RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antenatal exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) is related to severe neurological manifestations. A previous study in Brazil reported an increased incidence of non-severe congenital heart defects in infants with diagnosis of congenital Zika syndrome but without laboratory confirmation of ZIKV infection in the mother or infant. The objective of this study is to report echocardiographic (ECHO) findings in infants with laboratory confirmed antenatal exposure to ZIKV. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional study of cardiologic assessments of infants born between November 2015 and January 2017 with confirmed vertical exposure to ZIKV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: The study enrolled 120 children with a median age of 97 days (1 to 376 days). In utero exposure to ZIKV was confirmed in 97 children (80,8%) through positive maternal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results during pregnancy or a positive PCR result at birth; 23 additional children (19.2%) had maternal positive PCR results during pregnancy and postnatally. Forty- eight infants (40%) had cardiac defects noted on ECHO. Thirteen infants (10.8%) had major cardiac defects (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus). None of the defects were severe. The frequency of major defects was higher in infants whose mothers had a rash in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, or who had altered Central Nervous System (CNS) imaging postnatally or were preterm. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with in utero ZIKV exposure have a higher prevalence of major cardiac defects, however none were severe enough to require immediate intervention. For this reason, guidelines for performance of postnatal ECHO in this population should follow general newborn screening guidelines, which significantly reduces the burden of performing emergent fetal or neonatal ECHOs in a setting where resources are not available, such as most Brazilian municipalities.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Infecção por Zika virus/congênito , Líquido Amniótico/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico por imagem , Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Feto/virologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Mães , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Zika virus/genética , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Infecção por Zika virus/complicações , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix schenckii complex that affects humans and animals, especially cats. Its main forms of zoonotic transmission include scratching, biting and/or contact with the exudate from lesions of sick cats. In Brazil, epidemic involving humans, dogs and cats has occurred since 1998. The definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis is obtained by the isolation of the fungus in culture; however, the result can take up to four weeks, which may delay the beginning of antifungal treatment in some cases. Cytopathological examination is often used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis, but accuracy parameters have not been established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cytopathological examination in the diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis. The present study included 244 cats from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, mostly males in reproductive age with three or more lesions in non-adjacent anatomical places. To evaluate the inter-observer reliability, two different observers performed the microscopic examination of the slides blindly. Test sensitivity was 84.9%. The values of positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and accuracy were 86.0, 24.4, 2.02, 0.26 and 82.8%, respectively. The reliability between the two observers was considered substantial. We conclude that the cytopathological examination is a sensitive, rapid and practical method to be used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis in outbreaks of this mycosis.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Técnicas Citológicas/métodos , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia/métodos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dengue is an acute febrile illness caused by an arbovirus that is endemic in more than 100 countries. Early diagnosis and adequate management are critical to reduce mortality. This study aims to identify clinical and hematological features that could be useful to discriminate dengue from other febrile illnesses (OFI) up to the third day of disease. METHODS: We conducted a sectional diagnostic study with patients aged 12 years or older who reported fever lasting up to three days, without any evident focus of infection, attending an outpatient clinic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between the years 2005 and 2008. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify symptoms, physical signs, and hematological features valid for dengue diagnosis. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to define the best cut-off and to compare the accuracy of generated models with the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for probable dengue. RESULTS: Based on serological tests and virus genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 69 patients were classified as dengue and 73 as non-dengue. Among clinical features, conjunctival redness and history of rash were independent predictors of dengue infection. A model including clinical and laboratory features (conjunctival redness and leukocyte counts) achieved a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 71% and showed greater accuracy than the WHO criteria for probable dengue. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed a predictive model for early dengue diagnosis that was moderately accurate and performed better than the current WHO criteria for suspected dengue. Validation of this model in larger samples and in other sites should be attempted before it can be applied in endemic areas.
Assuntos
Dengue/diagnóstico , Febre/diagnóstico , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Curva ROC , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Descreve as características sociodemográficas e psicopatológicas, bem como as abordagens de tratamento de indivíduos de uma clínica ambulatorial para dependentes. Estudo descritivo baseado em dados de prontuários de uma amostra aleatória dos pacientes atendidos no período 1986-1993. Os pacientes em sua maioria eram homens, jovens, solteiros ou que viviam sós, da raça branca e com baixa inserçäo profissional. A média de idade de início do consumo de droga foi de 17,4 anos, e a proporçäo de indivíduos com mais de 9 anos de escolaridade foi de 51,8 por cento. Trinta e seis por cento eram filhos de pais separados, 14 por cento foram abandonados pelos pais na infância e 14 por cento perderam os pais por morte. Abuso físico na infância foi referido por 16 por cento dos pacientes, e o pai era o perpretrador em 68 por cento dos casos. A cocaína foi a droga mais consumida, seja isoladamente (34 por cento) ou com outras drogas (52 por cento). Observou-se reduçäo do consumo de maconha e de usuários de drogas por via injetável e aumento na proporçäo de consumidores de cocaína. Os resultados forneceram subsídios para a avaliaçäo do serviço e para modificaçöes na organizaçäo do atendimento ao dependente de drogas