RESUMO
Bats (Chiroptera) are flying mammals of great biodiversity and habits. These characteristics contribute for them being natural reservoirs and part of the epidemiological cycle of several potentially zoonotic pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria. Brazil hosts approximately 15% of the world's bat diversity, with 181 distinct species, 68 genera and 9 families. About 60% of infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin and, in the last decades, the detection of zoonotic pathogens in bats and their environment has been reported, such as Rabies virus (RABV) and Histoplasma capsulatum. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the reports of zoonotic pathogens associated with bats in Brazil in the past ten years. We reviewed the main pathogenic microorganisms described and the species of bats most frequently involved in the epidemiological cycles of these zoonotic agents. The obtained data show an upward trend in the detection of zoonotic pathogens in Brazilian bats, such as RABV, Bartonella sp., Histoplasma capsulatum and Leishmania spp., with emphasis on the bat species Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus and Molossus molossus. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring bat-associated microrganisms to early identify pathogens that may threaten bat populations, including potentially zoonotic microrganisms, emphasizing the importance of the One Health approach to prevent and mitigate the risks of the emergence of zoonotic diseases.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Vírus da Raiva , Vírus , Animais , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Vírus/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
The estuarine channel of Vitória Bay was evaluated regarding bioaccumulation of metals (Al, Ba, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) and As in mollusks. Mussels from an aquaculture farm and transplanted into the estuary, whereas oysters were collected in situ in the same area. Concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Cr and As were higher in P. perna, whereas C. rhizophorae bioaccumulated more Ba, Zn and Cu. Arsenic concentrations in P. perna exceeded the limit of the Brazilian legislation in the outer estuary. Salinity seemed to influence metal uptake differently for each bivalve, with P. perna absorbing more metal at higher salinities and C. rhizophorae in areas of lower salinity. Hazard index (HI) >1 revealed risk for both bivalves for high level consumers. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) for As revealed threat for human health associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters from the study area.
Assuntos
Arsênio , Crassostrea , Metais Pesados , Perna (Organismo) , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Baías , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Metais Pesados/análise , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Poaceae) is an exotic species with has spread rapidly through the Cerrado area of Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It has covered the soil aggressively turning it into cultivated pastures. Thus, it has become a challenge to protect native areas due its capacity of exclusion of native species. It has been observed that Microlobius foetidus (Jacq.) M.Sousa & G.Andrade species (Fabaceae) shows a dominant pattern over the development of U. decumbens. This work shows that M. foetidus interfere on the natural growth of U. decumbens within 10 m ratio. Between 15 and 20 m, it was observed an increase of Importance Value index (IVI) and Relative cover (RC) values. It was also observed a variation on the antioxidant defense system of U. decumbens within 10m ratio from M. foetidus. The enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase present higher levels of activity then those found for glutathione reductase. This data indicates that M. foetidus may have an effect on U. decumbens, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This effect probably happens as means to neutralize the toxic effects of the oxygen generated due to the presence of allelochemicals, which increases oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Brachiaria/metabolismo , Fabaceae/fisiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies IntroduzidasRESUMO
Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Poaceae) is an exotic species with has spread rapidly through the Cerrado area of Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It has covered the soil aggressively turning it into cultivated pastures. Thus, it has become a challenge to protect native areas due its capacity of exclusion of native species. It has been observed that Microlobius foetidus (Jacq.) M.Sousa & G.Andrade species (Fabaceae) shows a dominant pattern over the development of U. decumbens. This work shows that M. foetidusinterfere on the natural growth of U. decumbens within 10 m ratio. Between 15 and 20 m, it was observed an increase of Importance Value index (IVI) and Relative cover (RC) values. It was also observed a variation on the antioxidant defense system of U. decumbens within 10m ratio from M. foetidus. The enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase present higher levels of activity then those found for glutathione reductase. This data indicates that M. foetidus may have an effect on U. decumbens, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This effect probably happens as means to neutralize the toxic effects of the oxygen generated due to the presence of allelochemicals, which increases oxidative stress.(AU)
Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Poaceae) é uma espécie exótica que se expandiu rapidamente no Cerrado do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do sul, e cobre o solo de maneira agressiva convertendo a vegetação natural em pastagens cultivadas e se tornando um desafio para o controle em áreas protegidas devido a sua capacidade de excluir espécies nativas. Observações demonstraram que a espécie Microlobius foetidus(Jacq.) M.Sousa & G.Andrade (Fabaceae) apresenta padrões de dominância, interferindo no desenvolvimento de U. decumbens e alterações na fitofisionomia e sistema de defesa antioxidante desta espécie foram investigados. Nossos estudos demonstraram que M. foetidus interfere no crescimento de U. decumbens nos primeiros 10 metros de distância, sendo que aos 15 e 20 metros, é verificado um aumento nos valores de IVI e CR. Alterações no sistema de defesa antioxidante de U. decumbens também foram verificados nos indivíduos amostrados até 10 metros de distância. Superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase foram provavelmente as enzimas cruciais envolvidas na neutralização de espécies reativas de oxigênio, uma vez que apresentaram maiores níveis de atividade em comparação com outras enzimas, tais como glutationa redutase. Os dados indicam que a proximidade de U. decumbens as áreas onde se encontram populações de M. foetidus, aumentam a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Este efeito provavelmente ocorre como meio para neutralizar os efeitos tóxicos do oxigênio gerado, devido à presença de aleloquímicos, o que aumenta o estresse oxidativo.(AU)