RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a marker of airway inflammation. Elevated FeNO has been associated with environmental exposures, however, studies from tropical countries are limited. Using data from the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA) birth cohort, we evaluated medical conditions and environmental exposures' association with elevated FeNO. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 277 women and 293 8-year old children who participated in the 8-year post-partum visit in 2019. We measured FeNO and collected information on medical conditions and environmental exposures including smoke from waste burning, work in banana plantations, and home pesticide use. We defined elevated FeNO as >25 ppb for women and >20 ppb for children. To evaluate factors associated with elevated FeNO, we used logistic regression models adjusted for obesity in women and unadjusted in children. RESULTS: Overall elevated FeNO was common (20% of women, 13% of children). Rhinitis diagnosis was significantly associated with elevated FeNO in both women (odds ratio (OR): 3.67 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.81,7.35) and children (OR: 8.18 95%CI: 3.15, 21.22); wheeze was associated with elevated FeNO in women (OR: 4.50 95% CI: 2.25, 8.99). Environmental exposures were associated with elevated FeNO, but not significantly. Waste burning was associated with elevated FeNO in both women (OR: 1.58 95%CI 0.68, 4.15) and children (OR: 2.49 95%CI:0.82, 10.79). Para-occupational pesticide exposures were associated with elevated FeNO in women and children. For women, having a partner working in agriculture was associated with elevated FeNO (OR: 1.61 95%CI:0.77, 3.58) and for children, maternal work in agriculture was associated with elevated FeNO. (OR 2.08 95%CI 0.86, 4.67) CONCLUSION: Rhinitis and wheeze were associated with elevated FeNO in this rural, agricultural population. Smoke from waste burning as well as para-occupational pesticide exposure may contribute to elevated FeNO in rural communities.
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Asma , Praguicidas , Rinite , Lactente , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Teste da Fração de Óxido Nítrico Exalado , Asma/epidemiologia , Coorte de Nascimento , Costa Rica , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Testes Respiratórios , Fumaça/efeitos adversos , ExpiraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This research evaluates whether environmental exposures (pesticides and smoke) influence respiratory and allergic outcomes in women living in a tropical, agricultural environment. METHODS: We used data from 266 mothers from the Infants' Environmental Health cohort study in Costa Rica. We evaluated environmental exposures in women by measuring seven pesticide and two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites in urine samples. We defined 'high exposure' as having a metabolite value in the top 75th percentile. We collected survey data on respiratory and allergic outcomes in mothers as well as on pesticides and other environmental exposures. Using logistic regression models adjusted for obesity, we assessed the associations of pesticide exposure with multiple outcomes (wheeze, doctor-diagnosed asthma, high (≥2) asthma score based on symptoms, rhinitis, eczema and itchy rash). RESULTS: Current pesticide use in the home was positively associated with diagnosed asthma (OR=1.99 (95% CI=1.05 to 3.87)). High urinary levels of 5-hydroxythiabendazole (thiabendazole metabolite) and living in a neighbourhood with frequent smoke from waste burning were associated with a high asthma score (OR=1.84 (95%CI=1.05 to 3.25) and OR=2.31 (95%CI=1.11 to 5.16), respectively). Women who worked in agriculture had a significantly lower prevalence of rhinitis (0.19 (0.01 to 0.93)), but were more likely to report eczema (OR=2.54 (95%CI=1.33 to 4.89)) and an itchy rash (OR=3.17 (95%CI=1.24 to 7.73)). CONCLUSIONS: While limited by sample size, these findings suggest that environmental exposure to both pesticides and smoke may impact respiratory and skin-related allergic outcomes in women.
