RESUMO
Screening for resistance to insect pests is one of the early stages of grass breeding programs. Pasture spittlebugs are sap-sucking insects that potentially cause severe damage to turfgrasses, including the loss of functional quality and perenniallity. The Brazilian flora has a large number of grass species with wide morphological variability and adaptability to different soil and climate conditions that can potentially be used as lawns. However, no study has screened turfgrass genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack. In this study, we evaluated the intra- and interspecific variability of 35 turfgrass genotypes in the genera Paspalum, Axonopus, and Zoysia for resistance to the pasture spittlebugs, Deois flavopicta (Stal) and Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), as measured by damage scores, densities of nymphs and adults, and level of antibiosis resistance. Genotypes were grouped into three groups using cluster analysis and principal component analysis: GroupI had genotypes associated with low damage scores and high density of adult spittlebugs; GroupII had genotypes with intermediate damage scores and low density of nymphs and adults; and GroupIII was formed by genotypes with high damage scores and high nymph density. Intra- and interspecific genotypic variability was related to antibiosis resistance and morphological variation among genotypes with some indicating nonpreference resistance and others indicating tolerance resistance. Our results indicate that besides antibiosis resistance studies, it is essential to evaluate the morphological variability of grass genotypes when screening for resistance to insects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the intraspecific variability of Paspalum notatum Flüggé genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack.
Assuntos
Antibiose , Genótipo , Hemípteros/fisiologia , Poaceae/genética , Animais , Brasil , Hemípteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herbivoria , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ninfa/fisiologia , Paspalum/genéticaRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção e o valor nutritivo de nove espécies de leguminosas forrageiras herbáceas tropicais, cultivadas sob dois níveis de irradiação luminosa e seis frequências de corte na estação chuvosa, em Anhembi (SP), Brasil. Parcelas puras foram estabelecidas ao sol e sob plantação de Eucalyptus grandis, com 8 anos de idade, com 1.000 árvores/ha, que interceptou mais de 80% da radiação luminosa incidente. Avaliou-se a taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca, a proteína bruta e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em amostras de plantas colhidas em intervalos de 30, 60, 90 e 180 dias, com cortes adicionais aos 120 e 150 dias. Sob pleno sol, as leguminosas testadas toleraram cortes mais frequentes (intervalos de 30 - 90 dias), exceto o Lablab. Na sombra, o grau de tolerância variou conforme a espécie; em termos de produção de MS e de persistência, a Centrosema e a Puerária se destacaram dentre as demais leguminosas comparadas, quando os cortes foram realizados em intervalos de 60 dias, enquanto o Arachis e o Estilosantes foram os mais produtivos quando os cortes ocorreram em intervalos de 120 dias, mantendo o valor nutricional. O Alysicarpus e a Aeschynomene não persistiram sob o nível de sombreamento que prevaleceu nesse experimento.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritive value of nine tropical legumes under two light intensities and six cutting regimens in the wet season, in Anhembi (SP) - Brazil. Pure stands were established in full light and under an eight-year-old eucalyptus plantation with 1.000 plants per hectare. The trees intercepted over80% of the incident radiation. Dry matter herbage accumulation, dry matter in vitro digestibility and crude protein under the cutting intervals 30, 60, 90 and 180 days, with additional cuttings at 120 and 150 days were evaluated. With the exception of Lablab, all other tested legume species tolerated higher cutting frequency under when grown under full sun light then under shade. The degree of shade-tolerance varied according to the species; Centrosema and Pueraria produced well at cutting intervals of 60 days, showing higher dry matter production and persistence while Arachis and Stylosanthes showed better results under longer cutting intervals, keeping the nutritional value, and can be indicated for differential grazing. Alysicarpus and Aeschynomene did not persist under the prevailing conditions.
