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The function of the circadian cycle is to determine the natural 24 h biological rhythm, which includes physiological, metabolic, and hormonal changes that occur daily in the body. This cycle is controlled by an internal biological clock that is present in the body's tissues and helps regulate various processes such as sleeping, eating, and others. Interestingly, animal models have provided enough evidence to assume that the alteration in the circadian system leads to the appearance of numerous diseases. Alterations in breathing patterns in lung diseases can modify oxygenation and the circadian cycles; however, the response mechanisms to hypoxia and their relationship with the clock genes are not fully understood. Hypoxia is a condition in which the lack of adequate oxygenation promotes adaptation mechanisms and is related to several genes that regulate the circadian cycles, the latter because hypoxia alters the production of melatonin and brain physiology. Additionally, the lack of oxygen alters the expression of clock genes, leading to an alteration in the regularity and precision of the circadian cycle. In this sense, hypoxia is a hallmark of a wide variety of lung diseases. In the present work, we intended to review the functional repercussions of hypoxia in the presence of asthma, chronic obstructive sleep apnea, lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea, influenza, and COVID-19 and its repercussions on the circadian cycles.

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Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are essential in regulating several cellular processes, such as survival, differentiation, and the cell cycle; this adaptation is orchestrated in a complex way. In this review, we focused on the impact of hypoxia in the physiopathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) related to lung development, regeneration, and repair. There is robust evidence that the responses of HIF-1α and -2α differ; HIF-1α participates mainly in the acute phase of the response to hypoxia, and HIF-2α in the chronic phase. The analysis of their structure and of different studies showed a high specificity according to the tissue and the process involved. We propose that hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2a (HIF-2α) is part of the persistent aberrant regeneration associated with developing IPF.

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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has confirmed the apocalyptic predictions that virologists have been making for several decades. The challenge the world is facing is that of trying to find a possible treatment, and a viable and expedient option for addressing this challenge is the repurposing of drugs. However, in some cases, although these drugs are approved for use in humans, the mechanisms of action involved are unknown. In this sense, to justify its therapeutic application to a new disease, it is ideal, but not necessary, to know the basic mechanisms of action involved in a drug's biological effects. This review compiled the available information regarding the various effects attributed to Ivermectin. The controversy over its use for the treatment of COVID-19 is demonstrated by this report that considers the proposal unfeasible because the therapeutic doses proposed to achieve this effect cannot be achieved. However, due to the urgent need to find a treatment, an exhaustive and impartial review is necessary in order to integrate the knowledge that exists, to date, of the possible mechanisms through which the treatment may be helpful in defining safe doses and schedules of Ivermectin.

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O presente escrito examina alguns aspectos do argumento de Freud em Além do Princípio de Prazer a fim de compreender a transição de inorgânico para orgânico e a importância da memória em processos vitais.

The present paper examines some aspects of Freud's argument in Beyond the Pleasure Principle in order to understand the transition from inorganic to organic and the importance of memory in vital processes.

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AIMS: The present study aims to determine the phototoxic and haemolytic activity of organophosphorus. The use of alternative in vitro assays with human erythrocytes is suggested to predict the polluting effect of these products on health. METHODOLOGY: Human erythrocytes from Toluca Blood Bank were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was employed as a positive control. Additionally, the haemolysis percentage of three organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) induced photo haemolysis formulated with surfactants on a concentration of 2 x 109 erythrocytes were evaluated. Finally, the products were classified as irritant or phototoxic. RESULTS: Results showed that the HC50 red blood cells were similar for each organophosphate (Malathion and Methamidophos) indicating very irritant action with ratio classification (L/D) of 0.041 and 0.053, respectively. On the other hand, Chlorpyrifos was classified as an irritant with L/D= 0.14. On the other hand, the HC50 obtained photo hemolysis assays irradiated red blood cells was similar for each organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) indicating no phototoxic action. CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, it can be said that the parameters of haemolysis and denaturation of proteins are good indicators to classify organophosphorus formulated with surfactants as irritating or phototoxic.