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Exposição Ambiental , Hipersensibilidade , Doenças Respiratórias , Asma/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Eczema/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exantema/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Musa , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Rinite/epidemiologia , Fumaça/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Our aim is to review current asthma epidemiology, achievements from the last 10 years, and persistent challenges of asthma management and control in low-middle income countries (LMICs). Despite global efforts, asthma continues to be an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in poorly resourced settings. Several epidemiological studies in the last decades have shown significant variability in the prevalence of asthma globally, but generally a marked increase in LMICs resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Poverty, air pollution, climate change, exposure to indoor allergens, urbanization and diet are some of the factors that contribute to inadequate control and poor outcomes in developing countries. Although asthma guidelines have been developed to raise awareness and improve asthma diagnosis and treatment, problems with underdiagnosis and undertreatment are still common. In addition, important social, financial, cultural and healthcare barriers are common obstacles in LMICs in achieving control. Given the high burden of asthma in these countries, adaptation and implementation of national asthma guidelines tailored to local needs should be a public health priority. Governmental commitment, education, better health system infrastructure, access to care and effective asthma medications are the cornerstone of achieving success. CONCLUSION: Asthma poses significant challenges to LMICs. Whilst there are ongoing efforts in improving asthma diagnosis and decreasing asthma burden in LMICs; reasons for inadequate asthma control are also common and difficult to tackle. Improving asthma diagnosis, access to appropriate treatment and decreasing risk factors should be key goals to reduce asthma morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Asma/epidemiologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Alérgenos , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/terapia , Criança , Mudança Climática/estatística & dados numéricos , Erros de Diagnóstico , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Saúde Pública , Política Pública , Fatores de Risco , Urbanização/tendênciasRESUMO
Hydropneumothorax is an uncommon presentation of a complicated pneumonia, and very few cases in the pediatric population have been reported. This is a case of a 5-month-old patient who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a three-day history of fever, diarrhea, and respiratory distress. His initial assessment suggested a lower respiratory tract infection and because of his respiratory distress and hypoxia a chest X-ray was performed. Other clinical information and radiologic studies will be discussed further, but his chest X-ray suggested a right-sided hydropneumothorax secondary to a complicated pneumonia. He completed 12 days of IV antibiotic treatment and required a chest tube for drainage. Patient was discharged home with a full recovery.
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BACKGROUND: Little is known about trends in morbidity and/or mortality due to asthma in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in hospitalizations and mortality due to asthma from 1997-2000 to 2011 in Costa Rica. METHODS: The rates of hospitalization due to asthma were calculated for each sex in 3 age groups from 1997 to 2011. The number of deaths due to asthma was first calculated for all groups and then for each sex in 3 age groups from 2000 to 2011. All analyses were conducted over the entire period and separately for the periods before and after a National Asthma Program (NAP) in 2003. Data also were available for prescriptions for beclomethasone since 2004. All analyses were conducted by using Epi Info. RESULTS: Substantial reductions were found in hospitalizations and deaths due to asthma in Costa Ricans (eg, from 25 deaths in 2000 to 5 deaths in 2011). Although, the percentage decrement in the rates of hospitalization for asthma in subjects <20 years old was similar before and after the NAP, the reduction in both deaths due to asthma and rates of asthma hospitalizations in older subjects were more pronounced after the NAP, when prescriptions for beclomethasone were also increased by approximately 129%. CONCLUSION: In Costa Rica, there was a marked decrement in hospitalizations and mortality due to asthma from 1997-2000 to 2011. In younger subjects, this is likely due to guidelines that, since 1988, recommend inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. In older adults, the NAP probably enhanced reductions in hospitalizations and deaths due to asthma through inhaled corticosteroid use.
Assuntos
Asma/mortalidade , Asma/terapia , Hospitalização/tendências , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Administração por Inalação , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Antiasmáticos/administração & dosagem , Asma/diagnóstico , Beclometasona/administração & dosagem , Criança , Costa Rica , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Revisão de Uso de Medicamentos/tendências , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/tendências , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La fibrosis quística es un trastorno multisistémico y es la enfermedad letal hereditaria más común en países occidentales. Los avances en el conocimiento de la fisiopatología de la enfermedad, el descubrimiento del gen que codifica para la proteína de membrana, CFTR, y el advenimiento de mejores terapias han contribuido a un mejor manejo de estos pacientes y un aumento en la esperanza de vida. Los pilares de la atención a estos pacientes se basan en mejorar la nutrición, mantener una adecuada función pulmonar, prevenir infecciones pulmonares, fisioterapia diaria y un adecuado soporte psicológico y social para el niño, a, y su familia. Este artículo se enfoca en el diagnóstico de esta patología, recomendaciones sobre el manejo y tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar y extrapulmonar. Debido a que es un trastorno multiorgánico, el manejo de estos pacientes debe ser en un centro especializado y con un equipo multidisciplinario.
