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The pacaya palm (Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm) is an important food that is commonly consumed in Mexico and Central America due to its nutritive value. It is also used as a nutraceutical food against some chronic diseases, such as hypertension and hyperglycemia. However, few reports have indicated its possible potential. For this reason, the goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of the enzymatic activity of the pacaya palm inflorescence rachis on both hypertension and hyperglycemia and the effects of thermal treatments on the enzymatic activity. The enzymatic inhibition of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV), α-glucosidase and α-amylase were evaluated, all with powder extracts of pacaya palm inflorescences rachis. The results indicated that thermally treated rachis showed increased enzymatic inhibitory activity against α-amylase and DPP-IV. However, all rachis, both with and without thermal treatment, showed low- or no enzymatic activity against α-glucosidase and ACE. Apparently, the mechanism of action of the antidiabetic effect of rachis is mediated by the inhibition of α-amylase and DPP-IV and does not contribute with a significant effect on enzymes involved in the hypertension mechanism. Finally, the properties of the extract were modified via the extraction method and the temperature tested.

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BACKGROUND: Cell-free DNA analysis (cfDNA) holds promise for residual disease or tumor burden quantification in colorectal cancer, with reduced costs and diagnostic equipment compared to gold standard-specific tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis. METHODS: This prospective case-control study included 46 colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls to perform cfDNA quantification by fluorometry using Quantus Fluorometer (Promega, Madison, WI) and using cell-free DNA ScreenTape assay (Agilent) and 4200 TapeStation instrument (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). cfDNA quantification results were correlated with stage, clinical and histopathological features. RESULTS: 33 localized (8 stage I, 12 stage II, and 13 stage III) and 13 advanced colorectal cancer patients were included. No differences in cfDNA quantification by fluorometry were demonstrated depending on stage or histopathological features in localized disease patients. Differences in cfDNA quantification by fluorometry could be demonstrated in patients with advanced disease depending on the presence of liver metastases and synchronous or metachronous metastatic disease. Differences in cfDNA quantification by fluorometry could be demonstrated between advanced colorectal cancer patients and both localized disease patients and healthy controls. Secondary cfDNA analysis by electrophoresis, although showing more specificity to measure ctDNA in cfDNA values, could not improve the capacity to detect differences between analyzed a groups beyond previously achieved with fluorometry. CONCLUSION: This exploratory analysis of cfDNA based on fluorometry and electrophoresis methods showed promising results discriminating colorectal cancer and non-cancer patients, as well as different colorectal cancer stages and disease profiles. Further studies are needed to increase our knowledge and to help to overcome barriers to broader implementation and applications.

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In the present study, organic volatile markers of three strawberry varieties (Albion, Festival and Frontera) during the maturation process were investigated. Forty metabolites associated with aroma in fresh strawberries were monitored during seven stages of maturation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The data were evaluated using multivariate analysis to observe correlations between the organic volatile compound profile and the seven phenological stages of maturation for each strawberry variety. The dynamic levels of butanoic acid methyl ester, hexanoic acid methyl ester, octylcyclohexane, cyclohexane,1,1,2-trimethyl, linalool, tetradecane, and α-muurolene underwent distinctive changes in concentration during the maturation process. The multivariate analysis also allowed the identification of these compounds as possible volatile markers to measure the maturation of strawberry fruits in all three varieties. These findings highlight the importance of the timing of harvest and maturation stage in each variety to preserve or improve the desirable aromatic characteristics of strawberry fruits.

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El desarrollo de la Medicina Critica y la proliferación de las áreas de Terapia Intensiva han mejorado el pronóstico y la evolución del enfermo critico grave. Sin embargo, los problemas psiquiátricos como el delirium no son lo suficientemente conocidos incluso por el médico intensivista, por lo que no es oportunamente diagnosticado y tratado, siendo de esta manera un factor que podría incrementar la estadía de los pacientes en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva e incluso la mortalidad. Conclusiones: El delirium es un síndrome frecuente en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax, además es un síndrome subdiagnosticado por la falta de aplicación de instrumentos de evaluación de este síndrome. El delirium puede presentarse a cualquier edad, en los pacientes críticos internados en las Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Es de origen multifactorial prevenible y tratable.