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RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar efecto del consumo del extracto de quinua en anemia ferropénica inducida, en ratones. Material y Métodos Se utilizaron treinta ratones albinos M. musculus de la cepa Bal-b/c, machos de peso promedio 24±32,7 g. Se formó tres grupos de diez ratones cada uno: a) grupo control negativo hierro suficiente(HS),recibió 40g/d de alimento balanceado durante siete semanas; b)grupo control positivo hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas; y, c) grupo experimental hierro defi-ciente(HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas y a partir de la semana cinco se agregó 20g/d de extracto de quinua(EQ). Se midió el nivel de hemoglobina. Resultados Al finalizar el tratamiento, se observó diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina entre los grupos control positivo (8,9±1,1g/dL) HD y experimental (11,4±0,5 g/dL.) HD+EQ (t student, p<0,05). No se encontró diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina, al término del periodo de inducción entre los grupos control positivo (9,1±1,1) HD y experimental (9,3±0,7) HD (t student, p>0,05). Conclusiones En condiciones experimentales, la quinua presenta efecto antianémico, sustentado en los resultados de los niveles de hemoglobina.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice. Materials and Methods Thirty male M. musculus albino mice of the Balb/c strain, with an average weight of 24±32.7 g, were used. Three groups of ten mice each were formed: 1) a negative control group of iron-sufficient (IS) mice that received 40g/d of balanced feed for 7 weeks; 2) a positive control group of iron-deficient (ID) mice that received 40g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks; and 3) an experimental group of ID mice that received 40 g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks and 20 g/d of quinoa extract (QE) from week 5. Hemoglobin levels were measured. Results At the end of the treatment, a significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels between the positive (ID mice: 8.9±1.1 g/dL) and experimental (ID+QU mice: 11.4±0.5 g/dL) groups (student's t, p<0.05). No significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels at the end of the induction period between the positive (IS mice: 9.1±1.1) and experimental (ID mice: 9.3±0.7) groups (student's t, p>0.05). Conclusions Under experimental conditions, quinoa has an antianemic effect based on the results of hemoglobin levels.(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male M. musculus albino mice of the Balb/c strain, with an average weight of 24±32.7 g, were used. Three groups of ten mice each were formed: 1) a negative control group of iron-sufficient (IS) mice that received 40g/d of balanced feed for 7 weeks; 2) a positive control group of iron-deficient (ID) mice that received 40g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks; and 3) an experimental group of ID mice that received 40 g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks and 20 g/d of quinoa extract (QE) from week 5. Hemoglobin levels were measured. RESULTS: At the end of the treatment, a significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels between the positive (ID mice: 8.9±1.1 g/dL) and experimental (ID+QU mice: 11.4±0.5 g/dL) groups (student's t, p<0.05). No significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels at the end of the induction period between the positive (IS mice: 9.1±1.1) and experimental (ID mice: 9.3±0.7) groups (student's t, p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Under experimental conditions, quinoa has an antianemic effect based on the results of hemoglobin levels.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar efecto del consumo del extracto de quinua en anemia ferropénica inducida, en ratones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron treinta ratones albinos M. musculus de la cepa Bal-b/c, machos de peso promedio 24±32,7 g. Se formó tres grupos de diez ratones cada uno: a) grupo control negativo hierro suficiente(HS),recibió 40g/d de alimento balanceado durante siete semanas; b)grupo control positivo hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas; y, c) grupo experimental hierro defi-ciente(HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas y a partir de la semana cinco se agregó 20g/d de extracto de quinua(EQ). Se midió el nivel de hemoglobina. RESULTADOS: Al finalizar el tratamiento, se observó diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina entre los grupos control positivo (8,9±1,1g/dL) HD y experimental (11,4±0,5 g/dL.) HD+EQ (t student, p<0,05). No se encontró diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina, al término del periodo de inducción entre los grupos control positivo (9,1±1,1) HD y experimental (9,3±0,7) HD (t student, p>0,05). CONCLUSIONES: En condiciones experimentales, la quinua presenta efecto antianémico, sustentado en los resultados de los niveles de hemoglobina.

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O presente artigo percorre as ideias de Torres Filho e Gombrich sobre o simbólico na arte e apresenta algumas possíveis contribuições dessas ideias para a compreensão de símbolo e relação simbólica, tal como exposto por Freud nas Conferências de introdução à psicanálise.

The present paper examines the ideas of Torres Filho and Gombrich on the symbolic in art and presents some possible contributions of these ideas to the understanding of symbol and symbolic relationship, as exposed by Freud in the Introductory Lectures on PsychoAnalysis.

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O presente artigo, que tem como guia as ideias de Sigmund Freud expostas nas "Palavras preliminares" de Fragmento de uma análise de histeria, visa investigar uma possível relação entre filosofia e psicanálise.

The purpose of this paper, which is based on Sigmund Freud's ideas presented in the prefatory remarks to Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, is to investigate a possible relation between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis.

Tomando como punto de partida las ideas de Sigmund Freud expuestas en las palabras preliminares de Fragmento de análisis de un caso de histeria, este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar una posible relación entre la filosofía y el psicoanálisis.

