacientes com 80 anos ou mais em junho de 2015. Coletados dados da primeira (V1) e última consulta (Vf). Avaliadas variáveis antropométricas, pressão arterial (PA), função renal, medicamentos em uso, hábitos de vida, comorbidades e eventos cardiovasculares, comparando V1 com Vf. Foram considerados controlados os valores de PA inferiores a 140 mmHg para pressão sistólica e inferiores a 90 mmHg para a pressão diastólica. Análise estatística realizada com software SPSSR versão 21.0. Considerados significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Analisados 71 pacientes, com tempo médio de seguimento de 15,22 anos, 26,8% sexo masculino e idade média em V1 de 69,2 anos e, em Vf, de 84,53 anos. Houve uma redução significativa nos valores médios de PA sistólica (157,3 x 142,1 mmHg; p<0,001) e diastólica (95,1 x 77,8 mmHg; p<0,001), com aumento nas taxas de controle da PA entre V1 e Vf (36,6 x 83,1%; p<0,001). O número de drogas anti-hipertensivas se elevou (1,49 x 2,85; p<0,001), com incremento no uso de inibidores de ECA (22,5 x 46,5%; p=0,004), bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (4,2 x 35,2%; p<0,001) e bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio (18,3 x 67,6%; p<0,001). Houve uma redução nos valores de colesterol total (217,9 x 191 mg/dl; p<0,001) e LDL colesterol (139,6 x 119,0 mg/dl; p<0,001) e piora da taxa de filtração glomerular (62,5 x 45,4 ml/min; p<0,001). Conclusão: A intervenção multiprofissional em pacientes hipertensos muito idosos reduziu os valores de PA e aumentou a taxa de controle da mesma, com uma otimização do tratamento medicamentoso.

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Hipertensão Resistente na Prática Clínica é um compêndio obrigatório elaborado pelos membros do Departamento de Hipertensão Arterial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DHA/SBC), voltado para a educação continuada, que aborda de forma completa todos os tópicos, desde a epidemiologia até as novas terapêuticas não farmacológicas. Os 38 capítulos convergem de modo objetivo para a compreensão do complexo enigma da hipertensão arterial, principalmente quanto à resistência ao tratamento. Representa o resultado de diversos anos de experiência clínica e de trabalho em pesquisa cardiológica dos colaboradores.

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BACKGROUND: A registry assessing the care of hypertensive patients in daily clinical practice in public and private centers in various Brazilian regions has not been conducted to date. Such analysis is important to elucidate the effectiveness of this care. OBJECTIVE: To document the current clinical practice for the treatment of hypertension with identification of the profile of requested tests, type of administered treatment, level of blood pressure (BP) control, and adherence to treatment. METHODS: National, observational, prospective, and multicenter study that will include patients older than 18 years with hypertension for at least 4 weeks, following up in public and private centers and after signing a consent form. The study will exclude patients undergoing dialysis, hospitalized in the previous 30 days, with class III or IV heart failure, pregnant or nursing, with severe liver disease, stroke or acute myocardial infarction in the past 30 days, or with diseases with a survival prognosis < 1 year. Evaluations will be performed at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. The parameters that will be evaluated include anthropometric data, lifestyle habits, BP levels, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and adherence to treatment. The primary outcomes will be hospitalization due to hypertensive crisis, cardiocirculatory events, and cardiovascular death, while secondary outcomes will be hospitalization for heart failure and requirement of dialysis. A subgroup analysis of 15% of the sample will include noninvasive central pressure evaluation at baseline and study end. The estimated sample size is 3,000 individuals for a prevalence of 5%, sample error of 2%, and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The results will be presented after the final evaluation, which will occur at the end of a 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: The analysis of this registry will improve the knowledge and optimize the treatment of hypertension in Brazil, as a way of modifying the prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the country.