Assuntos
Eficiência , Pastagens/análise , Pastagens/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Clitoria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pueraria/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção e o valor nutritivo de nove espécies de leguminosas forrageiras herbáceas tropicais, cultivadas sob dois níveis de irradiação luminosa e seis frequências de corte na estação chuvosa, em Anhembi (SP), Brasil. Parcelas puras foram estabelecidas ao sol e sob plantação de Eucalyptus grandis, com 8 anos de idade, com 1.000 árvores/ha, que interceptou mais de 80% da radiação luminosa incidente. Avaliou-se a taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca, a proteína bruta e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em amostras de plantas colhidas em intervalos de 30, 60, 90 e 180 dias, com cortes adicionais aos 120 e 150 dias. Sob pleno sol, as leguminosas testadas toleraram cortes mais frequentes (intervalos de 30 - 90 dias), exceto o Lablab. Na sombra, o grau de tolerância variou conforme a espécie; em termos de produção de MS e de persistência, a Centrosema e a Puerária se destacaram dentre as demais leguminosas comparadas, quando os cortes foram realizados em intervalos de 60 dias, enquanto o Arachis e o Estilosantes foram os mais produtivos quando os cortes ocorreram em intervalos de 120 dias, mantendo o valor nutricional. O Alysicarpus e a Aeschynomene não persistiram sob o nível de sombreamento que prevaleceu nesse experimento(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritive value of nine tropical legumes under two light intensities and six cutting regimens in the wet season, in Anhembi (SP) - Brazil. Pure stands were established in full light and under an eight-year-old eucalyptus plantation with 1.000 plants per hectare. The trees intercepted over80% of the incident radiation. Dry matter herbage accumulation, dry matter in vitro digestibility and crude protein under the cutting intervals 30, 60, 90 and 180 days, with additional cuttings at 120 and 150 days were evaluated. With the exception of Lablab, all other tested legume species tolerated higher cutting frequency under when grown under full sun light then under shade. The degree of shade-tolerance varied according to the species; Centrosema and Pueraria produced well at cutting intervals of 60 days, showing higher dry matter production and persistence while Arachis and Stylosanthes showed better results under longer cutting intervals, keeping the nutritional value, and can be indicated for differential grazing. Alysicarpus and Aeschynomene did not persist under the prevailing conditions(AU)
Assuntos
Pastagens/análise , Pastagens/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eficiência , Clitoria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pueraria/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Desde a década de 1970, sementes de Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) humidicola comum têm constituído fração importante do mercado brasileiro de sementes de pastagens tropicais cultivadas. Maior parte dessas sementes provém de áreas de pastagens nas quais os animais são excluídos desde a primavera até a colheita, no verão. As produtividades comerciais são baixas e variáveis, principalmente em consequência de falta de manejo apropriado à produção de sementes. A produção é prejudicada em relvados heterogêneos quanto à cobertura do solo, altura e constituição. O método de colheita mais utilizado é o da colhedeira automotriz, de reconhecida ineficiência quanto à recuperação das sementes produzidas. O uso desse equipamento é também limitado nesta espécie pela marcante associação entre o sincronismo floral e a degrana (queda) natural das sementes que resulta em curto período de conexão das sementes às inflorescências, fazendo com que permaneçam disponíveis a esse método de colheita por apenas 5 - 7 dias em cada safra. Antecipações ou atrasos da fase reprodutiva das plantas, obtidas por meio de manejo agronômico diferenciado, talvez possam proporcionar a distribuição temporal da produção na mesma safra. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar efeitos de práticas culturais sobre a produtividade, a qualidade e o período de disponibilidade à colheita de sementes de U. humidicola comum. Em área anteriormente utilizada como pastagem nos anos de 1999/2000 e 2001/2002, foram avaliados os efeitos de alturas de corte (5 cm e 15 cm acima do solo, respectivamente, e testemunha [plantas não cortadas] associados ou não à remoção ou queima dos resíduos vegetais deles resultantes...(AU)
