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There are few cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis (CTX) case series and observational studies including a significant number of Latin American patients. We describe a multicenter Brazilian cohort of patients with CTX highlighting their clinical phenotype, recurrent variants and assessing possible genotype-phenotype correlations. We analyzed data from all patients with clinical and molecular or biochemical diagnosis of CTX regularly followed at six genetics reference centers in Brazil between March 2020 and August 2023. We evaluated 38 CTX patients from 26 families, originating from 4 different geographical regions in Brazil. Genetic analysis identified 13 variants in the CYP27A1 gene within our population, including 3 variants that had not been previously described. The most frequent initial symptom of CTX in Brazil was cataract (27%), followed by xanthomas (24%), chronic diarrhea (13.5%), and developmental delay (13.5%). We observed that the median age at loss of ambulation correlates with the age of onset of neurological symptoms, with an average interval of 10 years (interquartile range 6.9 to 11 years). This study represents the largest CTX case series ever reported in South America. We describe phenotypic characteristics and report three new pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants.

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We predicted miRNAs with regulatory impact on NFKB1 and TRAF6 gene expression and selected the miR-194-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-9-5p, and miR-340-5p and their target genes for expression analyses on CD14+ monocytes from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of genes and miRNA expression on RA patients' cytokine levels. No difference was observed in genes or miRNAs expression when compared to healthy controls and RA patients or clinical parameters. However, we found a significant difference between miR-194-5p and miR-9-5p levels (FC=-2.31; p=0.031; FC=-3.05;p=0.031, respectively) and non-prednisone users as compared to prednisone using patients. We conducted correlation analyses to identify the strength of the relationship between expression data and cytokine plasma levels. We observed a moderate positive correlation between miR-124-3p expression and IL-6 plasma levels (r=0.46; p=0.033). In addition, overexpression of miRNAs was concomitant to TRAF6 and NFKB1 genes as indicated by correlation analyses: TRAF6 and miR-194-5p (r=0.60;p<0.001) and miR-9-5p (r=0.63;p<0.001) and NFKB1 and miR-194-5p (r=0.72;p<0.001), miR-9-5p (r=0.72;p<0.001) and miR-340-5p (r=0.61;p<0.001). NFKB1 and TRAF6 genes and miRNAs monocyte expression do not appear to be related to RA but showed a significant difference in different groups of RA therapy. In addition, increased levels of miRNAs can be linked to concomitant overexpression of TRAF6 and NFKB1 in monocytes and act as its regulators.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill target cells. In cancer treatments, PDT can potentially induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is characterized by a well-controlled exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate dendritic cells (DCs) and consequently modulate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. However, PDT still has limitations, such as the activity of photosensitizers in aqueous media and poor bioavailability. Therefore, a new photosensitizer system, SLN-AlPc, has been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. In vitro experiments showed that the light-excited nanocarrier increased ROS production in murine melanoma B16-F10 cells and modulated the profile of DCs. PDT induced cell death accompanied by the exposure of DAMPs and the formation of autophagosomes. In addition, the DCs exposed to PDT-treated B16-F10 cells exhibited morphological changes, increased expression of MHCII, CD86, CD80, and production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, suggesting immune activation towards an antitumor profile. These results indicate that the SLNs-AlPc protocol has the potential to improve PDT efficacy by inducing ICD and activating DCs.

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Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2G/R7 (LGMD2G/R7) is an ultra-rare condition initially identified within the Brazilian population. We aimed to expand clinical and genetic information about this disease, including its worldwide distribution. A multicenter historical cohort study was performed at 13 centers in Brazil in which data from index cases and their affected relatives from consecutive families with LGMD2G/R7 were reviewed from July 2017 to August 2023. Additionally, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify case reports and series of the disease worldwide. Forty-one LGMD2G/R7 cases were described in the Brazilian cohort, being all subjects homozygous for the c.157C>T/(p.Gln53*) variant in TCAP. Survival curves showed that the median disease duration before individuals required walking aids was 21 years. Notably, women exhibited a slower disease progression, requiring walking aids 13 years later than men. LGMD2G/R7 was frequently reported not only in Brazil but also in China and Bulgaria, with 119 cases identified globally, with possible founder effects in the Brazilian, Eastern European, and Asian populations. These findings are pivotal in raising awareness of LGMD2G/R7, understanding its progression, and identifying potential modifiers. This can significantly contribute to the development of future natural history studies and clinical trials for this disease.

