RESUMO

The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is banned because of problems associated with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. The immunization of chickens with specific antigens is a promising strategy for generating specific antibodies that can target a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies in a polyclonal antibody (pAb) format, when administered orally, modulate the ruminal microbiome and maintain animal health and performance; however, there are concerns pertaining to protein impurities and biotin concentrations in the samples. Signal amplification strategies involving the noncovalent interaction of biotin with streptavidin is extensively used in diagnosis and scientific research, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). However, the high concentrations of biotin in samples, especially in those derived from rich sources such as egg yolk, can pose challenges and potentially harm the accuracy of diagnostic tests and protein concentration measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of biotin on the measurement of IgY in freeze-dried egg yolk samples obtained from immunized laying hens using immunoassays with biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The detection of IgY in yolk samples using ELISA with streptavidin-biotin binding could lead to misdiagnosis due to biotin interference; the level of interference varies with the specific assay conditions and the concentration of biotin in the yolk samples. An ELISA without streptavidin-biotin binding is advisable to avoid interactions between biotin and target proteins, prevent biotin interference with the results, and achieve more reliable and accurate results.

RESUMO

This study evaluated the effects of feeding an ultra-diluted complex to dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation. Thirty multiparous pregnant dairy cows were blocked and randomly assigned to either a placebo control (CON) group or ultra-diluted complex (UD) group. The CON group received a placebo (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of expanded silicate), while the UD group received the ultra-diluted complex (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of PeriParto Transição-RealH, composed of ultra-diluted substances + vehicle: expanded silicate). Cows were evaluated from 30 days before the expected calving date until 60 days in milk (DIM) for sample and data collection. Post-partum dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by the treatment. Cows fed UD had higher DMI relative to BW. Feeding UD increased milk lactose content and decreased milk protein content. Cows fed UD had lower somatic cell counts in the third and fourth week of lactation. Cows fed UD showed a tendency for higher liver health index. Using UD during the transition period and early lactation may benefit liver and udder health of dairy cows with no detrimental effect on milk performance.

RESUMO

Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Consumers demand for food safety affects dairy industry, restraining the sector to adapt to milk quality parameters established by legislation, such as somatic cell count (SCC) and standard plate count (SPC). Good agricultural practices have positive impact over these parameters, especially Forestripping Milk (FSM), which consists of observing the first milk streams collected in a dark-bottomed mug for identification of clinical mastitis. These first milk streams have high somatic cells count and bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of milk from FSM, such as SCC and SPC values, and its impacts on milk quality of the cooling tank through simulating contamination. Fourteen dairy farms and one experimental farm were evaluated for SCC and SPC parameters of FSM. It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference for SCC and SPC between milk samples from the cooling tank and cooling tank simulating the inclusion of milk from FSM. Statistically significant difference for somatic cell score (SCS) and SPC was observed when tanks were classified by SCC. In addition, difference in SCS was observed between morning and afternoon milking. The collection of first milk streams can contribute to decrease in SCC and SPC of milk in the cooling tank. FSM must be practiced by all dairy farmers as milking management, to assist in clinical

RESUMO

Consumers demand for food safety affects dairy industry, restraining the sector to adapt to milk quality parameters established by legislation, such as somatic cell count (SCC) and standard plate count (SPC). Good agricultural practices have positive impact over these parameters, especially Forestripping Milk (FSM), which consists of observing the first milk streams collected in a dark-bottomed mug for identification of clinical mastitis. These first milk streams have high somatic cells count and bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of milk from FSM, such as SCC and SPC values, and its impacts on milk quality of the cooling tank through simulating contamination. Fourteen dairy farms and one experimental farm were evaluated for SCC and SPC parameters of FSM. It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference for SCC and SPC between milk samples from the cooling tank and cooling tank simulating the inclusion of milk from FSM. Statistically significant difference for somatic cell score (SCS) and SPC was observed when tanks were classified by SCC. In addition, difference in SCS was observed between morning and afternoon milking. The collection of first milk streams can contribute to decrease in SCC and SPC of milk in the cooling tank. FSM must be practiced by all dairy farmers as milking management, to assist in clinical mastitis diagnosis and improve milk quality.(AU)