Since the 1970s, common Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) humidicola seeds have been an important part of the Brazilian market of cultivated tropical pasture seeds. Most of these seeds come from pasture areas in which animals are excluded from spring to harvest in summer. Commercial productivity is low and variable, especially because of the lack of appropriate management of seed production. Production is impaired in heterogenous lawns in terms of ground cover, height and constitution. An automatic harvester is the most widely used harvesting method, which is known to be inefficient in recovering the seeds produced. The use of this equipment is also limited in this species by the strong association between flowering synchronization and natural seedfall, which results in a short period of attachment of the seeds to the inflorescences. Thus, this harvesting method can only be used for 5-7 days during each harvest. The anticipation or delay of the reproductive phase of plants obtained by distinct agronomic management may permit the temporal distribution of production during the same harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultural practices on the productivity, quality and harvest window of common U. humidicola seeds. The effects of cutting height (5 and 15 cm above ground level, respectively, and control [uncut plants]), associated or not with the removal or burning of resulting plant residues, were evaluated in an area previously used as pasture in 1999/2000 and 2001/2002. Compared to control, the treatments resulted in delays during the harvest window of pure germinable seeds. The accumulation of biomass consisting of leaf remnants and dead or sterile tillers and their segments reduces the production of pure germinable seeds in common U. humidicola...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , 24444 , Germinação , Pastagens , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Desde a década de 1970, sementes de Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) humidicola comum têm constituído fração importante do mercado brasileiro de sementes de pastagens tropicais cultivadas. Maior parte dessas sementes provém de áreas de pastagens nas quais os animais são excluídos desde a primavera até a colheita, no verão. As produtividades comerciais são baixas e variáveis, principalmente em consequência de falta de manejo apropriado à produção de sementes. A produção é prejudicada em relvados heterogêneos quanto à cobertura do solo, altura e constituição. O método de colheita mais utilizado é o da colhedeira automotriz, de reconhecida ineficiência quanto à recuperação das sementes produzidas. O uso desse equipamento é também limitado nesta espécie pela marcante associação entre o sincronismo floral e a degrana (queda) natural das sementes que resulta em curto período de conexão das sementes às inflorescências, fazendo com que permaneçam disponíveis a esse método de colheita por apenas 5 - 7 dias em cada safra. Antecipações ou atrasos da fase reprodutiva das plantas, obtidas por meio de manejo agronômico diferenciado, talvez possam proporcionar a distribuição temporal da produção na mesma safra. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar efeitos de práticas culturais sobre a produtividade, a qualidade e o período de disponibilidade à colheita de sementes de U. humidicola comum. Em área anteriormente utilizada como pastagem nos anos de 1999/2000 e 2001/2002, foram avaliados os efeitos de alturas de corte (5 cm e 15 cm acima do solo, respectivamente, e testemunha [plantas não cortadas] associados ou não à remoção ou queima dos resíduos vegetais deles resultantes...
Since the 1970s, common Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) humidicola seeds have been an important part of the Brazilian market of cultivated tropical pasture seeds. Most of these seeds come from pasture areas in which animals are excluded from spring to harvest in summer. Commercial productivity is low and variable, especially because of the lack of appropriate management of seed production. Production is impaired in heterogenous lawns in terms of ground cover, height and constitution. An automatic harvester is the most widely used harvesting method, which is known to be inefficient in recovering the seeds produced. The use of this equipment is also limited in this species by the strong association between flowering synchronization and natural seedfall, which results in a short period of attachment of the seeds to the inflorescences. Thus, this harvesting method can only be used for 5-7 days during each harvest. The anticipation or delay of the reproductive phase of plants obtained by distinct agronomic management may permit the temporal distribution of production during the same harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultural practices on the productivity, quality and harvest window of common U. humidicola seeds. The effects of cutting height (5 and 15 cm above ground level, respectively, and control [uncut plants]), associated or not with the removal or burning of resulting plant residues, were evaluated in an area previously used as pasture in 1999/2000 and 2001/2002. Compared to control, the treatments resulted in delays during the harvest window of pure germinable seeds. The accumulation of biomass consisting of leaf remnants and dead or sterile tillers and their segments reduces the production of pure germinable seeds in common U. humidicola...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , 24444 , Germinação , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estações do Ano , PastagensRESUMO