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Abstract Background: A registry assessing the care of hypertensive patients in daily clinical practice in public and private centers in various Brazilian regions has not been conducted to date. Such analysis is important to elucidate the effectiveness of this care. Objective: To document the current clinical practice for the treatment of hypertension with identification of the profile of requested tests, type of administered treatment, level of blood pressure (BP) control, and adherence to treatment. Methods: National, observational, prospective, and multicenter study that will include patients older than 18 years with hypertension for at least 4 weeks, following up in public and private centers and after signing a consent form. The study will exclude patients undergoing dialysis, hospitalized in the previous 30 days, with class III or IV heart failure, pregnant or nursing, with severe liver disease, stroke or acute myocardial infarction in the past 30 days, or with diseases with a survival prognosis < 1 year. Evaluations will be performed at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. The parameters that will be evaluated include anthropometric data, lifestyle habits, BP levels, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and adherence to treatment. The primary outcomes will be hospitalization due to hypertensive crisis, cardiocirculatory events, and cardiovascular death, while secondary outcomes will be hospitalization for heart failure and requirement of dialysis. A subgroup analysis of 15% of the sample will include noninvasive central pressure evaluation at baseline and study end. The estimated sample size is 3,000 individuals for a prevalence of 5%, sample error of 2%, and 95% confidence interval. Results: The results will be presented after the final evaluation, which will occur at the end of a 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: The analysis of this registry will improve the knowledge and optimize the treatment of hypertension in Brazil, as a way of modifying the prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the country.

Resumo Fundamento: Ainda não foi realizado um registro brasileiro para avaliar, na prática clínica diária, o atendimento a pacientes hipertensos tanto em serviços públicos quanto privados distribuídos pelas diversas regiões do país. Este conhecimento é importante como forma de verificar a efetividade deste atendimento. Objetivo: Documentar a prática clínica vigente para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial, através do conhecimento do perfil dos exames realizados, do tipo de tratamento recebido, do nível de controle da pressão arterial (PA) e da adesão ao tratamento. Métodos: Estudo nacional, observacional, prospectivo e multicêntrico que incluirá pacientes > 18 anos, hipertensos há ≥ 4 semanas, em acompanhamento em serviços públicos e privados e com assinatura do consentimento. Serão excluídos pacientes em diálise, internados nos últimos 30 dias, com insuficiência cardíaca classe III ou IV, gravidez ou amamentação, hepatopatia grave, acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto agudo nos 30 dias anteriores e doenças com prognóstico de sobrevida < 1 ano. As avaliações serão realizadas ao início e final do estudo, após acompanhamento por 1 ano. Parâmetros a serem avaliados incluirão dados antropométricos, hábitos de vida, PA, perfil lipídico, síndrome metabólica e adesão ao tratamento. Os desfechos primários serão internação por crise hipertensiva, evento cardiocirculatório e óbito cardiovascular, e os desfechos secundários serão internação por insuficiência cardíaca e necessidade de diálise. Uma análise de subgrupo avaliará a pressão central de forma não invasiva em 15% da amostra no início e final do estudo. A amostra estimada é de 3.000 indivíduos para prevalência de 5%, erro amostral de 2% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Os resultados serão apresentados após a avaliação final que ocorrerá quando encerrado 1 ano de seguimento. Conclusão: A análise deste registro trará melhor conhecimento sobre o tratamento da hipertensão no Brasil e possibilitará a otimização do mesmo, como forma de interferir no prognóstico da doença cardiovascular em nosso meio.

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Abstract Background: Blood pressure is directly related to body mass index, and individuals with increased waist circumference have higher risk of developing hypertension, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes, since adolescence. Objective: to evaluate the correlation of blood pressure with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body mass index in adolescents. Methods: Cross-section study on a representative sample of adolescent students. One group of adolescents with altered blood pressure detected by casual blood pressure and/or home blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure > 90th percentile) and one group of normotensive adolescents were studied. Body mass index, waist circumference were measured, and fasting glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined, using the HOMA-IR index to identify insulin resistance. Results: A total of 162 adolescents (35 with normal blood pressure and 127 with altered blood pressure) were studied; 61% (n = 99) of them were boys and the mean age was 14.9 ± 1.62 years. Thirty-eight (23.5%) adolescents had altered HOMA-IR. The group with altered blood pressure had higher values of waist circumference, body mass index and HOMA-IR (p<0.05). Waist circumference was higher among boys in both groups (p<0.05) and girls with altered blood pressure had higher HOMA-IR than boys (p<0.05). There was a significant moderate correlation between body mass index and HOMA-IR in the group with altered blood pressure (ρ = 0.394; p < 0.001), and such correlation was stronger than in the normotensive group. There was also a significant moderate correlation between waist circumference and HOMA-IR in both groups (ρ = 0.345; p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that HOMA-IR was as predictor of altered blood pressure (odds ratio - OR = 2.0; p = 0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant association of insulin resistance with blood pressure and the impact of insulin resistance on blood pressure since childhood. The correlation and association between markers of cardiovascular diseases was more pronounced in adolescents with altered blood pressure, suggesting that primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors should be early implemented in childhood and adolescence.