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Introducción: En diciembre de 2019, la ciudad de Wuhan en la provincia de Hubei en China se convirtió en el centro de un brote de neumonía atípica, el 11 de marzo del 2020, la Organización Mundial de Salud la declaró como Pandemia. El objetivo es describir los índices de perfusión y el poder mecánico en pacientes atendidos a muy alta altitud.

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La colitis pseudomembranosa es una patología relacionada con el uso de antibióticos. En raras ocasiones, evoluciona a megacolon tóxico que podría recurrir resolución quirúrgica. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 77 años, que recibió antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro unos días antes de la consulta. Presente diarrea, fiebre y vómitos. Radiografía computarizada de abdomen distensión de colon derecho.

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The inflorescences of Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. are consumed as food in Central America and southern Mexico but is an underutilized food because of its sensory characteristics, principally due to its bitter taste. However, the inflorescences of Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. are nutritionally promising due to their high protein content (approximately 25%). Protein isolates from pacaya were modified via three different thermal treatments to determine the effect of the treatments on the protein structures. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the pacaya protein isolate particles had less rough and irregular surfaces with larger particle sizes due to an aggregation process when a thermal treatment was used compared to those when no thermal treatment was used. An increase in the intensity of the low molecular weight protein fractions (≤20 kDa) in the electrophoretic pattern of the proteins was observed, which was generated by the hydrolysis of the proteins by heat treatment. The modifications in the FT-IR spectra showed that thermal treatment of pacaya affected the secondary structure of its proteins, mainly when microwave treatment was used. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the α-helical structure was dominant in the proteins of pacaya and that thermal treatment increased the fraction of the ß-sheet structure at the expense of the α-helical structure.

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Hass avocados may become contaminated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes at the farm and the packing facility or later during transportation and at retail. In Mexico, avocados are frequently sold in bulk at retail markets, where they are stored at room temperature for several hours or days and exposed to potential sources of microorganisms. These conditions may favor the entry, adhesion, survival, and biofilm formation of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and other Listeria species and the levels of indicator microorganisms on the surface of avocados sold at retail markets. A total of 450 samples (Persea americana var. Hass) were acquired from retail markets located in Guadalajara, Mexico. One group of 225 samples was evaluated for the presence of Salmonella and for enumeration of aerobic plate counts, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The other 225 samples were processed for isolation of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species. Microbial counts (log CFU per avocado) were 4.3 to 9.0 for aerobic plate counts, 3.3 to 7.1 for yeasts and molds, 3.3 to 8.2 for Enterobacteriaceae, 3.3 to 8.4 for coliforms, and 3.3 to 6.2 for E. coli. Eight samples (3.5%) were positive for Salmonella. Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes were detected in 31 (13.8%) and 18 (8.0%) of 225 samples, respectively. Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri, and Listeria grayi were isolated from 7.6, 1.3, and 0.9% of samples. These results indicate that avocados may carry countable levels of microorganisms and could be a vehicle for transmission of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes.

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Paciente masculino de 21 años de edad, procedente y residente de la provincia de Chulumani, acudió al servicio de Emergencias del Hospital de Chulumani tras la ingesta accidental de insecticida que tenía como principal componente "cipermetrina" que es un piretroide sintético, presento paro respiratorio rápidamente, asociado a deterioro de estado de conciencia por lo que fue intubado y requirió asistencia ventilatoria mecánica, y posteriormente transferido a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Juan XXIII del departamento de La Paz, tras su internación se pudo evidenciar las características clínicas propias de intoxicación por piretroides, que no es una entidad común en nuestro medio, entre los síntomas presentes en el paciente encontramos: deterioro de estado de conciencia, pupilas puntiformes, fasciculaciones fasciales, temblores e hiperexcitabilidad en extremidades superiores e inferiores frente a estímulos externos, hipotermia, sialorrea, diaforesis profusa y persistente, bradicardia, diarrea y debilidad proximal de extremidades con perdida de la fuerza muscular, lo que llevo a una estadía prolongada en la UTI, destete prolongado y fracaso de extubación en una oportunidad. Se logró el retiro definitivo de ventilador mecánico después de 20 días de internación e intubación. Ante síntomas semejantes a la intoxicación por organofosforado recibió tratamiento en base a atropina y medidas de soporte vital propias de la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, optimizando la rehabilitación integral y respiratoria del paciente.