SETTING: Recommendations for screening for latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) in patients eligible for anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents remain unclear in endemic regions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of LTBI screening and treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving TNF blockers. DESIGN: A total of 202 RA patients were screened for LTBI before receiving anti-TNF treatment using the tuberculin skin test (TST), chest X-ray (CXR) and history of exposure to tuberculosis (TB). All subjects were regularly followed at 1- to 3-month intervals. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients (42%) were treated with a single anti-TNF agent, while 117 patients (58%) changed anti-TNF agents once or twice. LTBI screening was positive in 66 patients, 44 were TST-positive, 23 had a history of TB exposure and 14 had an abnormal CXR. Exposure alone accounted for LTBI diagnosis in 14 patients with a negative TST. LTBI patients were treated with isoniazid (300 mg/day) for 6 months, and none developed TB. During follow-up, TST was repeated in 51 patients. Conversion was observed in 5; 3 were diagnosed with LTBI and 2 with active TB respectively 14 and 36 months after receiving anti-TNF treatment, suggesting new TB exposure. CONCLUSION: LTBI screening and treatment before anti-TNF treatment is effective in endemic areas and reinforces the importance of establishing contact history for diagnosing LTBI in RA patients.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Latente/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Teste TuberculínicoRESUMO
Cytological investigation revealed complete asynapsis during microsporogenesis in 2 wild accessions of Paspalum jesuiticum collected in distinct Brazilian regions. Both accessions were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 60) and 60 univalents could be counted at diakinesis. In this phase, the majority of meiocytes exhibited univalents with both chromatids. After alignment at the metaphase plate, the chromatids segregated to the poles. Only 1 meiotic division (equational) occurred, and after cytokinesis, a dyad with 2n microspores was formed. The genetic constitution of the 2n gametes was equivalent to that of first division restitution (FDR). Since recombination did not occur, 100% transmission of parental heterozygosity could be expected from the FDR 2n gametes. The meiotic behavior of both accessions suggested that they resulted from a recent natural hybridization event. The potential use of the 2n gametes in Paspalum breeding programs has been discussed.
Assuntos
Pareamento Cromossômico , Diploide , Paspalum/genética , Pólen/genética , Cromátides/genética , Citocinese , Gametogênese Vegetal , Paspalum/citologia , Paspalum/fisiologia , Pólen/citologia , Pólen/fisiologia , Recombinação GenéticaRESUMO
Knowledge about the cytology and reproductive behavior of a species is indispensable for hybridization programs. This is especially true for species belonging to the genus Paspalum, among which apomixis and a wide range of ploidy levels are frequently found. Paspalum conspersum Schrad. is a robust and warm-season perennial bunchgrass native to South America. Previous studies have indicated that both tetraploid and hexaploid races exist in this species; however, only information related to tetraploids has been applied to another taxon. In this study, a cytological investigation in two Brazilian accessions collected in different regions revealed tetraploidy in the accession BRA-012823 (2n = 4x = 40), with chromosome pairing in bivalents and normal meiosis and tetrad formation, and pentaploidy (2n = 5x = 50) in the accession BRA-022748, which presented total asynapsis. In this latter accession, 50 univalents could be scored at diakinesis. After alignment at the metaphase plate, sister chromatids segregated to the poles. Only one meiotic division (equational) occurred, and after cytokinesis, 100% of the dyads that formed had 2n microspores. The meiotic behavior during microsporogenesis, which showed 10 delayed univalents to reach the metaphase plate, suggests that this accession is a recent natural hybrid constituted by a parental genome with 40 chromosomes and another with 10 chromosomes. The potential usage of these accessions in Paspalum breeding has been discussed.