Tout en partant des idées de Sigmund Freud présentées dans l'Avantpropos au Fragment d'une analyse d'hystérie, cet article examine la possibilité d'un rapport entre la psychanalyse et la philosophie.

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O presente artigo, que tem como guia as ideias de Sigmund Freud expostas nas "Palavras preliminares" de Fragmento de uma análise de histeria, visa investigar uma possível relação entre filosofia e psicanálise.

The purpose of this paper, which is based on Sigmund Freud's ideas presented in the prefatory remarks to Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, is to investigate a possible relation between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis.

Tomando como punto de partida las ideas de Sigmund Freud expuestas en las palabras preliminares de Fragmento de análisis de un caso de histeria, este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar una posible relación entre la filosofía y el psicoanálisis.

Tout en partant des idées de Sigmund Freud présentées dans l'Avantpropos au Fragment d'une analyse d'hystérie, cet article examine la possibilité d'un rapport entre la psychanalyse et la philosophie.

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El hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) fue la primera enfermedad estudiada en Uruguay por un Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Neonatal (PNPN) de forma obligatoria, a partir del decreto 183/94. El no tratamiento oportuno del HC causa severo retardomental y físico, por lo que la implementación de la pesquisa así como el tratamiento tuvieron buena acogida en los ámbitos de pediatría y endocrinología. Desde el comienzo se observó que los niños prematuros, y/o con retardo de crecimiento podían dar falsos negativos, por lo que se comenzó a solicitar una segunda muestra a los 20 días de nacidos. Posteriormente, y a propósito de un caso, se comenzóa solicitar también una segunda muestra a los gemelares. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar los casos de HC detectados que en la primera muestra dieron negativos y se detectaron en la segunda muestra...

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El hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) fue la primera enfermedad estudiada en Uruguay por un Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Neonatal (PNPN) de forma obligatoria, a partir del decreto 183/94. El no tratamiento oportuno del HC causa severo retardomental y físico, por lo que la implementación de la pesquisa así como el tratamiento tuvieron buena acogida en los ámbitos de pediatría y endocrinología. Desde el comienzo se observó que los niños prematuros, y/o con retardo de crecimiento podían dar falsos negativos, por lo que se comenzó a solicitar una segunda muestra a los 20 días de nacidos. Posteriormente, y a propósito de un caso, se comenzóa solicitar también una segunda muestra a los gemelares. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar los casos de HC detectados que en la primera muestra dieron negativos y se detectaron en la segunda muestra

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The present work was designed to assess the possible benefits of (7% w/w) dietary fish oil in reversing the morphological and metabolic changes present in the adipose tissue of rats fed an SRD for a long time. With this purpose, in the epididymal fat tissue, we investigated the effect of dietary fish oil upon: i) the number, size and distribution of cells, ii) the basal and stimulated lipolysis, iii) the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, and iv) the antilipolytic action of insulin. The study was conducted on rats fed an SRD during 120 days with fish oil being isocaloric substituted for corn oil for 90-120 days in half the animals. Permanent hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and abnormal glucose homeostasis were present in the rats before the source of fat in the diet was replaced. The major new findings of this study are the following: i) Dietary fish oil markedly reduced the fat pads mass, the hypertrophy of fat cells and improved the altered cell size distribution. ii) The presence of fish oil in the diet corrected the inhibitory effect of high sucrose diet upon the antilipolytic action of insulin, reduced the "in vitro" enhanced basal lipolysis and normalized isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Fat pads lipoprotein lipase activity decreased reaching values similar to those observed in age-matched controls fed a control diet (CD). These effects were not accompanied by any change in rat body weight. All these data suggest that the dyslipemic rats fed a moderate amount of dietary fish oil constitute a useful animal model to study diet-regulated insulin action.

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La conservabilidad de la solución de ácido ascórbico a temperaturas elevadas y a temperatura ambiental, brindada por los diferentes tipos de envases evaluados, ha sido del orden siguiente: II>PVC>I>PE, en tanto que frente a la radiación luminoso artificial fue: PVC>II>I>PE. El efecto producido por la radiación luminosa artificial, sobre las muestras, fue cercano al ocasionado a temperaturas de 30 `C y 50 `C en los envases de polietileno. La solución envasada. en los cuatro tipos de envases, no evidenció alteración significativo en PH, ni peso específico. El envase de polietileno, fue el menos apropiado por ser el menos resistente a la radiación luminosa artificial y permitir una rápida degradación de la solución de la solución de ácido ascórbico, en tanto que el envase de cloruro de polivinilo demostró ser el más apropiado para conservar la fórmula evaluada.

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