RESUMO
AIM: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of PHX1149, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This is a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week study in patients with type 2 diabetes with suboptimal metabolic control. Patients with a baseline haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) of 7.3 to 11.0% were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 to receive once-daily oral therapy with either PHX1149 (100, 200 or 400 mg) or placebo; patients were on a constant background therapy of either metformin alone or metformin plus a glitazone. RESULTS: Treatment with 100, 200 or 400 mg of PHX1149 significantly decreased postprandial glucose area under the curve AUC(0-2 h) by approximately 20% (+0.11 +/- 0.50, -2.08 +/- 0.51, -1.73 +/- 0.49 and -1.88 +/- 0.48 mmol/l x h, respectively, for placebo and 100, 200 and 400 mg (p = 0.002, 0.008 and 0.004 vs. placebo). Postprandial AUC(0-2 h) of intact glucagon-like peptide-1, the principal mediator of the biological effects of DPP4 inhibitors, was increased by 3.90 +/- 2.83, 11.63 +/- 2.86, 16.42 +/- 2.72 and 15.75 +/- 2.71 pmol/l x h, respectively, for placebo and 100, 200 and 400 mg (p = 0.053, 0.001 and 0.002 vs. placebo). Mean HbA(1c) was lower in all dose groups; the placebo-corrected change in the groups receiving 400 mg PHX1149 was -0.28% (p = 0.02). DPP4 inhibition on day 28 was 53, 73 and 78% at 24 h postdose in the groups receiving 100, 200 and 400 mg PHX1149, respectively. There were no differences in adverse events between PHX1149-treated and placebo subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of the DPP4 inhibitor PHX1149 to a stable regimen of metformin or metformin plus a glitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes was well tolerated and improved blood glucose control.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Tiazolidinedionas/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Área Sob a Curva , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/uso terapêutico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Prandial , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
p21(Cip1/WAF1) is a known inhibitor of the short-gap filling activity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) during DNA repair. In agreement, p21 degradation after UV irradiation promotes PCNA-dependent repair. Recent reports have identified ubiquitination of PCNA as a relevant feature for PCNA-dependent DNA repair. Here, we show that PCNA ubiquitination in human cells is notably augmented after UV irradiation and other genotoxic treatments such as hydroxyurea, aphidicolin and methylmethane sulfonate. Intriguingly, those DNA damaging agents also promoted downregulation of p21. While ubiquitination of PCNA was not affected by deficient nucleotide excision repair (NER) and was observed in both proliferating and arrested cells, stable p21 expression caused a significant reduction in UV-induced ubiquitinated PCNA. Surprisingly, the negative regulation of PCNA ubiquitination by p21 does not depend on the direct interaction with PCNA but requires the cyclin dependent kinase binding domain of p21. Taken together, our data suggest that p21 downregulation plays a role in efficient PCNA ubiquitination after UV irradiation.
Assuntos
Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Raios Ultravioleta , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Afidicolina/farmacologia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos da radiação , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos da radiação , Células Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Reparo do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo do DNA/efeitos da radiação , Regulação para Baixo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Humanos , Hidroxiureia/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Metanossulfonato de Metila/farmacologia , Mutagênicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Aurelia aurita is scyphozoan, abundant in the Mexican Caribbean during summer. Although usually innocuous, there is evidence of it causing harm to humans. This work investigates the biological activities of crude and fractionated extracts of A. aurita. Live specimens were collected between July and September 1999 from the Mexican Caribbean. The tentacular margin was dissected immediately and frozen at -50ºC. A nematocyst suspension was prepared, discharged, and the supernatants lyophilized. Hemolytic assay was performed with lyophilized crude extract on bovine, sheep, and human red blood cells. Erythrocyte sensitivity to the toxin was ranked in descending order: human, sheep, and bovine. Toxic activity on Artemia nauplii was evaluated using the same crude extract for different exposure periods (3, 5, and 10 hours); only 48 and 72 hour old Artemia nauplii showed 50 per cent mortality. Partial toxin purification was completed by sequential liquid chromatography using three gels (Sephadex G-200, DEAE Sephadex A-50, and Sephadex G-100). Intramuscular neuroactivity was detected in the crab Ocypode quadrata for two partially purified fractions. These fractions were found to have molecular weight components of 66 and 45 kDa, respectively.
Assuntos
Animais , Artemia , México , Venenos , CifozoáriosRESUMO
In ten dogs and seven patients undergoing open heart surgery, 94% of circulatory volume was replaced by electrolitic solutions; extracted blood was stored temporarily at 5degreesC. Usage of blood was avoided for replacement of extracorporeal fluid circuit and blood lost during surgery. After cardiopulmonar bypass, storage blood was transfused. In both experimental and clinical conditions neither renal, electrolitic nor blood alterations were observed.