RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in patients diagnosed with metastatic pulmonary calcification (MPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the HRCT findings from 23 cases of MPC [14 men, 9 women; mean age, 54.3 (range, 26-89) years]. The patients were examined between 2000 and 2014 in nine tertiary hospitals in Brazil, Chile, and Canada. Diagnoses were established by histopathologic study in 18 patients and clinical-radiological correlation in 5 patients. Two chest radiologists analyzed the images and reached decisions by consensus. RESULTS: The predominant HRCT findings were centrilobular ground-glass nodules (n = 14; 60.9%), consolidation with high attenuation (n = 10; 43.5%), small dense nodules (n = 9; 39.1%), peripheral reticular opacities associated with small calcified nodules (n = 5; 21.7%), and ground-glass opacities without centrilobular ground-glass nodular opacity (n = 5; 21.7%). Vascular calcification within the chest wall was found in four cases and pleural effusion was observed in five cases. The abnormalities were bilateral in 21 cases. CONCLUSION: MPC manifested with three main patterns on HRCT, most commonly centrilobular ground-glass nodules, often containing calcifications, followed by dense consolidation and small solid nodules, most of which were calcified. We also described another pattern of peripheral reticular opacities associated with small calcified nodules. These findings should suggest the diagnosis of MPC in the setting of hypercalcemia.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os achados de tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) em pacientes com diagnóstico de calcificação pulmonar metastática (CPM). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Revisamos, retrospectivamente, os achados na TCAR de 23 casos de CPM [14 homens e 9 mulheres; idade média, 54,3 (intervalo, 26-89) anos]. Os pacientes foram examinados entre 2000 e 2014 em nove hospitais terciários no Brasil, Chile e Canadá. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido por estudo histopatológico em 18 pacientes e correlação clinicorradiológica em 5 pacientes. Dois radiologistas de tórax analisaram as imagens e chegaram a decisões por consenso. RESULTADOS: Os achados predominantes na TCAR foram nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco (n = 14; 60,9%), consolidação com alta atenuação (n = 10; 43,5%), pequenos nódulos densos (n = 9; 39,1%), opacidades reticulares periféricas associadas com pequenos nódulos calcificados (n = 5; 21,7%) e opacidades em vidro fosco sem nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco (n = 5; 21,7%). Calcificação vascular na parede torácica foi encontrada em quatro casos e derrame pleural foi observado em cinco casos. As anormalidades foram bilaterais em 21 casos. CONCLUSÃO: CPM manifestou-se com três padrões principais na TCAR. O aspecto mais comum foram os nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco, frequentemente contendo calcificações, seguido de consolidação densa e de pequenos nódulos sólidos, a maioria deles calcificada. Também descrevemos o padrão de opacidades reticulares periféricas associadas a pequenos nódulos calcificados. Esses achados devem sugerir o diagnóstico de CPM no contexto de hipercalcemia.
RESUMO
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in patients diagnosed with metastatic pulmonary calcification (MPC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the HRCT findings from 23 cases of MPC [14 men, 9 women; mean age, 54.3 (range, 26-89) years]. The patients were examined between 2000 and 2014 in nine tertiary hospitals in Brazil, Chile, and Canada. Diagnoses were established by histopathologic study in 18 patients and clinical-radiological correlation in 5 patients. Two chest radiologists analyzed the images and reached decisions by consensus. Results: The predominant HRCT findings were centrilobular ground-glass nodules (n = 14; 60.9%), consolidation with high attenuation (n = 10; 43.5%), small dense nodules (n = 9; 39.1%), peripheral reticular opacities associated with small calcified nodules (n = 5; 21.7%), and ground-glass opacities without centrilobular ground-glass nodular opacity (n = 5; 21.7%). Vascular calcification within the chest wall was found in four cases and pleural effusion was observed in five cases. The abnormalities were bilateral in 21 cases. Conclusion: MPC manifested with three main patterns on HRCT, most commonly centrilobular ground-glass nodules, often containing calcifications, followed by dense consolidation and small solid nodules, most of which were calcified. We also described another pattern of peripheral reticular opacities associated with small calcified nodules. These findings should suggest the diagnosis of MPC in the setting of hypercalcemia.
Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os achados de tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) em pacientes com diagnóstico de calcificação pulmonar metastática (CPM). Materiais e Métodos: Revisamos, retrospectivamente, os achados na TCAR de 23 casos de CPM [14 homens e 9 mulheres; idade média, 54,3 (intervalo, 26-89) anos]. Os pacientes foram examinados entre 2000 e 2014 em nove hospitais terciários no Brasil, Chile e Canadá. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido por estudo histopatológico em 18 pacientes e correlação clinicorradiológica em 5 pacientes. Dois radiologistas de tórax analisaram as imagens e chegaram a decisões por consenso. Resultados: Os achados predominantes na TCAR foram nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco (n = 14; 60,9%), consolidação com alta atenuação (n = 10; 43,5%), pequenos nódulos densos (n = 9; 39,1%), opacidades reticulares periféricas associadas com pequenos nódulos calcificados (n = 5; 21,7%) e opacidades em vidro fosco sem nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco (n = 5; 21,7%). Calcificação vascular na parede torácica foi encontrada em quatro casos e derrame pleural foi observado em cinco casos. As anormalidades foram bilaterais em 21 casos. Conclusão: CPM manifestou-se com três padrões principais na TCAR. O aspecto mais comum foram os nódulos centrolobulares em vidro fosco, frequentemente contendo calcificações, seguido de consolidação densa e de pequenos nódulos sólidos, a maioria deles calcificada. Também descrevemos o padrão de opacidades reticulares periféricas associadas a pequenos nódulos calcificados. Esses achados devem sugerir o diagnóstico de CPM no contexto de hipercalcemia.