A 21-years-old male patient, dweller from Chulumani province, went to the Hospital of Chulumani Emergency Service after accidental intake of cypermethrin which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Patient presented respiratory arrest associated to deterioration of his state of consciousness, intubation and mechanical ventilation was performed. Subsequently, patient was transferred to the intensive care unit of Hospital Juan XXIII in La Paz city. After hospital admission, clinical proper characteristics of a pyrethroid intoxication, which is not a common entity in our environment, were observed. Signs such as deterioration in the state of consciousness, pinpoint pupils, fascial fasciculation, tremors and hyperexcitability in upper and lower limbs to external stimuli, hypothermia, sialorrhea, profuse and persistent diaphoresis, bradycardia, diarrhea and proximal weakness of limbs with loss of muscle strength were evidenced. This leaded to patient's prolonged staying in ICU and weaning as well as extubation failure at an opportunity. Definitive removal of mechanical ventilator was achieved after 20 days of hospitalization and intubation. Given symptoms similar to organophosphate poisoning patient received a treatment based on atropine and life support measures of the Intensive Care Unit, optimizing in this way patient's respiratory and integral rehabilitation.

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Abstract Attitudes toward physician-assisted death among medical students differ between populations. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide among Spanish university students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by asking undergraduate students (Medicine, Nursing and Law) of the University of Santiago de Compostela to complete an anonymous 17-item questionnaire. Most participants exhibited a positive attitude towards physician-assisted suicide (54%) and euthanasia (75%), as well as towards their legalization. Attitudes were consistent with the underlying ethical reasoning, with no differences in terms of age, gender or academic degree. In addition, consistency was found between attitudes and willingness to participate in physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, should they be legal. The results showed that the attitudes of medical students towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were positive and similar to non-medical students.

Resumen La actitud de los estudiantes de Medicina ante a la muerte médicamente asistida difiere entre poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido explorar las actitudes hacia la eutanasia y el suicidio médicamente asistido en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Se realizó una encuesta transversal en estudiantes de grado (Medicina, Enfermería y Derecho) de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela que completaron un cuestionario anónimo de 17 preguntas. La mayoría de los participantes mostraron una actitud positiva hacia el suicidio médicamente asistido (54%) y la eutanasia (75%), así como hacia su legalización. Las actitudes fueron coherentes con los argumentos éticos, no encontrando diferencias en relación con la edad, el sexo o la titulación. Asimismo, las actitudes estaban de acuerdo con la intención de participar en estos procedimientos, si fueran legales. Los resultados muestran que la actitud de los estudiantes de medicina hacia la eutanasia y el suicidio asistido es positiva y similar a la de estudiantes de enfermería y derecho.

Resumo A atitude dos estudantes de medicina ante a morte medicamente assistida difere entre populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as atitudes para a eutanásia e o suicídio medicamente assistido em estudantes universitários espanhóis. Foi realizada uma pesquisa transversal em estudantes de graduação (medicina, enfermagem e direito) da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela que completaram um questionário anônimo de 17 perguntas. A maioria dos participantes mostrou atitude positiva para o suicídio medicamente assistido (54%) e a eutanásia (75%), bem como para a sua legalização. As atitudes foram coerentes com os argumentos éticos, não encontrando diferenças em relação a idade, sexo ou titulação. Assim mesmo, as atitudes estavam de acordo com a intenção de participar nestes procedimentos, se fossem legais. Os resultados mostram que a atitude dos estudantes de medicina para a eutanásia e o suicídio assistido é positiva e similar à de estudantes de enfermagem e direito.