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Introdução: A Síndrome da Pessoa Rígida é uma doença neuroimunológica rara do sistema nervoso central caracterizada por espasmos dolorosos e rigidez progressiva que envolvem os músculos proximais dos membros e axiais do tronco. A forma clássica tem início insidioso com piora gradual ao longo do tempo e muitas vezes leva à incapacidade permanente. Objetivo: Analisar os estudos publicados na literatura científica que utilizaram a reabilitação fisioterapêutica como proposta de tratamento dos sintomas motores na Síndrome da Pessoa Rígida. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada no período de julho a dezembro de 2022 nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e BVS. Resultados: Foram encontrados 12 artigos publicados entre o período de 2002 a 2021, que discorriam sobre o tratamento fisioterapêutico nesta população. O número escasso de estudos se dá pela raridade da patologia que dificulta a realização de ensaios clínicos robustos. Os artigos selecionados eram relatos de casos de um ou mais indivíduos, com enfoque nas intervenções realizadas de acordo com cada queixa funcional apresentada, sendo estas a dor, fraqueza muscular, hipomobilidade articular, rigidez, instabilidade postural, alterações na marcha e limitações nas atividades de vida diária. Conclusão: A reabilitação fisioterapêutica faz parte do tratamento sintomatológico e tem como finalidade, auxiliar na manutenção da funcionalidade e qualidade de vida, minimizando as repercussões motoras que são desencadeadas pela síndrome.

Introduction: Stiff Person Syndrome is a rare neuroimmunological disease of the central nervous system characterized by painful spasms and progressive rigidity involving the proximal muscles of the limbs and axial muscles of the trunk. The classic form has an insidious onset with gradual worsening over time and often leads to permanent disability. Objective: To analyze the studies published in the scientific literature that used hysiotherapeutic rehabilitation as a proposal for treating motor symptoms in Stiff Person Syndrome. Method: This is an integrative review of the literature carried out from July to December 2022 in the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and VHL databases. Results: 12 articles published between 2002 and 2021 were found, which discussed physiotherapeutic treatment in this population. The scarce number of studies is due to the rarity of the pathology, which makes it difficult to carry out robust clinical trials. The selected articles were case reports of one or more individuals, focusing on interventions carried out according to each functional complaint presented, these being pain, muscle weakness, joint hypomobility, stiffness, postural instability, changes in gait and limitations in walking activities. daily life. Conclusion: Physiotherapy rehabilitation is part of symptomatological treatment and aims to help maintain functionality and quality of life, minimizing the motor repercussions that are triggered by the syndrome.

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This manuscript presents a new report on the in vitro antimicrobial photo-inactivation of foodborne microorganisms (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) using tetra-cationic porphyrins. Isomeric tetra-cationic porphyrins (3MeTPyP, 4MeTPyP, 3PtTPyP, and 4PtTPyP) were tested, and antimicrobial activity assays were performed at specific photosensitizer concentrations under dark and white-light LED irradiation conditions. Among the tested bacterial strains, 4MeTPyP exhibited the highest efficiency, inhibiting bacterial growth within just 60 min at low concentrations (17.5 µM). The minimal inhibitory concentration of 4MeTPyP increased when reactive oxygen species scavengers were present, indicating the significant involvement of singlet oxygen species in the photooxidation mechanism. Furthermore, the checkerboard assay testing the association of 4MeTPyP showed an indifferent effect. Atomic force microscopy analyses and dynamic simulations were conducted to enhance our understanding of the interaction between this porphyrin and the strain's membrane.