Assuntos
Gametogênese Vegetal/fisiologia , Paspalum/fisiologia , Ploidias , Brasil , Cromátides , Cromossomos de Plantas , Meiose , TetraploidiaRESUMO
Nos dias de hoje, a população mundial exige o consumo de alimentos de qualidade, sem resíduos de produtos químicos. Desempenho (produção e qualidade do leite, peso e condição corporal) e sanidade (mastite e infestação por ecto e endoparasitas) foram acompanhados em oito vacas leiteiras mestiças de um rebanho de 40 (20%), que recebeu diariamente produtos homeopáticos comerciais no concentrado para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas e mastite. No período de nove meses, que correspondeu a toda uma lactação, não houve necessidade de medicar com produtos alopáticos nenhuma vaca do rebanho, o que demonstrou ser possível criar vacas leiteiras mestiças não utilizando produtos químicos para o combate a parasitas (carrapato, mosca-do-chifre e verminose), ou antibióticos para o controle de mastite, e sem interferir na produtividade dos animais.
Nowadays the world population demands food of good quality, without any residues from chemical products. Eight cows from a herd of 40, which were consuming commercial homeopathic medicines at the daily concentration for control of endoand ectoparasites, were monitored in terms of their performance (production and quality of milk, body score and body weight) and sanitary aspects (parasites infestation and mastitis) during the lactation period. It was not necessary to give any allopathic (conventional) medicines to control mastitis or parasites (ticks, horn-fly, verminosis) in any cow of the herd during the nine months of the lactation period. The results showed that it is possible to produce milk without using chemical products, and not interfering in the productivity of the crossbred animals.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Infestações por Carrapato/prevenção & controle , Infestações por Carrapato/terapia , Medicamento Homeopático , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Mastite Bovina/terapia , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Nowadays the world population demands food of good quality, without any residues from chemical products. Eight cows from a herd of 40, which were consuming commercial homeopathic medicines at the daily concentration for control of endoand ectoparasites, were monitored in terms of their performance (production and quality of milk, body score and body weight) and sanitary aspects (parasites infestation and mastitis) during the lactation period. It was not necessary to give any allopathic (conventional) medicines to control mastitis or parasites (ticks, horn-fly, verminosis) in any cow of the herd during the nine months of the lactation period. The results showed that it is possible to produce milk without using chemical products, and not interfering in the productivity of the crossbred animals.
RESUMO Nos dias de hoje, a população mundial exige o consumo de alimentos de qualidade, sem resíduos de produtos químicos. Desempenho (produção e qualidade do leite, peso e condição corporal) e sanidade (mastite e infestação por ecto e endoparasitas) foram acompanhados em oito vacas leiteiras mestiças de um rebanho de 40 (20%), que recebeu diariamente produtos homeopáticos comerciais no concentrado para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas e mastite. No período de nove meses, que correspondeu a toda uma lactação, não houve necessidade de medicar com produtos alopáticos nenhuma vaca do rebanho, o que demonstrou ser possível criar vacas leiteiras mestiças não utilizando produtos químicos para o combate a parasitas (carrapato, mosca-do-chifre e verminose), ou antibióticos para o controle de mastite, e sem interferir na produtividade dos animais.
