RESUMO
AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training on gene expressions IL-15, ATROGIN-1 and MURF-1 in skeletal muscle of T2D patients. METHODS: Older adults with T2D (n = 39, 60 ± 6.0 years, BMI 33.5 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to Diet+Soccer (DS), Diet+Running (DR) or Diet (D). The training sessions were moderate-to-high-intensity and performed 3 × 40 min/week for 12-weeks. Gene expression from vastus lateralis muscle obtained by qRT-PCR, dual-energy X-ray and fasting blood testing measurements were performed before and after 12-weeks. Statistical analysis adopted were two-way ANOVA and Paired t-test for gene expression, and RM-ANOVA test for the remainder variables. RESULTS: Total body weight was reduced in ~4 kg representing body fat mass in all groups after 12-weeks (P < 0.05). HbA1c values decreased in all groups post-intervention. Lipids profile improved in the training groups (P < 0.05) after 12-weeks. ATROGIN-1 and MURF-1 mRNA reduced in the DS (1.084 ± 0.14 vs. 0.754 ± 1.14 and 1.175 ± 0.34 vs. 0.693 ± 0.12, respectively; P < 0.05), while IL-15 mRNA increased in the DR (1.056 ± 0.12 vs. 1.308 ± 0.13; P < 0.05) after 12-weeks intervention. CONCLUSION: Recreational training with a moderate calorie-restricted diet can downregulates the expression of atrophy-associated myokines and increases the expression of anti-inflammatory gene IL-15.
Assuntos
Restrição Calórica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Exercício Físico , Músculo Esquelético , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interleucina-15/biossíntese , Interleucina-15/genética , Proteínas Musculares/biossíntese , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas Ligases SKP Culina F-Box/biossíntese , Proteínas Ligases SKP Culina F-Box/genética , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/biossíntese , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/biossíntese , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Women's football is an intermittent sport characterized by frequent intense actions throughout the match. The high number of matches with limited recovery time played across a long competitive season underlines the importance of nutritional strategies to meet these large physical demands. In order to maximize sport performance and maintain good health, energy intake must be optimal. However, a considerable proportion of female elite football players does not have sufficient energy intake to match the energy expenditure, resulting in low energy availability that might have detrimental physiologic consequences and impair performance. Carbohydrates appear to be the primary fuel covering the total energy supply during match-play, and female elite football players should aim to consume sufficient carbohydrates to meet the requirements of their training program and to optimize the replenishment of muscle glycogen stores between training bouts and matches. However, several macro- and micronutrients are important for ensuring sufficient energy and nutrients for performance optimization and for overall health status in female elite football players. The inadequacy of macro-and micronutrients in the diet of these athletes may impair performance and training adaptations, and increase the risk of health disorders, compromising the player's professional career. In this topical review, we present knowledge and relevant nutritional recommendations for elite female football players for the benefit of sports nutritionists, dietitians, sports scientists, healthcare specialists, and applied researchers. We focus on dietary intake and cover the most pertinent topics in sports nutrition for the relevant physical demands in female elite football players as follows: energy intake, macronutrient and micronutrient requirements and optimal composition of the everyday diet, nutritional and hydration strategies to optimize performance and recovery, potential ergogenic effects of authorized relevant supplements, and future research considerations.
Assuntos
Futebol , Atletas , Carboidratos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Micronutrientes , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição EsportivaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: to verify the association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. METHODS: cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out with 197 patients in basic health units located in the Northeast region of Brazil. For data collection, we used a semi-structured questionnaire that addressed issues inherent to knowledge and Diabetes Self-Care Activities. RESULTS: we observed that patients with moderate knowledge about self-care practices were more likely to perform foot self-examination, dry the interdigital spaces, moisturize their feet with creams and oils, observe the presence of mycosis and ingrown toenail when compared to patients with insufficient knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: the patients' level of knowledge was closely related to the self-care activities carried out, which reinforces the importance of nurses working on training those on essential health care.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Podiatria/normas , Autocuidado/normas , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/psicologia , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Podiatria/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives: to verify the association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out with 197 patients in basic health units located in the Northeast region of Brazil. For data collection, we used a semi-structured questionnaire that addressed issues inherent to knowledge and Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Results: we observed that patients with moderate knowledge about self-care practices were more likely to perform foot self-examination, dry the interdigital spaces, moisturize their feet with creams and oils, observe the presence of mycosis and ingrown toenail when compared to patients with insufficient knowledge. Conclusions: the patients' level of knowledge was closely related to the self-care activities carried out, which reinforces the importance of nurses working on training those on essential health care.