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The modification of the starches extracted from rice beans both with and without hydrothermal treatment was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. SEM indicated that the starch granules of rice beans exhibit wide variation in granule shape, showing the greatest size and modification of the surface when extracted with ethanol. It was found that the extraction solvent had no significant effect on the onset (To) and peak (Tp) temperatures of the starch, whereas hydrothermal treatment of rice beans decreased the To, Tp and ΔH of the starch. The modification of FT-IR spectra showed that hydrothermal treatment of rice beans and the solvent used in the extraction of starch affected starch crystallinity, mainly when ethanol was used. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the smaller changes in the starch bonds were due to the solvent used for starch extraction but that hydrothermal treatment disturbed all bonds in the starch.

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Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la administración de glutamina asociada a la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) y/o nutrición parenteral complementaria (NPC), en pacientes que cursan con sepsis abdominal resuelto quirúrgicamente (qx), sobre la morbimortalidad a corto plazo. Materiales y métodos: Se llevo a cabo un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado doble ciego en las UTI del Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (HMBH), Instituto Gastroenterológico Boliviano-Japonés (IGBJ) y la Corporación del Seguro Social Militar (COSSMIL). Se seleccionaron 216 pacientes con sepsis abdominal (sepsis, sepsis severa y choque séptico) que requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico y tratados en su postoperatorio en las UTI de los hospitales mencionados. Luego de 72h del acto quirúrgico, se inició la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) o nutrición parenteral complementaria (NPC) en dos grupos: el primero: NPT/NPC complementado con glutamina y en el segundo solo con NPT/NPC estándar. El día1 y el 3 del postoperatorio se midieron los niveles NUU, el APACHE II, las complicaciones infecciosas y no infecciosas asociadas, el balance nitrogenado y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguno de los parámetros medidos entre el grupo de glutamina (GGLUT) y el grupo no glutamina (GNGLUT). Sin embargo, en un subanálisis del GGLUT se encontró una diferencia importante en el valor de APACHE II entre el primer día y el tercero (P < 0.05). Con respecto a la mortalidad, ésta fue similar en ambos grupos, encontrándose alrededor del 10% a los 30 días. Conclusión: La NPT o NPC temprana suplementada con glutamina no presenta diferencias tempranas en cuanto a la respuesta metabólica al trauma, el estado nutricional previo, ni el hipercatabolismo proteico. Sin embargo, ésta se asocia aparentemente a menor severidad del cuadro séptico de base.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of glutamine administration associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and / or supplemental parenteral nutrition (NPC), in patients presenting with abdominal sepsis resolved surgically (qx), on short-term morbidity. Materials and methods: We conducted a randomized double-blind randomized controlled trial in the ICU ofthe Hospital Municipal Boliviano Dutch (HMBH), Bolivian-Japanese Gastroenterological Institute (IGBJ) and the Military Social Security Corporation (COSSMIL). We selected 216 patients with abdominal sepsis (sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock) that needed surgery and postoperatively treated in ICUs of hospitals mentioned. After 72 hours of surgery, started total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or supplemental parenteral nutrition (NPC) in two groups: the first: NPT / NPC supplemented with glutamine and second only to NPT / standard NPC. On day 1 and 3 after surgery NUU levels were measured, the APACHE II, the infectious and noninfectious complications associated nitrogen balance and the length of hospital stay. Results: No statisticallysignificant differences were foundin anyoftheparameters measured between the glutamine group (GGLUT) and no glutamine group (GNGLUT). However, in a subanalysis of GGLUT found a significant difference in the value of APACHE II between the first day and the third (P <0.05). With respect to mortality, it was similar in both groups, being about 10% at 30 days. Conclusion: The early NPC NPT or supplemented with glutamine no differences in terms of early metabolic response to trauma, nutritional status prior nor hypercatabolism protein. However, this is associated apparently less severe septic box base.