RESUMO
Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptides (BN/GRP) were shown to bind selectively to cell surface receptors, stimulating the growth of various types of malignancies in murine and human models. The novel BN/GRP synthetic receptor antagonist, RC-3095, was able to produce long-lasting tumor regressions in murine and human tumor models in vitro and in vivo. Animal toxicology studies showed no detectable organ toxicity apart from local irritation at the injection site. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of the administration of RC-3095 by daily subcutaneous injections in patients with advanced and refractory solid malignancies. Twenty-five patients received RC-3095 once or twice-daily at doses ranging from 8 to 96 ug/kg. Dose was escalated in groups of 3-5 patients per dose level. The only toxicity observed was local discomfort in the injection site at the highest doses. A single dose administration of RC-3095 at the highest dose level (96 ug/kg) was tested in a clearly hypergastrinemic individual with the Zollingen-Ellison syndrome and produced a decrease in plasma gastrin down to 50% of basal levels in 6 h. There was no objective tumor responses in patients included in the study. A short-lasting minor tumor response was observed in a patient with a GRP-expressing progressive medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Due to problems with the analytical method, plasma pharmacokinetic data was obtained only from two patients included at the highest dose level. In these patients, RC-3095 reached plasma concentrations >100 ng/mL for about 8 h, which were within therapeutic levels on the basis of prior data obtained in mice and rats. The plasma elimination half-life was between 8.6-10.9 h. Due to the occurrence of local toxicity at the injection site, the dose escalation procedure could not be fully evaluated up to a maximum tolerated dose. Thus, a recommended dose of RC-3095 for Phase II trials could not be clearly established. Considering the novelty of its mechanism of action and impressive preclinical anti-tumor activity, further studies exploiting new formulations of RC-3095 for human use, such as slow-release preparations, and analogues with a more favorable pharmacokinetics are warranted.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Bombesina/análogos & derivados , Bombesina/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeo Liberador de Gastrina/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacocinética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Bombesina/efeitos adversos , Bombesina/farmacocinética , Bombesina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gastrinas/sangue , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Dor , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
An effective preservation method and decreased rejection are essential for tracheal transplantation in the reconstruction of large airway defects. Our objective in the present study was to evaluate the antigenic properties of glycerin-preserved tracheal segments. Sixty-one tracheal segments (2.4 to 3.1 cm) were divided into three groups: autograft (N = 21), fresh allograft (N = 18) and glycerin-preserved allograft (N = 22). Two segments from different groups were implanted into the greater omentum of dogs (N = 31). After 28 days, the segments were harvested and analyzed for mononuclear infiltration score and for the presence of respiratory epithelium. The fresh allograft group presented the highest score for mononuclear infiltration (1.78 +/- 0.43, P < or = 0.001) when compared to the autograft and glycerin-preserved allograft groups. In contrast to the regenerated epithelium observed in autograft segments, all fresh allografts and glycerin-preserved allografts had desquamation of the respiratory mucosa. The low antigenicity observed in glycerin segments was probably the result of denudation of the respiratory epithelium and perhaps due to the decrease of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens.
Assuntos
Crioprotetores , Glicerol , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Traqueia/transplante , Transplante Heterotópico/imunologia , Animais , Criopreservação/métodos , Cães , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Masculino , Omento/cirurgia , Preservação de Órgãos/métodos , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Traqueia/imunologia , Traqueia/patologia , Transplante Heterotópico/patologiaRESUMO
An effective preservation method and decreased rejection are essential for tracheal transplantation in the reconstruction of large airway defects. Our objective in the present study was to evaluate the antigenic properties of glycerin-preserved tracheal segments. Sixty-one tracheal segments (2.4 to 3.1 cm) were divided into three groups: autograft (N = 21), fresh allograft (N = 18) and glycerin-preserved allograft (N = 22). Two segments from different groups were implanted into the greater omentum of dogs (N = 31). After 28 days, the segments were harvested and analyzed for mononuclear infiltration score and for the presence of respiratory epithelium. The fresh allograft group presented the highest score for mononuclear infiltration (1.78 ± 0.43, P <= 0.001) when compared to the autograft and glycerin-preserved allograft groups. In contrast to the regenerated epithelium observed in autograft segments, all fresh allografts and glycerin-preserved allografts had desquamation of the respiratory mucosa. The low antigenicity observed in glycerin segments was probably the result of denudation of the respiratory epithelium and perhaps due to the decrease of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Crioprotetores , Glicerol , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Traqueia/transplante , Transplante Heterotópico/imunologia , Criopreservação/métodos , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Omento/cirurgia , Preservação de Órgãos/métodos , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Traqueia/imunologia , Traqueia/patologia , Transplante Heterotópico/patologiaRESUMO
Emotional changes can influence feeding behavior. Previous studies have shown that chronically stressed animals present increased ingestion of sweet food, an effect reversed by a single dose of diazepam administered before testing the animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of animals chronically treated with midazolam and/or submitted to repeated restraint stress upon the ingestion of sweet food. Male adult Wistar rats were divided into two groups: controls and exposed to restraint 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 40 days. Both groups were subdivided into two other groups treated or not with midazolam (0.06 mg/ml in their drinking water during the 40-day treatment). The animals were placed in a lighted area in the presence of 10 pellets of sweet food (Froot loops(r)). The number of ingested pellets was measured during a period of 3 min, in the presence or absence of fasting. The group chronically treated with midazolam alone presented increased ingestion when compared to control animals (control group: 2.0 +/- 0.44 pellets and midazolam group: 3.60 +/- 0.57 pellets). The group submitted to restraint stress presented an increased ingestion compared to controls (control group: 2.0 +/- 0.44 pellets and stressed group: 4.18 +/- 0.58 pellets). Chronically administered midazolam reduced the ingestion in stressed animals (stressed/water group: 4.18 +/- 0.58 pellets; stressed/midazolam group: 3.2 +/- 0.49 pellets). Thus, repeated stress increases appetite for sweet food independently of hunger and chronic administration of midazolam can decrease this behavioral effect
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Masculino , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Sacarose Alimentar , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Midazolam/farmacologia , Estresse Psicológico , Análise de Variância , Peso Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ratos Wistar , Restrição FísicaRESUMO
Emotional changes can influence feeding behavior. Previous studies have shown that chronically stressed animals present increased ingestion of sweet food, an effect reversed by a single dose of diazepam administered before testing the animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of animals chronically treated with midazolam and/or submitted to repeated restraint stress upon the ingestion of sweet food. Male adult Wistar rats were divided into two groups: controls and exposed to restraint 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 40 days. Both groups were subdivided into two other groups treated or not with midazolam (0.06 mg/ml in their drinking water during the 40-day treatment). The animals were placed in a lighted area in the presence of 10 pellets of sweet food (Froot loops). The number of ingested pellets was measured during a period of 3 min, in the presence or absence of fasting. The group chronically treated with midazolam alone presented increased ingestion when compared to control animals (control group: 2.0 +/- 0.44 pellets and midazolam group: 3.60 +/- 0.57 pellets). The group submitted to restraint stress presented an increased ingestion compared to controls (control group: 2.0 +/- 0.44 pellets and stressed group: 4.18 +/- 0.58 pellets). Chronically administered midazolam reduced the ingestion in stressed animals (stressed/water group: 4.18 +/- 0.58 pellets; stressed/midazolam group: 3.2 +/- 0.49 pellets). Thus, repeated stress increases appetite for sweet food independently of hunger and chronic administration of midazolam can decrease this behavioral effect.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Sacarose Alimentar , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Midazolam/farmacologia , Estresse Psicológico , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Restrição FísicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Topical application of antifungal agents is considered the treatment of choice for dermatomycoses. Most of the available drugs are fungistatic, requiring long term treatment to prevent relapses. Terbinafine is a synthetic antifungal agent that, because of its fungicidal action, provides high cure rates and low relapse rates after short periods of treatment. METHODS: Ninety-seven children ages 2 to 15 years with a suspected diagnosis of tinea corporis and/or tinea cruris were enrolled in this open trial. After mycologic assessment to confirm diagnosis (culture and direct microscopy) terbinafine 1% cream was applied once daily during 1 week. Clinical and mycologic assessments were made at the baseline visit and on Days 7, 14 and 21. Efficacy assessment was based on 88 children (9 patients excluded by protocol violation). RESULTS: Therapy was considered effective in 92.0% (81 of 88) of patients (complete clinical and mycologic cure or mycologic cure with minimum signs and symptoms or clinical improvement, > or = 50%). Tolerability was assessed in 97 patients on an intention-to-treat basis. Adverse reactions were itching 3% (3 of 97), itching associated with erythema exacerbation 1% (1 of 97) and contact dermatitis 1% (1 of 97). CONCLUSION: Terbinafine 1% cream appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for tinea corporis and tinea cruris in children.