RESUMEN Objetivos: verificar la asociación entre conocimiento y adherencia a las prácticas de autocuidado de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado con 197 pacientes en unidades básicas de salud ubicadas en el Noreste de Brasil. Para la recopilación de datos, fue utilizado un cuestionario semiestructurado que aborda temas relacionados con el conocimiento y las actividades de autocuidado, como la diabetes. Resultados: ha observado que los pacientes con control moderado sobre las prácticas de autocuidado han tenido más probabilidades de realizar autoexamen de los pies, secar los espacios interdigitales, hidratar los pies con cremas y aceites, observar la presencia de micras y uña encarnada, en comparación a los pacientes con conocimiento insuficiente. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes estaba estrechamente relacionado con las actividades de autocuidado realizadas, lo que refuerza la importancia del enfermero actuar en la capacitación de aquellos acerca de los cuidados esenciales con su salud.
RESUMO Objetivos: verificar a associação entre o conhecimento e a adesão às práticas de autocuidado com os pés realizadas por pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com 197 pacientes em unidades básicas de saúde localizadas na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado que abordava questões inerentes ao conhecimento e às Atividades de Autocuidado com o Diabetes. Resultados: observou-se que os pacientes com conhecimento moderado sobre as práticas de autocuidado tiveram mais chances de realizar autoexame dos pés, secar os espaços interdigitais, hidratar os pés com cremes e óleos, observar a presença de micose e unha encravada, quando comparados aos pacientes com conhecimento insuficiente. Conclusões: o nível de conhecimento dos pacientes apresentou estreita relação com as atividades de autocuidado realizadas, o que reforça a importância de o enfermeiro atuar na capacitação daqueles sobre os cuidados essenciais com sua saúde.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Podiatria/normas , Autocuidado/normas , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Diabetes Mellitus/psicologia , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/psicologia , Podiatria/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado/métodos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Envelhecimento , Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Alimentares/uso terapêutico , Exercício Físico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Sarcopenia/fisiopatologia , Sarcopenia/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The objective was to determine the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on exercise-induced hormone responses and post-training intramyocellular lipid stores (IMCL). Twenty-four elite male athletes (28.0±1.2 years) were randomized to receive CHO (maltodextrin solution) or zero energy placebo solution (control group). The high-intensity running protocol consisted of 10×800 m at 100% of the best 3000-m speed (Vm3 km) and 2×1000 m maximal bouts in the morning and a submaximal 10-km continuous easy running in the afternoon of day 9. IMCL concentrations were assessed by (1)H-MRS before (-day 9) and after training (day 9) in soleus (SO) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Blood hormones were also measured before, during, and post-exercise. The percent change (Δ%) in TA-IMCL was higher in the CHO group (47.9±24.5 IMCL/Cr) than in the control group (-1.7±13.1, respectively) (P=.04). Insulin concentrations were higher in the CHO group post-intermittent running compared to control (P=.02). Circulating levels of free fatty acids and GH were lower in the CHO group (P>.01). The decline in performance in the 2nd 1000-m bout was also attenuated in this group compared to control (P<.001 and P=.0035, respectively). The hormonal milieu (higher insulin and lower GH levels) in the CHO group, together with unchanged free fatty acid levels, probably contributed to the increased IMCL stores. This greater energy storage capacity may have improved post-exercise recovery and thus prevented performance deterioration.