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BACKGROUND: Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis often results in heightened reactions to thermal stimuli such as pain evoked by a cold stimulus, and spontaneous odontogenic pain (unprovoked pain). OBJECTIVE: This study primarily compared the clinical manifestations of odontogenic spontaneous pain and pain provoked by cold stimulus specifically focusing on their sensory discriminative characteristics (intensity, duration and quality) between symptomatic irreversible pulpitis patients with and without referred pain. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with referred pain and 12 patients without referred pain were included in this cross-sectional study. The following outcomes were assessed: odontogenic spontaneous pain and its descriptors; pain evoked by cold stimulus and qualitative sensory testing before and after local anaesthesia; referred pain location; use of analgesic medication; complementary anaesthesia efficacy. T-test, chi-squared and McNemar tests were applied to the data (p < .50). RESULTS: Patients with referred pain presented a greater odontogenic pain intensity (p < .05) when considered the average of the last 24 h. These patients also showed higher pain rating and pain descriptors (p < .05). Intensity and duration of the pain evoked by cold stimulus in the non-affected contralateral tooth at baseline were higher for patients with referred pain (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis patients with referred pain present greater odontogenic spontaneous pain and a heightened pain sensitivity. Therefore, patients with referred pain seem more complex from a pain severity perspective, supporting the clinical utility of discriminating symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with and without referred pain.

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BACKGROUND: X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) is a rare, life-threatening congenital disease, which is not well-defined. To our knowledge, no studies characterizing the XLMTM disease burden have been conducted in Brazil. We identified and described patients with suspected XLMTM using administrative claims data from the Brazilian public healthcare system. METHODS: Data from 2015 to 2019 were extracted from the DATASUS database. As no XLMTM-specific ICD-10 code was available, a stepwise algorithm was applied to identify patients with suspected XLMTM by selecting male patients with a congenital myopathies code (G71.2), aged < 18 years at index date (first claim of G71.2), with an associated diagnostic procedure (muscle biopsy/genetic test) and without spinal muscular atrophy or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We attempted to identify patients with suspected severe XLMTM based on use of both respiratory and feeding support, which are nearly universal in the care of XLMTM patients. Analyses were performed for the overall cohort and stratified by age at index date < 5 years old and ≥ 5 years old. RESULTS: Of 173 patients with suspected XLMTM identified, 39% were < 5 years old at index date. Nearly all (N = 166) patients (96%) were diagnosed by muscle biopsy (91% of patients < 5 years old and 99% of patients ≥ 5 years old), six (3.5%) were diagnosed by clinical evaluation (8% of patients < 5 years old and 1% of patients ≥ 5 years old), and one was diagnosed by a genetic test. Most patients lived in Brasilia (n = 55), São Paulo (n = 33) and Minas Gerais (n = 27). More than 85% of patients < 5 years old and approximately 75% of patients ≥ 5 years old had physiotherapy at the index date. In both age groups, nearly 50% of patients required hospitalization at some point and 25% required mobility support. Respiratory and feeding support were required for 3% and 12% of patients, respectively, suggesting that between 5 and 21 patients may have had severe XLMTM. CONCLUSION: In this real-world study, genetic testing for XLMTM appears to be underutilized in Brazil and may contribute to underdiagnosis of the disease. Access to diagnosis and care is limited outside of specific regions with specialized clinics and hospitals. Substantial use of healthcare resources included hospitalization, physiotherapy, mobility support, and, to a lesser extent, feeding support and respiratory support.

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Aim: To evaluate the action of promethazine, fluoxetine and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The effect of the compounds was evaluated in planktonic cells and bacterial biofilms. Accumulation tests were performed with ethidium bromide to prove their action as EPIs. Then, they were associated with antimicrobials. Results: Effect on planktonic cells and biofilms was found. Assays with ethidium bromide indicate their action as EPIs. Significant reductions in the metabolic activity of biofilms were observed after the association with the antimicrobials, especially for meropenem. Conclusion: It is possible to prove the action of these compounds as EPIs for P. aeruginosa and demonstrate the relevance of efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance.

[Box: see text].