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A finales de marzo de 2009 fue aislado un nuevo virus influenza A (H1N1) de origen porcino, diseminándose inicialmente por México y EE.UU., y después internacionalmente. Varios estudios realizados en animales demostraron que esta nueva mutación viral posee una mayor morbimortalidad que el virus de la influenza estacional. Su transmisibilidad es ligeramente superior a la de la gripe estacional, y equivalente a la de las anteriores pandemias. Su patogenicidad y virulencia son bajas. El cuadro clínico es similar al típico de la gripe estacional, con curación espontánea, si bien el espectro clínico es extenso, pues va desde casos asintomáticos hasta neumonía grave o mortal. La población afectada ha sido predominantemente joven, de menos de 30 años. Menos de la mitad de los pacientes hospitalizados en EE.UU. y de los casos mortales en México presentaban enfermedades crónicas o procesos de base concomitantes. Un hecho descrito y preocupante fue la sobreinfección bacteriana pulmonar; la que oscilo desde el 4 al 29 % en los casos severos que resultaron en hospitalización o muerte en los Estados Unidos, Argentina, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Para la prevención y control de la infección, a través de la reducción de susceptibles, se ha dispuesto el uso de una vacuna monovalente específica contra el virus. Finalmente, se debe tener en cuenta que los conocimientos acerca de la infección por el virus de influenza A (H1N1) se modifican en forma permanente por lo cual es muy probable que el presente documento deba ser actualizado en el futuro.

ABSTRACT In late March 2009 was isolated a new virus influenza A (H1N1) of swine origin, spreading from Mexico and the U.S. initially, and then internationally. Studies in animals have shown that this new virus mutation has a higher morbidity than the seasonal flu virus. Its transmissibility is slightly higher than seasonal flu, and equivalent to that of previous pandemics. Pathogenicity and virulence are low. The clinical picture is similar to the typical seasonal flu, with spontaneous recovery, although the clinical spectrum is broad, as itgoes from asymptomatic to severe or fatal pneumonia. The affected population is predominantly young, less than 30 years. Less than half of hospitalized patients in the U.S. and fatal cases in Mexico had chronic diseases or concomitant underlying processes. A disturbing fact was described and pulmonary bacterial superinfection, which ranged from 4 to 29% in severe cases resulting in hospitalization or death in the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. For prevention and infection control through the reduction of susceptibles, is arranged use of a specific monovalent vaccine against the virus.

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El Accidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) es la tercera causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad en muchos países desarrollados, afectando principalmente a adultos de mediana edad y ancianos. Sin embargo en nuestro medio no existen publicaciones que muestren la prevalencia de esta enfermedad. Objetivo del estudio: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer la prevalencia de los Falsos AVC (FAVC), en pacientes atendidos en los servicios de emergencias (SE), neurología y terapia intensiva del Hospital de clínicas e Instituto Nacional de Tórax (INT). Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo de todos los casos diagnosticados de AVC durante doce meses consecutivos (enero a diciembre de 2009), en el servicio de emergencias, neurología del Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de terapia Intensiva del INT, La Paz-Bolivia. La información se obtuvo mediante la revisión de expedientes clínicos. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con diagnósticos de AVC isquémico, AVC hemorrágico, y Accidente isquémico transitorio (AIT), evaluados por neurología/neurocirugía y con diagnóstico dudoso de AVC. Se excluyeron a pacientes con Hemorragia subaracnoídea (HSA), hematomas subdurales y epidurales. Se estableció el diagnostico de FAVC, según los criterios de las guías de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) publicadas el 2005, "WHO STEPS Stroke Manual". Resultados: De enero a diciembre de 2009, se atendieron un total de 385 pacientes con AVC, de los cuales, 110 fueron catalogados como AIT (31%), 191 AVC isquémico (53%) y 57 AVC hemorrágico (16%). Se evidenciaron en 65 historias clínicas FACV, que corresponden a un 18.2% del total de pacientes incluidos en el estudio, edad promedio de 79 años, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres 64.6%. Diagnosticos alternativos más frecuentes: síncope/presíncope (10.8%), síndrome confusional (21.5%), disminución del nivel de conciencia (27.7%), debilidad generalizada (6.2%), crisis epiléptica 6.2%. El 71,7% de los FAVC fueron atribuidos a causas sistémicas. Se realizo TAC de encéfalo en 70.8% de los casos de FAVC. Fueron dados de alta el 27% de todos los AIT, 27% de los AVC isquémicos y 1.7% de los AVC hemorrágicos. Conclusión Podemos afirmar que en los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda, existen errores diagnósticos en un porcentaje considerable. Esto se evidencia principalmente en los servicios de emergencias, donde casi un tercio de todos los casos diagnosticados de AVC y casi la mitad de los diagnósticos de AIT que son dados de alta pueden ser erróneos. La mayor parte de los falsos diagnósticos ocurren en pacientes ancianos con alguna enfermedad sistémica y que no son valorados por neurología y/o neurocirugía.