Assuntos
Atletas , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Células Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Corrida , Adiponectina/sangue , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Epinefrina/sangue , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/sangue , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on free plasma DNA and conventional markers of training and tissue damage in long-distance runners undergoing an overload training program. Twenty-four male runners were randomly assigned to two groups (CHO group and control group). The participants were submitted to an overload training program (days 1-8), followed by a high-intensity intermittent running protocol (10 × 800 m) on day 9. The runners received maltodextrin solution (CHO group) or zero energy placebo solution as the control equivalent before, during, and after this protocol. After 8 days of intensive training, baseline LDH levels remained constant in the CHO group (before: 449.1 ± 18.2, after: 474.3 ± 22.8 U/L) and increased in the control group (from 413.5 ± 23.0 to 501.8 ± 24.1 U/L, p < 0.05). On day 9, LDH concentrations were lower in the CHO group (509.2 ± 23.1 U/L) than in the control group (643.3 ± 32.9 U/L, p < 0.01) post-intermittent running. Carbohydrate ingestion attenuated the increase of free plasma DNA post-intermittent running (48,240.3 ± 5,431.8 alleles/mL) when compared to the control group (73,751.8 ± 11,546.6 alleles/mL, p < 0.01). Leukocyte counts were lower in the CHO group than in the control group post-intermittent running (9.1 ± 0.1 vs. 12.2 ± 0.7 cells/µL; p < 0.01) and at 80 min of recovery (10.6 ± 0.1 vs. 13.9 ± 1.1 cells/µL; p < 0.01). Cortisol levels were positively correlated with free plasma DNA, leukocytes, and LDH (all r > 0.4 and p < 0.001). The results showed that ingestion of a carbohydrate beverage resulted in less DNA damage and attenuated the acute post-exercise inflammation response, providing better recovery during intense training.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Carboidratos da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Adulto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is recognized that the growing epidemic of metabolic syndrome is related to dietary and lifestyle changes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term application of nutritional counseling in women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This follow-up study was conducted from September to November 2008 with thirty three women > or =35 years old screened clinically for nutritional counseling. Dietary intake was reported, and biochemical and body composition measures were taken at baseline and after three months of follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 33 women evaluated, 29 patients completed the study. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity was high at 38%, 72.4%, 55.2%, and 75.8%, respectively. At the end of three-months of follow-up, a significant decline in body mass index, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and triglycerides was observed, as was an increase in calcium and vitamin D intake. The multiple regression analysis showed that changes in body mass index, triceps skinfold, waist circumference and triglyceride levels after nutritional intervention were positively associated with changes in anthropometric (loss of body weight) and biochemical (decrease of TG/HDL-c ratio) parameters. Moreover, waist circumference changes were negatively associated with changes in calcium and vitamin D intake. CONCLUSION: Short-term nutritional counseling improved some factors of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the increases in calcium and vitamin D consumption can be associated with the improvement in markers of metabolic syndrome.
RESUMO
This study evaluated the effects of a micro cycle of overload training (1st-8th day) on metabolic and hormonal responses in male runners with or without carbohydrate supplementation and investigated the cumulative effects of this period on a session of intermittent high-intensity running and maximum-performance-test (9th day). The participants were 24 male runners divided into two groups, receiving 61% of their energy intake as CHO (carbohydrate-group) and 54% in the control-group (CON). The testosterone was higher for the CHO than the CON group after the overload training (694.0 +/- 54.6 vs. CON 610.8 +/- 47.9 pmol/l). On the ninth day participants performed 10 x 800 m at mean 3 km velocity. An all-out 1000 m running was performed before and after the 10 x 800 m. Before, during, and after this protocol, the runners received solution containing CHO or the CON equivalent. The performance on 800 m series did not differ in either group between the first and last series of 800 m, but for the all-out 1000 m test the performance decrement was lower for CHO group (5.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.6 +/- 1.3%). The cortisol concentrations were lower in the CHO group in relation to CON group (22.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.6 +/- 1.4 pmol/l) and the IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio increased 12.7% in the CHO group. During recovery, blood glucose concentrations remained higher in the CHO group in comparison with the CON group. It was concluded that CHO supplementation possibly attenuated the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and resulted in less catabolic stress, and thus improved running performance.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Resistência Física , Polissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Corrida , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina , Proteínas de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a Insulina/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Masculino , Percepção , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Testosterona/sangue , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
With the objective of analyzing the blood glucose responses during and after exercise performed at 90 and 110% of anaerobic threshold (AT), 10 type-2 diabetes patients (56.9±11.2years; 80.3±14.4kg) performed an incremental test (IT)on a cycle ergometer. After an initial IT to identify AT, the volunteers participated in three experimental sessions on three different days: 20 minutesÆ of cycling at either 90 or 110% of AT, and a control session (CON). Blood glucose was measured at rest, and at the 10th and 20th minutes of exercise or control condition, as well as every 15 minutes during a 2-hour postexercise recovery period (Rec). One-way ANOVA did not detect signifi cant differences in blood glucose levels between the sessions at 90 and 110% of AT. Compared to CON, a significant decrease was observed at the 20th minute of exercise, and at the 15th and 60th minutes of Rec from the 90% AT session. Significant reductions were also observed at the 10th and 20th minutes of exercise and at the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 90th minutes of Rec from the session at 110% AT. Exercise performed at the higher intensity (110% AT) resulted in a tendency of a more pronounced and prolonged hypoglycemic effect during and after exercise, and may be an alternative intensity for glycemic control in type 2 diabetics who do not havecardiovascular complications or other contraindications to exercising at intensities above the AT...