RESUMO
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant neurocutaneous disease with high phenotypic variability. The incidence is approximately one in 5000-10,000 births. TSC is characterized by widespread hamartomas and benign or rarely malignant neoplasms affecting various organs, most commonly the brain, skin, retinas, kidneys, heart, and lungs. The wide range of organs affected reflects the roles of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Clinical diagnostic criteria are important because genetic testing does not identify the mutation in up to 25% of patients. Imaging is pivotal, as it allows a presumptive diagnosis of TSC and definition of the extent of the disease. Common manifestations of TSC include cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, white matter abnormalities, retinal abnormalities, cardiac rhabdomyoma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), renal angiomyolipoma, and skin lesions. Pulmonary involvement consists of LAM and, less commonly, multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH), which causes cystic and nodular diseases, respectively. Recent reports indicate that pulmonary LAM is found by computed tomography in up to 35% of the female patients with TSC. MMPH is rare and may be associated with LAM or, less frequently, occurs as an isolated pulmonary manifestation in women with TSC. Dyspnea and pneumothorax are common clinical presentations of LAM, whereas MMPH is usually asymptomatic. The aim of this review is to describe the main clinical, imaging, and pathological aspects of TSC, with a focus on pulmonary involvement.
Assuntos
Angiomiolipoma/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/etiologia , Neoplasias Renais/etiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Linfangioleiomiomatose/etiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/etiologia , Esclerose Tuberosa/complicações , Cistos/etiologia , Humanos , Hiperplasia/epidemiologia , Hiperplasia/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfangioleiomiomatose/patologia , Dermatopatias/etiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to present the clinical and high-resolution CT scan findings of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (APA) in 12 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The CT scans were reviewed by three chest radiologists who assessed the pattern and distribution of findings by consent. There were 7 (58%) female and 5 (42%) male patients, with aging between 5 and 50 years (average of 26 years). All patients were submitted to BMT for the treatment of hematological conditions. The diagnosis of APA was defined between 5 and 373 days after BMT, with average of 111 days. Three cases (25%) were diagnosed in the neutropenic phase after the BMT, five (42%) in the early phase and four patients in the late phase post-BMT. Regarding high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan findings, nodules were found in 75% of the cases (9/12), most of the cases with more than 10 lesions (7/9) and of centrilobular localization (6/9). Consolidations were identified in seven patients (58%), being single in six, and commonly presenting ill defined borders (n=3) and subsegmental localization (n=5). Ground glass attenuation was found in six patients (50%). The halo sign was observed in nine cases (75%). Cavitations were seen in two air-space consolidations and one large nodule (2.5 cm). Patients submitted to BMT presenting respiratory symptoms and nodules or consolidations with halo sign at HRCT scan need to have the diagnosis of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis included in all the post BMT phases.
Assuntos
Aspergilose/diagnóstico por imagem , Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to present the clinical and high-resolution CT scan findings of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (APA) in 12 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The CT scans were reviewed by three chest radiologists who assessed the pattern and distribution of findings by consent. There were 7 (58 percent) female and 5 (42 percent) male patients, with aging between 5 and 50 years (average of 26 years). All patients were submitted to BMT for the treatment of hematological conditions. The diagnosis of APA was defined between 5 and 373 days after BMT, with average of 111 days. Three cases (25 percent) were diagnosed in the neutropenic phase after the BMT, five (42 percent) in the early phase and four patients in the late phase post-BMT. Regarding high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan findings, nodules were found in 75 percent of the cases (9/12), most of the cases with more than 10 lesions (7/9) and of centrilobular localization (6/9). Consolidations were identified in seven patients (58 percent), being single in six, and commonly presenting ill defined borders (n=3) and subsegmental localization (n=5). Ground glass attenuation was found in six patients (50 percent). The halo sign was observed in nine cases (75 percent). Cavitations were seen in two air-space consolidations and one large nodule (2.5 cm). Patients submitted to BMT presenting respiratory symptoms and nodules or consolidations with halo sign at HRCT scan need to have the diagnosis of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis included in all the post BMT phases.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aspergilose , Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Pneumopatias Fúngicas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/microbiologia , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
O transplante de medula óssea (TMO) tem sido utilizado como tratamento de escolha para diversas doenças hematológicas. Entretanto, as complicações pulmonares, que podem ocorrer em até 60 por cento dos pacientes, são o principal motivo de falha no tratamento. As complicações pulmonares pós-TMO podem ser divididas em três fases, de acordo com a imunidade do paciente. Na primeira fase, até 30 dias após o procedimento, predominam as complicações não infecciosas e as pneumonias fúngicas. Na fase precoce, que vai até o 100º dia pós-TMO, as infecções virais, principalmente por citomegalovírus, são mais comuns. Finalmente, na fase tardia pós-TMO, complicações não infecciosas como bronquiolite obliterante com pneumonia em organização e doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro são mais comumente observadas. Os autores apresentam um ensaio iconográfico, enfatizando os aspectos de tomografia de alta resolução em pacientes com complicações pulmonares pós-TMO.
Bone marrow transplantation has been the treatment of choice for many hematologic diseases. However, pulmonary complications, which may occur in up to 60% of the patients, are the main cause of treatment failure and may be divided in three phases according to the patient's immunity. In the first phase, up to 30 days after the procedure, there is a predominance of non-infectious complications and fungal pneumonia. Viral infections, mainly by cytomegalovirus, are common in the second phase (up to 100 days after bone marrow transplantation). Finally, in the late phase after bone marrow transplantation, non-infectious complications as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and graft-versus-host disease are most commonly seen. The authors present a pictorial essay of the high-resolution computed tomography findings in patients with pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation.