RESUMO
Las cápsulas adrenales también conocidas como glándulas adrenales o suprarrenales, son 2 pequeñas estructuras, una derecha y otra izquierda, ubicadas en la región suprahiliar del borde interno de cada riñón. A pesar de su pequeño tamaño, su función dentro del sistema endocrino es indispensable para el equilibrio metabólico de los seres humanos, de allí que su aporte vascular viene a jugar un papel fundamental en su funcionamiento. Los diferentes textos de anatomía han descrito por años un patrón vascular clásico, sin embargo, éste presenta importantes variaciones en el origen y distribución de sus ramas. Trabajamos con fetos frescos, cuidadosamente disecados, perfundidos con vinil rojo en el sistema arterial, extrayendo un bloque visceral y resecando 66 glándulas adrenales. En nuestros resultados el patrón vascular clásico descrito por los libros de anatomía sólo se observó en el 15,38 por ciento de los casos. El origen de la arteria suprarrenal superior fue detectado en la arteria Aorta (46,15 por ciento), la arteria media también en la Aorta (53,85 por ciento) y la rama inferior igualmente en la Aorta abdominal en tres cuartas partes de los casos (61,54 por ciento sola y en un 12,31 por ciento junto a la arteria renal). La distribución vascular de la glándula derecha difiere de la izquierda en 36 (56,25 por ciento) de los casos
The adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands, are two small structures located on the suprahiliar border of the kidney. They belong to the endocrine system. The Anatomical books describe for them a classic vascular pattern, nevertheless they really have important variations in origin and branching pattern. In this work we employed human fetuses, carefully dissected, vinyl perfused. The sample was constituted by 66 adrenal glands. After a very careful observation of the serie we found that the classic pattern was seen in 15.30 percent of the sample. Superior suprarenal artery was localized at the abdominal Aorta in 46.15 percent, the medial artery was arising from Aorta in 53.85. percent, and the inferior suprarenal artery was also found taking origin at abdominal Aorta,on its own in 61.54 percent , and in 12.31 percent together with the renal artery. We also notice that the vascular approach to right adrenal gland is different from that for the left gland in 56.25 percent
Assuntos
Artérias/citologia , Feto/citologia , Feto/metabolismo , Irrigação TerapêuticaRESUMO
AIM: The plant species reported here are traditionally used in the "Puna" or "Altiplano" of Argentina for ailments related to bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate their antimicrobial properties against a panel of sensitive and multi-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antimicrobial activity of tinctures and aqueous extracts (Baccharis boliviensis, Chiliotrichiopsis keidelii, Chuquiraga atacamensis, Fabiana bryoides, Fabiana densa, Fabiana punensis, Frankenia triandra, Parastrephia lucida, Parastrephia lepidophylla, Parastrephia phyliciformis, Tetraglochin cristatum) was determined using the agar macrodilution and broth microdilution methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS). The antibiotic resistant clinical strains were isolated from nosocomial infection in human lesions of skin and soft parts. RESULTS: The ethanolic extracts of 11 plant species inhibited the growth of one or more of the following strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ethanol extracts (tinctures) of aerial parts of Baccharis, Fabiana and Parastrephia showed the highest levels of antibacterial activity on methicillin, oxacillin and gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus with MIC values from 20 to 150 microg/ml. Baccharis boliviensis and Fabiana bryoides were more active than the other plant species on Enterococcus faecalis with different phenotype. The most interesting activity on multi-resistant gram-negative strains was obtained from Chuquiraga atacamensis. Parastrephia species showed activity against Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. The ethanolic extracts exhibited stronger activity and broader spectrum of action than aqueous extracts. The extracts were bactericidal in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of antibacterial activity in Puna plant extracts against multi-resistant bacteria give support to their traditional use for treating conditions associated with microorganisms in humans and animals and consequently seems promising for the treatment of multi-resistant bacteria.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Argentina , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Meios de Cultura , Etnofarmacologia , Medicina Tradicional , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Objetivos: Identificar la existencia de transmisión vertical de Bartonella bacilliformis en Lutzomyia verrucarum. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio experimental, se realizó la crianza individual y masiva (Tº 22º C mas menos 2º C humedad relativa: 80 por ciento mas menos 5 por ciento) de Lutzomyia verrucarum en el laboratorio de Entomología del Centro de Investigaciones del Hospital de Caraz (Ancash-Perú). Con la finalidad de lograr la infección de las hembras se procedió a alimentarlas con sangre infectada obtenida por estas directamente al picar la piel de pacientes con bartonelosis aguda frotis positivo. Las hembras, luego de poner sus huevos, fueron evaluadas a través de la prueba de PCR para Bartonella baciliformis. Resultados: 13 de 18 (72.2 por ciento) hembras alimentadas con sangre infectada con bacteremia al 3 por ciento lograron poner huevos y de éstas ninguna resultó ser positiva al PCR. 12 de 54 (22.2 por ciento) hembras alimentadas con sangre infectada con bacteremia al 80 por ciento ovipusieron y de éstas sólo una (8.3 por ciento) resultó ser positiva al PCR. Ninguno de los descendientes adultos de esta hembra resultó positivo al PCR. Conclusiones: El bajo porcentaje de infección por Bartonella baciliformis encontrado en hembras oviponedoras no permitió determinar la existencia de transmisión vertical de Bartonella baciliformis en Lutzomyia Verrucarum.