Com o propósito de analisar a resposta da glicose sanguínea durante e após exercício a 90 e 110% do limiaranaeróbio (LA), 10 voluntários diabéticos tipo 2 (56,9 ± 11,2 anos; 80,3 ± 14,4 kg), realizaram um teste incremental (TI) em cicloergômetro. Após a realização do TI para identificação do LA, os voluntários realizaram 3 sessões experimentais em dias distintos: 20 minutos em bicicleta ergométrica a 90 e 110% LA e uma sessão controle (CON). A glicemia foi mensurada no repouso, aos 10 e 20 min de exercício ou na situação controle, bem como a cada 15 minutos durante 2 horas do período de recuperação pós-exercício (Rec) e CON. ANOVA não identifi cou diferenças significantes nas concentrações de glicose sanguínea durante e após as sessões de 90 e 110% LA. Comparado ao controle, redução significativa da glicemia foiobservada aos 20 min de exercício (-41 + 15 mg.dl-1), aos 15 min (-48 + 21 mg.dl-1) e 60 min da Rec pós sessão a 90% LA, sendo também observada diminuição significativa da glicemia aos 10 e 20 min do exercício e aos 15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 min da Rec após sessão de 110% LA. O exercício de maior intensidade (110% LA) resultou em tendência de maior e mais duradouro efeito hipoglicemiante e pode ser uma alternativa para melhor controle da glicose sanguínea em diabéticos tipo 2que não possuam problemas cardiovasculares ou outras complicações e restrições ao exercício realizado acima do LA...
Assuntos
Humanos , Limiar Anaeróbio , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Índice GlicêmicoRESUMO
The present study evaluated the acute effects of carbohydrate supplementation on heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), metabolic and hormonal responses during and after sessions of high-intensity intermittent running exercise. Fifteen endurance runners (26 +/- 5 years, 64.5 +/- 4.9 kg) performed two sessions of intermittent exercise under carbohydrate (CHO) and placebo (PLA) ingestion. The sessions consisted of 12 x 800 m separated by intervals of 1 min 30 s at a mean velocity corresponding to the previously performed 3-km time trial. Both the CHO and PLA sessions were concluded within approximately 28 min. Blood glucose was significantly elevated in both sessions (123.9 +/- 13.2 mg dl(-1) on CHO and 147.2 +/- 16.3 mg dl(-1) on PLA) and mean blood lactate was significantly higher in the CHO (11.4 +/- 4.9 mmol l(-1)) than in the PLA condition (8.4 +/- 5.1 mmol l(-1)) (P < 0.05). The metabolic stress induced by the exercise model used was confirmed by the elevated HR (approximately 182 bpm) and RPE (approximately 18 on the 15-point Borg scale) for both conditions. No significant differences in plasma insulin, cortisol or free fatty acids were observed during exercise between the two trials. During the recovery period, free fatty acid and insulin concentrations were significantly lower in the CHO trial. Supplementation with CHO resulted in higher lactate associated with lipolytic suppression, but did not attenuate the cortisol, RPE or HR responses.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Adulto , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Lactatos/sangue , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Esforço Físico/fisiologiaRESUMO
A nutrição dos atletas contribui significativamente na busca por melhores resultados no esporte. A manipulação da ingestão de carboidratos pela dieta antes, durante e depois do exercício pode melhorar muito o desempenho atlético através da otimização da reserva de glicogênio dos músculos e no tecido hepático ou através da manutenção da homeostase da glicose sangüínea. É fato conhecido que diversas ®manobras¼ nutricionais são capazes de interferir no desempenho de atletas, assim como, a inadequação da sua dieta pode prejudicar o rendimento esportivo. Os estoques de CHO no organismo são limitados representando aproximadamente 2000Kcal, equivalente a somente 1-2 por cento do total de energia estocada no corpo sendo a maior parte deste metabolizado durante exercício, por isso o suporte nutricional adequado em programas de treinamento intenso inclui alta ingestão energética, predominantemente na forma de carboidratos (aproximadamente entre 60 a 70 por cento) para reposição dos estoques de glicogênio no organismo; entretanto, essa revisão da literatura científica indica inadequação alimentar com relação à ingestão de carboidratos entre os atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, sejam aeróbias ou anaeróbias