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) is the third leading cause of death and disability in the first of many developed countries, affecting mostly middle-aged adults and the elderly. However, in our environment do not exist publications that show the prevalence of this disease. Study Objective: This study aims to establish the prevalence of false AVC (FAVC) in patients treated at emergency services (SE), neurology and intensive care clinics Hospital and National Institute of Chest Diseases (INT). Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive of all diagnosed cases of AVC for twelve consecutive months (January to December 2009), emergency services, neurology clinics and Hospital Intensive Care Unit of the INT, La Paz, Bolivia. The information was obtained by reviewing medical records. Inclusion criteria: patients with ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) evaluated by neurology/neurosurgery and uncertain diagnosis of stroke. We excluded patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), subdural and epidural hematomas. A diagnosis ofFAVC according to the criteria ofthe guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) published in 2005, "WHO STEPS Stroke Manual". Results: From January to December 2009, attended a total of 385 stroke patients, of whom 110 were classified as TIA (31%), 191 ischemic stroke (53%) and 57 hemorrhagic stroke (16%). Were found in 65 FACV records, corresponding to 18.2% of all patients included in the study, average age 79 years, with higher prevalence in women 64.6%. Most common alternative diagnoses: syncope/presyncope (10.8%), delirium (21.5%), decreased level of consciousness (27.7%), generalized weakness (6.2%), seizures 6.2%. 71.7% ofthe FAVC were attributed to systemic causes. CT brain was performed in 70.8% of cases of FAVC. Were discharged 27% of all AIT, 27% of ischemic stroke and 1.7% of hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion We can say that in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease, diagnostic errors in a considerable percentage. This is evidenced primarily in the emergency services, where nearly a third of all diagnosed cases of stroke and nearly half of the diagnoses of TIA are discharged can be misleading. Most of the false diagnoses occur in elderly patients with systemic disease and are not valued by neurology and/or neurosurgery.