Resumo Fundamentos: A pressão arterial (PA) está diretamente relacionada com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), e indivíduos com circunferência da cintura (CC) aumentada apresentam risco maior de desenvolver hipertensão arterial e resistência à insulina, além de outras alterações metabólicas, desde a adolescência. Objetivos: Avaliar a correlação entre resistência à insulina, CC e IMC com PA de adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de adolescentes escolares. Foram avaliados um grupo com PA alterada pela medida casual e/ou medida residencial da PA (percentil de PA > 90) e outro com PA normal. Foram também avaliados IMC e CC. Glicemia de jejum e insulina plasmática foram dosados utilizando o índice de HOMA-IR para resistência à insulina. Resultados: Foram estudados 162 adolescentes (35 no Grupo PA normal e 127 no Grupo PA alterada); 61,1% (n = 99) deles eram meninos, e a idade média foi 14,9 ± 1,62 anos. Foram observados 38 adolescentes (23,5%) com HOMA-IR alterado. Os adolescentes com PA alterada apresentaram valores maiores de CC, IMC e HOMA-IR (p < 0,05). A CC foi superior nos meninos dos dois grupos (p < 0,05) e só no Grupo PA alterada foram observados valores de HOMA-IR superiores entre meninas (p < 0,05). A correlação entre IMC e HOMA-IR no Grupo PA alterada foi moderada e significativa (ρ = 0,394; p < 0,001) e superior ao encontrado no Grupo PA normal. A correlação entre CC e HOMA-IR também foi significativa, moderada e semelhante em ambos os grupos (ρ = 0,345; p = < 0,05). Pela regressão logística, HOMA-IR foi preditor de alteração da PA (odds ratio - OR = 2,0; p = 0,001). Conclusões: Houve associação significativa entre resistência à insulina e PA com impacto desde a infância. A correlação e a associação entre os marcadores de risco cardiovasculares mais forte no Grupo PA alterada sugere que medidas de prevenção primária desses fatores de risco devem ser implementadas precocemente.

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BACKGROUND: Blood pressure is directly related to body mass index, and individuals with increased waist circumference have higher risk of developing hypertension, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes, since adolescence. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the correlation of blood pressure with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body mass index in adolescents. METHODS: Cross-section study on a representative sample of adolescent students. One group of adolescents with altered blood pressure detected by casual blood pressure and/or home blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure > 90th percentile) and one group of normotensive adolescents were studied. Body mass index, waist circumference were measured, and fasting glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined, using the HOMA-IR index to identify insulin resistance. RESULTS: A total of 162 adolescents (35 with normal blood pressure and 127 with altered blood pressure) were studied; 61% (n = 99) of them were boys and the mean age was 14.9 ± 1.62 years. Thirty-eight (23.5%) adolescents had altered HOMA-IR. The group with altered blood pressure had higher values of waist circumference, body mass index and HOMA-IR (p<0.05). Waist circumference was higher among boys in both groups (p<0.05) and girls with altered blood pressure had higher HOMA-IR than boys (p<0.05). There was a significant moderate correlation between body mass index and HOMA-IR in the group with altered blood pressure (ρ = 0.394; p < 0.001), and such correlation was stronger than in the normotensive group. There was also a significant moderate correlation between waist circumference and HOMA-IR in both groups (ρ = 0.345; p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that HOMA-IR was as predictor of altered blood pressure (odds ratio - OR = 2.0; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant association of insulin resistance with blood pressure and the impact of insulin resistance on blood pressure since childhood. The correlation and association between markers of cardiovascular diseases was more pronounced in adolescents with altered blood pressure, suggesting that primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors should be early implemented in childhood and adolescence.

