RESUMO
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) broodstock from a single population were separated prior to spawning andexposed to two different holding environments: a raceway system and a tank system. Eggs were stripped from females and 13 measures of egg qualitywere collected, analysed individually, combined by principle components analysis into an integrated egg quality score which was validated against egg survival.The multivariate egg quality score (PC1) differed for fish held in the tank and raceway systems. Egg survival, chorion breaking strength and chorion Se concentrations were higher in eggs produced by broodstock held in the tank system compared to those in the raceway system. In contrast, chorion concentrations of P and K were higher in eggs from fish held in the raceway system. The results suggest that brown trout broodstock reared in tank systems produced higher quality eggs compared to trout reared in raceways. Finally, this study also indicates that multivariate statistical analysis can be used to determine egg quality from multiple egg parameters.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Salmonidae/anatomia & histologia , Salmonidae/embriologia , Salmonidae/fisiologia , PesqueirosRESUMO
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) broodstock from a single population were separated prior to spawning andexposed to two different holding environments: a raceway system and a tank system. Eggs were stripped from females and 13 measures of egg qualitywere collected, analysed individually, combined by principle components analysis into an integrated egg quality score which was validated against egg survival.The multivariate egg quality score (PC1) differed for fish held in the tank and raceway systems. Egg survival, chorion breaking strength and chorion Se concentrations were higher in eggs produced by broodstock held in the tank system compared to those in the raceway system. In contrast, chorion concentrations of P and K were higher in eggs from fish held in the raceway system. The results suggest that brown trout broodstock reared in tank systems produced higher quality eggs compared to trout reared in raceways. Finally, this study also indicates that multivariate statistical analysis can be used to determine egg quality from multiple egg parameters.
Assuntos
Animais , Salmonidae/anatomia & histologia , Salmonidae/embriologia , Salmonidae/fisiologia , PesqueirosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the age-standardized rate of lower limb amputations among Type 2 diabetics admitted to the Port of Spain General Hospital (POSGH), San Fernando General Hospital (SFGH) and Sangre Grande County Hospital (SGCH) for the period 2000-2004. To determine in-hospital mortality following amputation, for the same period. To determine the risk factors that contributed to diabetic foot complications. DESIGN AND METHODS: All patients who had a lower limb amputation at the three major public health institutions in Trinidad during the study period were enrolled. In addition patients attending the surgical out-patient clinic and currently admitted to the ward with a diabetic septic foot was selected for the administration of a questionnaire to determine the major contributing factors. Data on the type of amputation, age, sex, ethnicity, from which an age-standardized mortality rate, was determined for the age group 30-60. RESULTS: Of 822 patient files examined, 515 (80 per cent) of these major amputations were performed on Type 2 diabetics, of which 352 (68 per cent) were AKA and 163 (32 per cent) were BKA. The AKA:BKA ratio for the period 2000-2004 was 2.2:1. There was a significant difference between the mean ages at which females had a major amputation to males (p=0.001). The overall ratio of Africans to South East Asians was 1.5:1 amongst the Type 2 diabetic amputees. For major amputations the average length of stay was found to be 22.5 (0-192) days. The age-standardized rate for the age group 30-60 was 13.85 per 100,000 for 2004. Of 66 deaths, 31 (47 per cent) were septicemia cases and 14 (21 per cent) cardio-respiratory failure cases. Finally, of 97 persons interviewed, the major causative agent for diabetic foot complications and amputations was foot trauma (51 per cent). CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetic amputation status of Trinidad would seem to have improved as shown by this study.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pé Diabético , Amputação Cirúrgica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the age-standardized rate of lower limb amputations among Type 2 diabetics admitted to the Port of Spain General Hospital (POSGH), San Fernando General Hospital (SFGH) and Sangre Grande County Hospital (SGCH) for the period 2000-2004. To determine in-hospital mortality following amputation, for the same period. To determine the risk factors that contributed to diabetic foot complications. DESIGN AND METHODS: All patients who had a lower limb amputation at the three major public health institutions in Trinidad during the study period were enrolled. In addition patients attending the surgical out-patient clinic and currently admitted to the ward with a diabetic septic foot was selected for the administration of a questionnaire to determine the major contributing factors. Data on the type of amputation, age, sex, ethnicity, from which an age-standardized mortality rate, was determined for the age group 30-60. RESULTS: Of 822 patient files examined, 515 (80%) of these major amputations were performed on Type 2 diabetics, of which 352 (68%) were AKA and 163 (32%) were BKA. The AKA:BKA ratio for the period 2000-2004 was 2.2:1. There was a significant difference between the mean ages at which females had a major amputation to males (p=0.001). The overall ratio of Africans to South East Asians was 1.5:1 amongst the Type 2 diabetic amputees. For major amputations the average length of stay was found to be 22.5 (0-192) days. The age-standardized rate for the age group 30-60 was 13.85 per 100,000 for 2004. Of 66 deaths, 31 (47%) were septicemia cases and 14 (21%) cardio-respiratory failure cases. Finally, of 97 persons interviewed, the major causative agent for diabetic foot complications and amputations was foot trauma (51%). CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetic amputation status of Trinidad would seem to have improved as shown by this study. However, steps must be taken to improve patient awareness about prevention and care of the diabetic foot. Doctors must also seek to increase their vigilance when screening diabetic patient in the primary care setting in order to prevent the late detection and treatment of the septic lower limb.