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Humanos , Fibrose Cística/complicações , Fibrose Cística/diagnóstico , Fibrose Cística/dietoterapia , Fibrose Cística/fisiopatologia , Fibrose Pulmonar , Pneumopatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Resulta difícil determinar cuáles niños en edad prescolar con sibilancias recurrentes o persistentes podrían presentar asma persistente. Esta situación se ve agravada debido a la relativamente mala respuesta al tratamiento en la mayoría de los estudios clínicos realizados en este grupo etario. Publicaciones recientes demostraron que la evaluación broncoscópica que incluye el lavado broncoalveolar y la biopsia broncoscópica puede ser llevada adelante sin inconvenientes en niños pequeños. Consideramos que esa evaluación podría brindar información valiosa sobre la patogénesis del asma a edad temprana y permitir potencialmente la identificación de cuáles niños con sibilancias son los que tienen mayores posibilidades de progresar hacia asma persistente. Mediante el análisis de la literatura publicada, argumentamos que los niños que tienen un alto riesgo de presentar asma persistente, de acuerdo con los factores de riesgo identificados a partir de estudios epidemiológicos horizontales (es decir familias con historia de atopia y asma, sensibilización alérgica temprana, alergia clínica a los alimentos, eczema asociado a atopia, enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior asociadas a sibilancias en los primeros años de vida) y que continúan con sibilancias después de los 3 años, se podrían beneficiar con la evaluación broncoscópica. La presencia de inflamación eosinofílica en el lavado broncoalveolar o la biopsia y el engrosamiento de la membrana basal reticular puede indicar una alta probabilidad de asma persistente. Sin embargo, estas predicciones necesitan ser evaluadas mediante la recolección de información apropiada.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/prevenção & controle , Biópsia , Broncoscopia , Sons Respiratórios/diagnósticoRESUMO
Objetivo: El derrame pleural es una patología muy frecuente con pocos estudios a nivel latinoamericano. En nuestro país se desconoce la incidencia real, así como las manifestaciones clínicas, etiología, factores de riesgo y complicaciones del mismo. Se planteó el estudio para conocer la epidemiología del derrame pleural en niños, as, admitidos al Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera durante un periodo de 8 años. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo, basado en la información de expedientes clínicos y del Servicio de Estadística, de todos los egresos hospitalarios con el diagnóstico de derrame pleural, empiema o bronconeumonía complicada durante el periodo: enero 1997 a diciembre del 2005. Resultdos: De 120 pacientes que fueron analizados, se encontró que la mayoría de ellos provenían de San José, 51 por ciento, con una tasa de 4.23 por cada 100000 habitantes. La distribución de pacientes por sexo y grupo de edad fue: 57 por ciento mujeres y 43 por ciento hombres, grupo: 0 a 1 año 22 pacientes, 18.3 por ciento, de 1 a 5 años 55, 45.8 por ciento, de 5 a 10 años 28, 23.3 por ciento, y de más de 10 años 15 niños, 12.6 por ciento. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la dificultad respiratoria, fiebre y tos, 84.80 y 78 por ciento respectivamente. A 89 pacientes, 74 por ciento, se les realizó punción pleural; de estos, 31, 35 por ciento, presentaron cultivos positivos. Los tres gérmenes más frecuentes aislados fueron el S. pneumoniae con un 9,8 por ciento, el S. aureus 7.1 por ciento y los bacilos gram negativos 3.6 por ciento. Al 56 por ciento de los pacientes se les realizó drenaje con sonda de tórax y 15 pacientes, 14 por ciento, requirieron de cirugía, toracotomía, para resolver finalmente su problema. De estos, el 22 por ciento tenía un pH menor a 7.1, 22 por ciento, tenía una DHL mayor a 1000 UI/I, 38 por ciento una glucosa menor a 40mg/dl y el 26,7 por ciento tenían un empiema por neumococo. Conclusiones: El derrame pleural sigue siend...