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Aristolochia plants are emblematic from an ethnopharmacological viewpoint and are know to possess numerous biological properties, including antiseptic. However, the medicinal potential of these species is debatable because of their representative chemical constituents, aristolochic acids (AAs) and aristolactams (ALs), which are associated, for instance, with nephropathy and cancer. These contrasting issues have stimulated the development of approaches intended to detoxification of aristoloquiaceous biomasses, among which is included the bioconversion method using larvae of the specialist phytophagous insect Battus polydamas, previously shown to be viable for chemical diversification and to reduce toxicity. Thus, eleven Aristolochia spp. were bioconverted, and the antimicrobial activities of the plant methanolic extracts and its respective bioconversion products were evaluated. The best results were found for Aristolochia esperanzae, Aristolochia gibertii, and Aristolochia ringens against Bacillus cereus, with MIC ranging from 7.8 to 31.25 µg/mL. These three species were selected for chemical, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and mutagenic analyses. Chemical analysis revealed 65 compounds, 21 of them possible bioconversion products. The extracts showed potential to inhibit the formation and degradation of B. cereus biofilms. Extracts of A. gibertii and its bioconverted biomass showed antioxidant activity comparable to dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) standard. Bioconversion decreased the hemolytic activity of A. esperanzae and the cytotoxicities of A. esperanzae and A. gibertii. None of the extracts was found to be mutagenic. The bioactivities of the fecal extracts were maintained, and biocompatibility was improved. Therefore, the results obtained in this study reveal positive expectations about the natural detoxification process of the Aristolochia species.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease. The treatment is restricted to drugs, such as meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B, that exhibit toxic effects, high cost, long-term treatment, and limited efficacy. The development of new alternative therapies, including the identification of effective drugs for the topical and oral treatment of CL, is of great interest. In this sense, a combination of topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine liposomes (Lip-ClAlPc) and the oral administration of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system containing fexinidazole (SEDDS-FEX) emerges as a new strategy. The aim of the present study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy with Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX in the experimental treatment of Leishmania (Leishmania) major. Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX were prepared, and the antileishmanial efficacy study was conducted with the following groups: 1. Lip-ClAlPc (0.05 mL); 2. SEDDS-FEX (50 mg/kg/day); 3. Lip-ClAlPc (0.05 mL)+SEDDS-FEX (50 mg/kg/day) combination; 4. FEX suspension (50 mg/kg/day); and 5. control (untreated). BALB/c mice received 10 sessions of topical Lip-ClAlPc on alternate days and 20 consecutive days of SEDDS-FEX or FEX oral suspension. Therapeutical efficacy was evaluated via the parasite burden (limiting-dilution assay), lesion size (mm), healing of the lesion, and histological analyses. Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX presented physicochemical characteristics that are compatible with the administration routes used in the treatments. Lip-ClAlPc+SEDDS-FEX led to a significant reduction in the parasitic burden in the lesion and spleen when compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and the complete healing of the lesion in 43% of animals. The Lip-ClAlPc+SEDDS-FEX combination may be promising for the treatment of CL caused by L. major.

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Juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, which is frequently misdiagnosed due to low clinical suspicion and little knowledge about disease characteristics. More than 20 different genetic loci have been associated with both sporadic and familial juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Currently, almost 40% of cases have an identifiable monogenic basis; type 6, associated with FUS gene variants, is the most prevalent globally. Despite several upper motor neuron-dominant forms being generally associated with long-standing motor symptoms and slowly progressive course, certain subtypes with lower motor neuron-dominant features and early bulbar compromise lead to rapidly progressive motor handicap. For some monogenic forms, there is a well-established genotypic-phenotypic correlation. There are no specific biochemical and neuroimaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. There are several inherited neurodegenerative and neurometabolic disorders which can lead to the signs of motor neuron impairment. This review emphasizes the importance of high clinical suspicion, assessment, and proper diagnostic work-up for juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