A exigência dos consumidores por alimentos seguros pressiona a indústria leiteira a se adequar aos parâmetros esta-belecidos pela legislação, como a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a contagem padrão em placas (CPP). As boas práticas agropecuárias impactam positivamente sobre esses parâmetros, destacando-se o teste de Tamis ou Forestripping Milk (FSM), que consiste na observação dos primeiros jatos de leite retirados em uma caneca de fundo escuro para a identificação da mastite clínica. Esses primeiros jatos possuem elevada quantidade de células somáticas e bactérias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características do leite do FSM quanto aos valores de CCS e CPP, e seus impactos na qualidade do leite do tanque de res-friamento por meio de simulação de contaminação. Foram avaliadas 14 propriedades leiteiras comerciais e uma experimental quanto aos parâmetros de CCS e CPP oriundos do FSM. Observou-se que não houve diferença significante para CCS e CPP entre as amostras de leite do tanque e do tanque simulando a inclusão de leite do FSM. Diferenças estatisticamente significa-tivas para escore de CCS e CPP foram observadas quando os tanques foram classificados por CCS. Além disso, foi observada diferença nas CCS entre as ordenha da manhã e da tarde. A coleta dos primeiros fluxos de leite pode contribuir na redução da CCS e da CPP do leite do tanque de resfriamento. O FSM deve ser praticado por todos os produtores de leite no manejo da ordenha para auxiliar no diagnóstico clínico da mastite e melhorar a qualidade do leite.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

It was aimed in this study to evaluate the ensiled pejibaye residue in the feeding of ruminants as roughage. For the in vitro digestibility assay, a randomized block design was used, with four treatments (pejibaye residue without additives; pejibaye residue + banana residue; pejibaye residue + rice residue and pejibaye residue + citrus pulp), with four replications. The variables studied were: chemical composition, specific mass, pH, average particle size, fermentation temperature and fermentative losses. Apparent digestibility was performed with sheep in a completely randomized design, to evaluate the same treatments mentioned above, using five replications. Heart-of-palm pejibaye residue silages showed average particle size, pH and density values within the range appropriate for their manufacture. Among the additives used in this study, silage with 15 g/100g of rice provided improvements in several nutritional parameters, such as DM, NDF, ADF, CF and NDF/NFC. High moisture content impairs the ensiling process, but it was solved with high dry matter content ingredients addition to promote the material stability.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o resíduo de pupunha ensilada na alimentação de ruminantes como volumoso. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro, foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (resíduo de pupunha sem aditivos; resíduo de pupunha + resíduo de banana; resíduo de pupunha + resíduo de arroz e resíduo de pupunha + polpa cítrica), com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram: composição bromatológica, massa específica, pH, tamanho médio de partícula, temperatura de fermentação e perdas fermentativas. A digestibilidade aparente foi realizada com ovinos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliar os quatro tratamentos mencionados acima, usando cinco repetições. As silagens apresentaram valores adequados para matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro/carboidratos não fibrosos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficiência do uso de silagens de resíduo de pupunha como volumoso na alimentação de ruminantes, o que pode servir como ferramenta para a sustentabilidade da cadeia de produção de pupunha e animal nas regiões onde os negócios coexistem.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