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Adolescente , Broncopneumonia/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural , Costa RicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of asthma and the relation between tobacco use and asthma among university students in Costa Rica. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 1279 adolescents and young adults enrolled in careers in the health sciences in public and private universities in Costa Rica. RESULTS: Of the 1279 study participants, 105 (8.2%) had current asthma, and 136 (10.6%) reported wheezing in the previous 12 months (current wheezing). Among individuals with either current wheezing or current asthma, none was using anti-inflammatory medications for asthma (e.g., inhaled corticosteroids). Approximately one third of the study participants reported any cigarette smoking. Young adults who had current wheezing were 5.8 times more likely to smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day than those who had no current wheezing [95% confidence interval (CI) for odds ratio (OR) = 3.3-10.2, p < 0.001]. Similar results were observed when an alternative definition of asthma (current asthma) was used in the analysis (OR for smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.3-8.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adequate public health measures are needed to prevent tobacco use in Costa Rican adolescents and to promote smoking cessation among young adults. Young adults with asthma living in Latin American countries with high asthma prevalence, such as Costa Rica, should be better educated with regard to asthma and the risks of tobacco use.
Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Sons Respiratórios/etiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma/etiologia , Costa Rica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Abandono do Hábito de FumarAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Lactente , Criança , Asma , Alérgenos , Poeira , Costa RicaRESUMO
The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of asthma and related respiratory symptoms in school children from Costa Rica during the last 10 years, from 1989 to 1998. Using nationally representative samples of school children from Costa Rica during the last 10 years we have performed three studies. Altogether 9,931 children were investigated. The age groups: study I, 5-17 years (n = 2,682), study II, 6-7 years (n = 2,944), 13-14 years (n = 3,200) and study III, 10 years (n = 1,105). The diagnostic criteria for asthma used in these studies was as follows: study I (1989), diagnosis by a doctor in combination with the presence of four kinds of respiratory symptoms; studies II (1995) and III (1998), history of wheeze in the past 12 months. The two latter were part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). A very high prevalence of a history of wheezing was found in the three studies (46.8%, 42.9%, and 45.1%) as well as a diagnosis of asthma (23.4%, 27.7% and 27.1%). The physician's diagnosis of asthma reported in the first study (23%) increased from 23.1 in study II to 27.7% in study III (p = 0.004). This increment could be a real increase in asthma prevalence, or be due to a better awareness about asthma. In study II the group of 6-7-year-olds had respiratory symptoms significantly more often than 13-14-year-olds (p < 0.001). Boys more often had a history of wheezing (p = 0.001), wheeze during the previous 12 months (p = 0.01) and an asthma diagnosis at the age of 6-7 years (p = 0.002) than girls, but girls had more respiratory symptoms than boys at the age of 13-14 years (p < 0.005). Wheezing in the past 12 months was more common for those living in urban areas aged 6-7 years (p = 0.04), and there was an increase of wheeze after exercise (p = 0.01). For the 13-14-year-olds the risk of wheezing was higher during the previous 12 months if they lived in temperate areas (<20 degrees C) and at a high altitude (>1,000 m). Living in a rural area and in a warm region (>20 degrees C), increased the risk of dry cough during the previous 12 months in the group of 13-14-year-olds. In conclusion, Costa Rica is located in the tropics with a very high humidity, an enormous variety of flora and fauna and a very high prevalence of mite and cockroach allergens, which provide important risk factors that may explain the high prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms. Further possible factors, such as the change towards a more Western life style, resulting in fewer infections and parasitic diseases in the first years of life and changes in bedding material, may also be unresolved. Increased environmental pollution may add to the very high prevalence of asthma and related respiratory symptoms. The very extensive exposure to mites and cockroaches in bed material and in homes with poor ventilation may be an important factor, but many asthmatic children behave as non atopic, with a viral respiratory infection as a major precipitating factor.