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Com o reconhecimento do exercício da Odontologia Hospitalar e sua aprovação como uma nova especialidade pelo Conselho Federal de Odontologia em 2023, e validação das novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Odontologia homologadas em 2021, os cursos de graduação em Odontologia no Brasil tendem a qualificar futuros profissionais em formação para atuar em ambiente hospitalar, de forma sistematizada. Isso visa propiciar aosestudantes uma vivência interprofissional inerente aos hospitais, favorecendo a interação positiva entre várias áreas da saúde. Este estudo descritivo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência no processo de aprendizagem colaborativa entre profissionais de saúde residentes do Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde do Idoso, na área profissional de Odontologia, de um Hospital Universitário de Curitiba e estudantes de graduação do curso de Odontologia de uma instituição de ensino superior. Durante odesenvolvimento de diferentes atividades acadêmicas, observou-se que a utilização desta metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem caracterizou-se como uma ferramenta importante, buscando fortalecer as trocas de vivências práticas, propiciando discussões entre estudantes e profissionais residentes, por meio da mediação dos docentes, os quais buscavam sempre incentivar a construção do conhecimento crítico reflexivo, oportunizando uma experiência de formação discente interprofissional ampliada (AU).

Con el reconocimiento de la práctica de la Odontología Hospitalaria y su aprobación como nueva especialidad por el Consejo Federal de Odontología en 2023, y la validación de las nuevas Directrices Curriculares Nacionales para la Carrera de Odontología aprobadas en 2021, las carreras de pregrado en Odontología en Brasil tienden a capacitar a los futuros profesionales en formación para trabajar en el entorno hospitalario, de forma sistemática. Se pretende proporcionar a los estudiantes una experienciainterprofesional inherente a los hospitales, favoreciendo la interacción positiva entre las diversas áreas de la salud. Este estudio descriptivo tiene como objetivo relatar la experiencia en el proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo entre profesionales de lasalud residentes en el Programa de Residencia Multidisciplinaria en Salud del Adulto Mayor, en el área profesional de Odontología, en un Hospital Universitario de Curitiba y estudiantes de pregrado de la carrera de Odontología en Curitiba de una institución de educación superior. Durante el desarrollo de diferentes actividades académicas, se observó que el uso de esta metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje se caracterizó como una herramienta importante, buscando fortalecer el intercambio de experiencias prácticas, promoviendo el debate entre estudiantes y profesionales residentes, a través de la mediación de los docentes. que siempre buscó incentivar la construcción de conocimientos reflexivos críticos, brindando una experiencia ampliada de formación interprofesional de los estudiantes (AU).

With the recognition of the Hospital Dentistry practice,its approval as a new specialty by the Federal Dental Council in 2023 and validation of the new National Curricular Guidelines for the Dentistry Course approved in 2021, undergraduate Dentistry courses in Brazil tend to qualify future professionals in training to work in a hospital environment, in a systematic manner. This aims to provide students with an interprofessional experience inherent to hospitals, favoring the positive interaction between various health specialties. This descriptive study reportsthe experience in the collaborative learning process between health professionals residentsof the Multiprofessional Residency Program in Elderly Health in the professional area of Dentistry at a University Hospital in Curitiba,and undergraduate Dentistry students from a higher education institutionin Curitiba. During the development of different academic activities, it was observed that the use of this teaching-learning methodology was characterized as an important tool, seeking to strengthen the exchange of practical experiences, promoting discussions betweenstudents and resident professionals, by the mediation of professors, who always encourage the construction of critical reflective knowledge, providing an expanded interprofessional student training experience (AU).