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El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), es el resultado de la obstrucción de la circulación arterial pulmonar por un émbolo procedente en la mayoría de los casos (95%) del sistema venoso profundo de las extremidades inferiores (grandes venas proximales), en menor frecuencia de las pélvicas. Otros orígenes pueden ser: vena cava, cavidades cardíacas derechas, aurícula izquierda (fibrilación auricular), válvulas cardíacas (endocarditis), ventrículo derecho (necrosis) y miembros superiores. Son poco frecuentes los émbolos formados por tumores, aire, fibrina, líquido amniótico, medula ósea y cuerpos extraños. OBJETIVO El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia y la incidencia de la Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) diagnosticada en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax, en la ciudad de La Paz - Bolivia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Se incorporaron a la investigación todos los pacientes mayores de 16 años que fueron dados de alta o fallecieron en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax durante un período de 24 meses, comprendido entre el 1 de junio del 2004 al 30 de junio del 2006 que tenían como diagnósticos de egreso tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP), infarto de pulmón y/o trombosis venosa profunda (TVP). Estos diagnósticos de TEV, de acuerdo a la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10), correspondían a: embolia de pulmón con y sin corazón pulmonar agudo (I-26), flebitis y tromboflebitis (I-80) y tromboflebitis de otros vasos profundos de los miembros inferiores (I-82) RESULTADOS El diagnóstico de TEV se confirmó objetivamente en el 22% de estos enfermos, la relación varón/mujer fue de 1/2. La frecuencia de TEV para el período en estudio fue 0.92%. Los 9 pacientes con el diagnóstico de TEV fueron distribuidos en dos grupos según el momento de aparición del cuadro clínico. 5 pacientes (57.22%) tenían signos y/o síntomas de TEP o TVP cuando ingresaron en los hospitales o los desarrollaron durante los primeros cuatro días de internación, y 4 enfermos (42.77%) los presentaron a partir del quinto día de internación. El 30.98% de los pacientes que desarrollaron una TEV intrahospitalaria tenían indicada profilaxis con ASA durante la internación, aunque no es posible asegurar que ésta se hubiera cumplido en forma correcta. Un paciente (6.62%) con TEV, internado, desarrollo a enfermedad en el curso de un tratamiento anticoagulante adecuado. Seis pacientes (68.07%) tuvieron TVP y 2 (18.67%) TEP. En un paciente (12%) se confirmó la presencia simultánea de TEP y TVP. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global de los pacientes con TEV, atribuida a la TEV u otras causas, fue 19% (2 pacientes). Los pacientes que ingresaron en los hospitales con el diagnóstico de TEV tuvieron una mortalidad significativamente más baja que la del grupo que desarrolló la enfermedad durante la internación (0.5% vs. 30.98% respectivamente, p=0.004). Aquellos pacientes que por la gravedad del cuadro clínico (n=2) debieron ser internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos tuvieron una mortalidad de 43.75%. La incidencia de TEV fue 0.15%; IC 95%, 0.37 a 0.42 y alcanzó su valor más elevado (0.80%;IC 95%: 0.78% a 0.82%) durante la sexta década de la vida. La incidencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino (88.8%; IC95%: 0.44 a 0.49%). Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en esta población con TEV, clasificados de acuerdo al riesgo relativo indirecto de los mismos. Los más frecuentes fueron: reposo en cama durante más de 3 días y antecedente de TEP o TVP. La frecuencia de presentación de éstos fue diferente según la TEV hubiera sido adquirida en la comunidad o durante la internación, pero solamente el antecedente de TEP o TVP fue significativamente más frecuente en aquellos pacientes que ingresaron al hospital con TEV (p=0.007). CONCLUSIÓN La TEV es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. No obstante, sólo un tercio de los enfermos que desarrollaron TEV en el Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del INT tenían indicado tratamiento o profilaxis con ASA y warfarina.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the result of obstruction of the arterial circulation from pulmonary embolus, in most cases (95%), the deep venous system of the lower extremities (large proximal veins) in less frequent the pelvis. Other sources include: vena cava, righ heart, left ventricle (necrosis) and upper limbs. Emboli are rare tumors composed of, air, fibrin, amniotic fluid, bone marrow and foreign bodies. OBJETIVE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and incidence of venous thrombosis (DVT), objectively diagnosed in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of Thorax, the city of La Paz-Bolivia. MATERIAL AND METHODS They joined the investigation all patients over 16 who were discharged or died in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and the Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of chest for a period of 24 months between the 1 June 2004 to June 30, 2006, and had discharge diagnoses as service venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute lung and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). These diagnoses ofVTE, according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), corresponding to: pulmonary embolism with acute pulmonary and cored (I-26), phlebitis and thrombophlebitis (I-80) and trhomboembophlebitis of other deep vessels of lower limbs (I-82). RESULTS The diagnosis of VTE was confirmed objectively in 22% ofthese patients, the male/ female ratio was V2. The frequency of VTE for the study period was 0.92%. The 9 patients with the diagnosis of VTE were divided into two group according to time of onset of symptoms. 5 patients (57.22%) had sings and/or symptoms of DVT or pulmonary embolism when admitted to hospitals or developed during the first four days of hospitalization, and 4 patients (42.77%) presented after the fifth day of hospitalization. The 30.98% ofpatient who developed VTE prophylaxis hospital ASA had indicated during hospitalization, although it is not possible to ensure that it had been performed correctly. One patient (6.62%) with VTE, boarding, development of illness in the course of anticoagulant treatment. Six patient (68.07%) had DVT and 2 (18.67%) TEP. In one patient (12%) confirmed the simultaneous presence of PE and DVT. Overall hospital mortality of patient with VTE attributed to other causes, was 19% (2 patients). Patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of VTE had a significantly lower mortality than the group that developed the disease during hospitalization (0.5% vs 30.98% respectively, ) p=0.004. Those patient by severity of symptoms (n=2) had to be hospitalized in intensive care units had a mortality rate of 43.74%. the incidenceof VTE was 0.15%, 95% IC, 0.37 to 0.42 and reached its highest value (0.80%, 95% IC, 0.78% to 0.82%) during the sixth decade oflife. The incidence was higherin females (88.8%, 95% IC 0.44 to 0.49%). Among the identified risk factors for VTE in this population, classified according to the relative risk of them indirect. The most frequent were: bed rest for more than 3 days and history of DVT or pulmonary embolism. The frequency of occurrence of these was different depending on the VTE was acquired in the community or during hospitalization, but only a history of DVT or pulmonary embolism was significantly more frequent in those patients admitted to hospital with VTE (p=0.007). CONCLUSION VTE is a preventable disease. However, only one third of patient developed VTE in the University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit of INT, had indicated treatment or prophylaxis with ASA and warfarin .

