RESUMO
Infection of dogs with Rickettsia spp. can result in inapparent, mild, or severe disease. Moreover, common dog ticks and fleas are able to transmit rickettsiae to nearby humans. In this study, the seroprevalence of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae was determined in dogs of Costa Rica, as well as possible risk factors associated with exposure. An interview of owners and clinical examinations were performed in a country-wide sample of 441 dogs. IgG antibodies were determined in 399 dogs by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using antigens of Rickettsia rickettsii, R. amblyommatis, and R. felis. The presence of Rickettsia spp. gltA gene was evaluated by PCR in ticks and fleas. Poisson regression was performed to assess possible risk factors associated with seropositivity, as well as with having PCR-positive ticks and fleas. The overall seroprevalence to SFG rickettsiae was 10.0% (end titers 64 to 256). Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (116/441; 26.3%) and Ctenocephalides felis (153/441; 34.7%) were the most common ectoparasites. Rickettsia DNA was detected in 30% (39/130) and 32.3% (56/173) of tick and flea pools, respectively. Seropositivity was significantly associated with mean age of 2 to 7â¯years, scrotal edema, walking problems, large size, and tick and flea infestation. Being a purebred dog was a possible protective factor. The presence of Rickettsia PCR-positive ticks was associated with being a purebred dog, while flea treatment was protective. Having PCR-positive fleas was associated with being purebred and the number of people in the dog's environment; protective factors were free roaming and being an outdoor dog. Results confirm that dogs in Costa Rica are exposed to different species of SFG rickettsiae. This may represent a risk to human health and underscores the need for accurate diagnosis in dogs and humans. Surveillance of rickettsial infection in canines may provide useful indicators to understand the epidemiology of these zoonoses.
RESUMO
El trasplante de órganos es, en muchos casos, la única opción terapéutica para pacientes con enfermedades terminales de diversos órganos esenciales, sin embargo, existe un acentuado desequilibrio entre el número de órganos disponibles y el de potenciales receptores a nivel mundial. Los donantes con muerte cerebral son la principal fuente de órganos de trasplante y son esenciales las medidas que promueven su reconocimiento temprano para realizar una gestión clínica apropiada. En este contexto, se sabe que el manejo clínico agresivo del donante potencial y el uso de protocolos orientados a determinados objetivos se asocia con un mayor número de órganos trasplantados por donante y a la reducción de las pérdidas de potenciales donantes por paro cardiaco. Colombia es un país con bajos índices de donación y grandes necesidades de trasplantes, con una lista de espera que cada año aumenta exponencialmente. En esta revisión se exponen las recomendaciones internacionales para el manejo del donante potencial con muerte cerebral, las cuales esperamos se puedan adoptar en los protocolos institucionales para optimizar el manejo de nuestros potenciales donantes en Colombia y, así, aumentar los trasplantes y suplir las necesidades de nuestros pacientes
In many cases organ transplantation is the only therapeutic option for patients with terminal essential organ diseases; however, there is an imbalance between the number of organs available and the number of potential receptors for transplants worldwide. Patients with brain death are the main source of organs for transplantation. Promoting early recognition of measures that prevent damage of organs in brain death organ donors is essential for appropriate clinical management. In this framework, it is known that aggressive clinical management of those potential organ donors using standardized protocols are associated with a greater number of transplanted organs and the reduction of the loss of potential donors by cardiac arrest. Colombia is a country with low donation rates and high transplant needs, with a waiting list that increases exponentially each year. In this review we present the international recommendations of potential organ donors management, which we hope can be adopted in institutional protocols to optimize the management of potential donors in Colombia, thus increasing transplants and meeting the needs of the patients