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Background: Studies have shown sodium restriction to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive patients. Objective: To evaluate the impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on BP of hypertensive patients. Methods: Uncontrolled hypertensive patients of both sexes, 20 to 65 years-old, on stable doses of antihypertensive drugs were randomized into Intervention Group (IG - receiving light salt) and Control Group (CG - receiving regular salt). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were analyzed by using casual BP measurements and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and sodium and potassium excretion was assessed on 24-hour urine samples. The patients received 3 g of salt for daily consumption for 4 weeks. Results: The study evaluated 35 patients (65.7% women), 19 allocated to the IG and 16 to the CG. The mean age was 55.5 ± 7.4 years. Most participants had completed the Brazilian middle school (up to the 8th grade; n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income of up to US$ 600 (n = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19; 54.3%). Two patients (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n = 14). The IG showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP on the casual measurements and HBPM (p < 0.05) and in sodium excretion (p = 0.016). The CG showed a significant reduction only in casual SBP (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The light salt substitution for regular salt significantly reduced BP of hypertensive patients. .

Fundamento: Alguns estudos demostraram um efeito benéfico da restrição de sódio na pressão arterial (PA) de hipertensos. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da substituição do sal comum por sal light na PA de hipertensos. Métodos: Hipertensos não controlados, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 65 anos, e usando doses estáveis de anti-hipertensivos foram randomizados para um Grupo Intervenção (GI - recebendo sal light) e um Grupo Controle (GC - recebendo sal comum). A PA sistólica (PAS) e a PA diastólica (PAD) foram analisadas usando-se medidas casuais da PA e Monitoração Residencial da Pressão Arterial (MRPA), e a excreção de sódio e potássio foi avaliada em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Os pacientes receberam 3 g de sal para consumo diário por 4 semanas. Resultados: Este estudo avaliou 35 pacientes (65,7% mulheres), 19 alocados no GI e 16 no GC. A idade média foi de 55,5 ± 7,4 anos. A maioria dos participantes havia completado o ensino fundamental (até a 8a série; n = 28; 80,0%), tinha renda familiar de até dois salários mínimos (n = 17; 48,6%) e praticava atividade física regularmente (n = 19; 54,3%). Dois pacientes (5,7%) eram fumantes e 40,0% consumiam álcool com regularidade (n = 14). O GI mostrou uma significativa redução tanto da PAS quanto da PAD nas medidas casuais e de MRPA (p < 0,05) e, ainda, diminuição da excreção de sódio (p = 0,016). O GC apresentou redução significativa apenas na medida casual da PAS (p = 0,032). Conclusões: A substituição do sal comum por sal light diminuiu significativamente a PA de hipertensos. .

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BACKGROUND: Studies have shown sodium restriction to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on BP of hypertensive patients. METHODS: Uncontrolled hypertensive patients of both sexes, 20 to 65 years-old, on stable doses of antihypertensive drugs were randomized into Intervention Group (IG - receiving light salt) and Control Group (CG - receiving regular salt). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were analyzed by using casual BP measurements and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and sodium and potassium excretion was assessed on 24-hour urine samples. The patients received 3 g of salt for daily consumption for 4 weeks. RESULTS: The study evaluated 35 patients (65.7% women), 19 allocated to the IG and 16 to the CG. The mean age was 55.5 ± 7.4 years. Most participants had completed the Brazilian middle school (up to the 8th grade; n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income of up to US$ 600 (n = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19; 54.3%). Two patients (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n = 14). The IG showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP on the casual measurements and HBPM (p < 0.05) and in sodium excretion (p = 0.016). The CG showed a significant reduction only in casual SBP (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: The light salt substitution for regular salt significantly reduced BP of hypertensive patients.

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