Objectives: To determine vertical transmisión of Bartonella baciliformis in Lutzomyia Verrucarum. Materials and methods: In this study, we performed individual and massive breeding (Tº 22 mas menos 2º C, relative humidity: 80 mas menos 5 percentage) of Lutzomyia Verrucarum at the entomology laboratory in Caraz Hospital (Ancash-Perú). In order to infect female mosquitoes, we fed them with blood from patients with positive-smear acute bartonellosis. Female mosquitoes were assessed after they laid their eggs, using a PCR test for Bartonella baciliformis. Results: Thirteen of 18 (72.2 percentage) females fed with infected blood with 3 percentage bacteremia laid their eggs, and none of them was PCR positive. Twelve of 54 (22.2 percentage) females fed with infected blood, with 80 percentage bacteremia laid their eggs, and only one (8.3 percentage) was PCR positive. No adult offspring of this female was PCR positive. Conclusions: The low rate of Bartonella baciliformis infection in female mosquitoes laying their eggs did not show the existence of vertical transmission of Bartonella baciliformis in Lutzomyia Verrucarum.
Assuntos
Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Bartonella bacilliformis , Infecções por Bartonella/transmissão , Psychodidae , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Se presentan los resultados de 70 cráneos de embriones y fetos de diferentes edades, los cuales están comprendidos entre la semana 8 y la 38 de la vida intrauterina. Con el objeto de teñir las sales de calcio de los núcleos de osificación se utilizó Alizarina roja. Se revisó el proceso de osificación del Occipital y se encontró que el mismo se inicia en la 8va. semana de la vida intrauterina, se hacen consideraciones sobre las variaciones que presentan el Occipital en su osificación
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Calcificação Fisiológica , Estruturas Embrionárias , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Osso Occipital/anatomia & histologia , OsteogêneseRESUMO
PIP: 880 randomly selected new students and 270 graduating students at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City were surveyed between July 1990 and June 1991 during routine physical examinations on various aspects of their sexual behavior. Questionnaires were completed anonymously and confidentially. 61% of the new students and 70% of the graduating students were male. 82% of new students were aged 18-23 years and 68% of graduating students were 23-28 years old. Among new students, 37.5% of men and 2.8% of women reported having their first sexual contact by age 15, while 19.4% of the men and 78.9% of the women had never had sexual relations. 33.4% of the men reported their first sexual contact was with a prostitute. 2.8% of new students reported having been victims of sexual abuse in the past. Among new students, 6% of men and 2% of women reported at least one homosexual experience, while 24% of graduating men and 10% of graduating women did so. Among new and graduating students, respectively 18% and 9% of men and 1% and 0% of women reported having more than one regular sexual partner at the time of the survey. Among new students, 13.3% of men and 3.4% of women reported always using condoms, while 15.3% of men and 1.1% of women reported using them nearly always. 60% of graduating men and 37% of graduating women reported using condoms always or nearly always. 19% of new male students and 2.4% of new female students reported a history of sexually transmitted diseases, compared to 33% of graduating men and 7% of graduating women. 22.8% of new male students and 56% of graduating male students reported having had contact with prostitutes.^ieng
Assuntos
Coleta de Dados , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Estudantes , Universidades , População Urbana , América , Comportamento , América Central , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Guatemala , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
PIP: Drug consumption, sexual promiscuity, extreme poverty, and low educational level place street children at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases. A prospective study was conducted of 143 street children attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Guatemala City over a three month period in 1991. 11 of the children were aged 7-10 years, 47 were aged 11-14 years, and 85 were aged 15-18 years. 104 were male and 39 female. 26 were illiterate and the rest had incomplete primary educations. All had been sexually abused. Over half had had their first sexual experience with a relative. None had ever used condoms. 101 of the children reported they had 1 or 2 sexual partners each day, 6 had 3 or 4, and 36 had more than 4. 133 reported histories of sexually transmitted diseases, of which 94 cases were ulcerative. 112 of the children had genital herpes, 71 had gonorrhea, 39 had human papillomavirus, 19 had vaginal trichomoniasis, 24 had chancroid, and 6 each had vaginal candidiasis, early latent syphilis, and pubic pediculosis. All the children reported using alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana. All used solvents and most used a variety of other drugs.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pessoas Mal Alojadas , Estudos Prospectivos , Assunção de Riscos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , América Central , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Geografia , Guatemala , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
Administration of the trypanocidal drug, Benznidazole (N-benzyl-2-nitro-imidazoleacetamide) to Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rabbits did not arrest the destructive Chagas' heart myocarditis. A typical feature of lymphocytic infiltrates associated with non-parasitized heart cell lysis was present in both treated and untreated groups of rabbits. Benznidazole-treated rabbits had their survival time shortened, probably as a consequence of Chagas' heart disease and of the development of lymphomas. The survival time of untreated T. cruzi-infected rabbits was 765 +/- 639 days and those treated with Benznidazole in the chronic phase of infection survived for 392 +/- 571 days. Malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were present in 38% of the rabbits that received the nitroarene therapy. Testicular atrophy was observed in 2 out of 10 nitroarene-treated rabbits. Benznidazole administration caused severe cell-mediated immunosuppression in T. cruzi-infected and BCG-immunized rabbits. Specific antibodies against the parasite and an unrelated antigen were detected in high levels, regardless of the nitroarene administration.