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RESUMO

La Pancreatitis Aguda (PA) es una enfermedad digestiva cuyas causas más frecuentes en el medio constituyen la ingesta abundante de alimentos colecistoquinéticos, el abuso del alcohol y los problemas vesiculares. Aunque la pancreatitis aguda causada por Hipertrigliceridemia (HT) es una entidad bien conocida, no ha sido bien caracterizada ni definida. La frecuencia de HT en pacientes con PA oscila entre el 4 y el 53%; ahora bien, un aspecto siempre a considerar es definir si la presencia de la HT es primaria -causal-, o bien, secundaria-consecuencia a otras condiciones clínicas tales como diabetes Mellitus, abuso en el consumo del alcohol, embarazo o uso de medicamentos; generalmente se asocia a niveles de triglicéridos superiores a 1.000 mg/dl. La HT induce un daño pancreático a través de la liberación de ácidos grasos libres, lesionando el endotelio capilar y las células acinares del páncreas. En preparaciones pancreáticas perfundidas con ácidos grasos a nivel experimental, se ha corroborado que éstos ocasionan edema y hemorragia del parénquima pancreático. Como no todos los pacientes con HT desarrollan PA, se ha sugerido que ésta se debe más bien a una alteración en la capacidad de depuración de lípidos El objetivo del tratamiento médico -basado sobre todo en la administración de insulina cristalina- es aumentar la actividad de la lipoproteinlipasa y aumentar la degradación de los quilomicrones, disminuyendo así los valores plasmáticos de triglicéridos a niveles menores de 500 mg/dl. En el presente artículo, se presenta un caso clínico de PA severa secundaria a HT tratada con insulina cristalina, el cual evolucionó con una adecuada respuesta clínica y laboratorial, con disminución significativa de los niveles de triglicéridos.

Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is a gastrointestinal disease which causes more frequent in the middle are the colecistoquineticos abundant food intake, alcohol abuse and gallbladder problems. Although acute pancreatitis caused by hypertriglyceridemia (HT) is a well known, has not been well characterized or defíned. The frequency of HT in patients with PA between 4 and 53%, now it always looks to consider is to define whether the presence of primary-causal HT-, or high-consequence to other medical conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus, abuse alcohol, pregnancy or drug use, is generally associated with triglyceride levels above 1,000 mg/dl. he HT induced pancreatic damage by releasing free fatty acids, injuring the capillary endothelium and acinar cells of the pancreas. In pancreatic preparations perfused with fatty acids at the experimental level, we confirm that these cause edema and hemorrhage of the pancreatic parenchyma. Since not all patients with HT develop PA, has suggested that it is due rather to an impaired lipid clearance capacity. he aim of medical treatment based mainly on insulin-crystal is increased lipoprotein lipase activity and increase the degradation of chylomicrons, thereby decreasing plasma triglyceride levels below 500 mg/dl.

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