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OBJECTIVES: To report suicide planning and attempts' in a lifetime among Brazilian physicians and to explore associated risk factors. METHODS: A nation-wide, online survey based on the Tool for the Assessment of Suicide Risk and Satisfaction with Life Scale was conducted among Brazilian physicians (January 2018 - January 2019). Multivariate explored associations of demographics, psychological, and work-related factors on suicide planning and attempts reports. RESULTS: Among 4,148 respondents, 1,946 (53.5%) were male, 2,527 (60.9%) were 30-60 years old, 2,675 (64.5%) had 2-4 work-contracts and 1,725 (41.6%) reported a weekly workload of 40-60 hours. Overall prevalence of suicide plans was 8.8% (n=364) and suicide attempts were reported by 3.2% (n=133) of respondents. Daily (AdjOR=7.857;95%CI 2.282-27.051, p=0.002) or weekly emotional exhaustion (AdjOR=7.953; 95%CI 2.403-26.324, p=0.001), daily frustration with work (AdjOR=3.093;95%CI 1.711-5.588, p<0.001), and being bisexual (AdjOR=5.083;95%CI 2.544-10.158, p<0.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of reports. Among extremely dissatisfied professionals 38.3% reported having made suicide planning and attempts, while among extremely satisfied only 2.8% reported it (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian physicians with a lifetime history of suicide planning and attempts presented a higher association with emotional exhaustion and frustration with work. Urgent actions are needed to promote professional protection policies and resilience.

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In the present study, we sought to develop materials applicable to personal and collective protection equipment to mitigate SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, AgNPs were synthesized and stabilized into electrospinning nanofiber matrices (NMs) consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CHT), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Uniaxial nanofibers of PVA and PVA/CHT were developed, as well as coaxial nanofibers of PCL[PVA/CHT], in which the PCL works as a shell and the blend as a core. A crucial aspect of the present study is the in situ synthesis of AgNPs using PVA as a reducing and stabilizing agent. This process presents few steps, no additional toxic reducing agents, and avoids the postloading of drugs or the posttreatment of NM use. In general, the in situ synthesized AgNPs had an average size of 11.6 nm, and the incorporated nanofibers had a diameter in the range of 300 nm, with high uniformity and low polydispersity. The NM's spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical properties were appropriate for the intended application. Uniaxial (PVA/AgNPs and PVA/CHT/AgNPs) and coaxial (PCL[PVA/CHT/AgNPs]) NMs presented virucidal activity (log's reduction ≥ 5) against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3) genus Betacoronavirus strains. In addition to that, the NMs did not present cytotoxicity against fibroblast cells (L929 ATCC® CCL-1TM lineage).

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Abstract Several topics related to the oral cavity are briefly addressed in this article, from anatomical variations that, when recognized, avoid unnecessary investigations, to diseases that affect exclusively the mouth, mucocutaneous diseases, as well as oral manifestations of systemic diseases. A complete clinical examination comprises the examination of the mouth, and this approach facilitates clinical practice, shortening the path to diagnosis in the outpatient clinic as well as with in-hospital patients. The objective of this article is to encourage the examination of the oral cavity as a useful tool in medical practice, helping to recognize diseases in this location.

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Objective: to evaluate the effects of the red and near-infrared wavelength lasers in isolated and simultaneous way on the modulation of inflammatory cytokines produced by human keratinocytes (HaCaT) challenged by cytokines of human monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Design: HaCaT cells was previously exposed to the laser with wavelengths red (660 nm), near-infrared (808 nm). Then, HaCat cells were stimulated with the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide-challenged peripheral blood cells. The cytokines expressed by HaCat cells were measured using multiplex CBA assay. Results: HaCaT cells increased the production of inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with infrared laser compared to the control group (IFN-α2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL -12p70, IL -17A, IL-23, IL-33), the red laser group (IFN-γ and IL-23) and the group of two lasers used simultaneously (IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8, IL-17A, IL-18 and IL-23) (p < 0.05). The red laser also stimulated an increase in the expression of IFN-α2 by HaCaT cells in relation to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Infrared laser, with an energy density of 5 J/cm2, appear to be able to modulate inflammatory cytokines produced by HaCaT cells challenged by human monocyte cytokines.

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Several topics related to the oral cavity are briefly addressed in this article, from anatomical variations that, when recognized, avoid unnecessary investigations, to diseases that affect exclusively the mouth, mucocutaneous diseases, as well as oral manifestations of systemic diseases. A complete clinical examination comprises the examination of the mouth, and this approach facilitates clinical practice, shortening the path to diagnosis in the outpatient clinic as well as with in-hospital patients. The objective of this article is to encourage the examination of the oral cavity as a useful tool in medical practice, helping to recognize diseases in this location.

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