Assuntos
Amputação Cirúrgica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/cirurgia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Amputação Cirúrgica/efeitos adversos , Amputação Cirúrgica/mortalidade , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidade , Pé Diabético/etnologia , Pé Diabético/etiologia , Pé Diabético/mortalidade , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Nuclear mitochondrial-like sequences (numts) are copies of mitochondrial DNA that have migrated to the genomic DNA. We present the first characterization of numts in ants, these numts being homologues to a mitochondrial DNA fragment containing loci the 3' portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, an intergenic spacer, the tRNA leucine gene and the 5' portion of the cytochrome oxidase II gene. All 67 specimens of Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) investigated had these homologues, which are within two monophyletic groups that we called numt1 and numt2. Numt1 and numt2 sequences are less variable than mitochondrial sequences and released from the severe purifying selection constraining the evolution of mitochondrial genes. Their formation probably involved bottlenecks related to two distinct transfer events of ancient and fast evolving mitochondrial DNA fragments to comparative slowly evolving nuclear DNA regions.
Assuntos
Formigas/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Formigas/enzimologia , Sequência de Bases , Núcleo Celular/genética , DNA/genética , Primers do DNA/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Genes de Insetos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The International Headache Society (IHS) headache classification, while a major advance, does not adequately classify the daily and near-daily headache disorders known as chronic daily headache (CDH). We believe that chronic daily headache is a group of disorders which includes chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), transformed migraine (TM), new daily persistent headache (NDPH), and hemicrania continua (HC). We propose specific criteria for transformed migraine, new daily persistent headache, and hemicrania continua, and have modified the criteria for chronic tension-type headache.
Assuntos
Cefaleia/classificação , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
This research examines the DSM-IIIR criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study questions whether the psychiatric sequelae resulting from exposure to extraordinary traumatic events (stressor criterion A) do in fact differ from the sequelae resulting from exposure to more common yet stressful life experiences. The study also examines whether PTSD sequelae (criteria B-D) accurately describe the responses of victims even of extreme events fitting the DSM-III-R definition of stressor. The study included data from both St Louis victims exposed to floods and/or unsafe dioxin levels, and Puerto Rico victims of mudslides/flooding. Results showed that some of the common stressful events related more closely to PTSD symptoms than did the extraordinary events. Further, disaster exposure most strongly related to symptoms of reexperiencing (criterion B); symptoms relating to avoidance (criterion C) were particularly unreported. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for revision both of the PTSD criteria for DSM-IV, and of instruments designed to assess PTSD symptomatology.
Assuntos
Desastres , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Dioxinas/intoxicação , Seguimentos , Humanos , Missouri , Psicometria , Porto Rico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologiaRESUMO
Inasmuch as growth hormone is known to interact with the immune system, we studied immune functions including immunoglobulins, cell surface markers, mitogen responses, and polymorphonuclear cell function in eight children with growth hormone deficiency, ages 1 to 17 years, before and during treatment with human growth hormone for 12 to 16 months. Before treatment immune functions were normal in all children. Treatment with human growth hormone did not significantly affect serum immunoglobulins, polymorphonuclear cell function, or percent T cells. However, percent B cells decreased to subnormal levels in seven of seven patients. T helper/suppressor ratios decreased in all patients, to subnormal values in seven of eight patients; and mitogen responses decreased to below normal in all. The decline of percent B cells was transient in all patients, of T helper/suppressor ratios in seven of eight, and mitogen responses in five of eight patients. In vitro incubation of lymphocytes with growth hormone resulted in no changes in cell surface markers or mitogen responses. Although the depression of immune functions resulted in no increased rate of infections during the observation period, we do not know the possible effects of prolonged treatment and therefore caution against the indiscriminate use of human growth hormone. The effects of biosynthetically obtained growth hormone on immune function remain to be determined.