It was aimed in this study to evaluate the ensiled pejibaye residue in the feeding of ruminants as roughage. For the in vitro digestibility assay, a randomized block design was used, with four treatments (pejibaye residue without additives; pejibaye residue + banana residue; pejibaye residue + rice residue and pejibaye residue + citrus pulp), with four replications. The variables studied were: chemical composition, specific mass, pH, average particle size, fermentation temperature and fermentative losses. Apparent digestibility was performed with sheep in a completely randomized design, to evaluate the same treatments mentioned above, using five replications. Heart-of-palm pejibaye residue silages showed average particle size, pH and density values within the range appropriate for their manufacture. Among the additives used in this study, silage with 15 g/100g of rice provided improvements in several nutritional parameters, such as DM, NDF, ADF, CF and NDF/NFC. High moisture content impairs the ensiling process, but it was solved with high dry matter content ingredients addition to promote the material stability.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o resíduo de pupunha ensilada na alimentação de ruminantes como volumoso. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro, foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (resíduo de pupunha sem aditivos; resíduo de pupunha + resíduo de banana; resíduo de pupunha + resíduo de arroz e resíduo de pupunha + polpa cítrica), com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram: composição bromatológica, massa específica, pH, tamanho médio de partícula, temperatura de fermentação e perdas fermentativas. A digestibilidade aparente foi realizada com ovinos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliar os quatro tratamentos mencionados acima, usando cinco repetições. As silagens apresentaram valores adequados para matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro/carboidratos não fibrosos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficiência do uso de silagens de resíduo de pupunha como volumoso na alimentação de ruminantes, o que pode servir como ferramenta para a sustentabilidade da cadeia de produção de pupunha e animal nas regiões onde os negócios coexistem.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In the way to reduce costs in the poultry production, high densities of birds are adopted in the production systems. Such high densities can lead to an inappropriate environment, compromising the welfare and decreasing the animal performance. In this work we aimed to evaluate the effects of different densities on the productive yield, egg quality and immunological aspects of Japanese quails. It was used 816 Japanese quails, during egg production phase, in a random design, with four treatments (121.43 cm2/bird; 106.25 cm2/bird; 94.44 cm2/bird and 85.00 cm2/bird) with six repetitions each. Results indicate density did not interfere on egg quality and all treatments can be considered excellent, once the Haugh Unit was 88.03. Therefore, higher densities decline the yield, decreasing the eggs weight (10.35 g), the laying percentage (88%), egg mass (9.16 g) and the week average feed consumption (157.35 g). IgY values were higher at smaller cage density, suggesting birds in this condition presented better immunological condition, related to welfare and stress factors, all linked to immunoglobulins IgY.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Quatro bovinos, com fistulas ruminais, foram alimentados em Quadrado Latino com os tratamentos compreendendo a adição diária no rúmen de: levedura (5g), monensina(200mg), Fator P (3g) e controle. Foram determinadas a Degradabilidade in situ de três capins tropicais (Tifton-85, Brachiaria e Mombaça e silagem de Mombaça), o pH ruminal, produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, N-amoniacal e população de protozoários. Não foi observada interação significativa entre tratamentos e capins e diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, exceto na fração b da Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça. O Mombaça apresentou alta solubilidade da MS e da FDN em relação aos demais capins e a Brachiaria maior solubilidade da PB. O processamento do Mombaça na forma de silagem promoveu redução fração solúvel e degradabilidades potencial (DE) e efetiva (DE) da MS e FDN e aumento da fração solúvel e DE da PB. A monensina promoveu menor produção de ácido acético, maior de propiônico e menor acético:propiônico em relação a controle. A levedura e Fator P apresentaram maior concentração total de AGCC que a monensina e controle. A monensina promoveu aumento de protozoários Diplodiniinae em relação à dieta controle, mas não houve diferença na contagem de Entodinium e de total de ciliados entre os tratamentos. Capins tropicais na forma de feno e de silagem apresentam diferentes degradabilidade ruminal não sendo influenciados por aditivos na dieta, com exceção da monensina no capim Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça, mas estes afetam a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen.(AU)

Four cattle rumen fistulae were fed on Latin Square with four treatments including the daily addition into rumen of: yeast (5g), monensin (200mg), Fator P (3g) and control. In situ degradability was determined with three tropical grasses: Tifton-85, Brachiaria, Mombasa and Mombasa silage, as well as ruminal pH, production of volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and protozoa population. There was no significant interaction between treatment and grasses and significant differences between treatments, except in fraction b of Brachiaria and Mombasa silage. The Mombasa showed high solubility of DM and NDF compared to other grasses and Brachiaria higher solubility of CP. Processing of Mombasa as silage promoted reduction of soluble fraction and potential (PD) and effective degradabilities (ED) of DM and NDF and increased soluble fraction and ED of CP. Monensin produced lower production of acetic acid, higher of propionic and lower acetic: propionic acid. Yeast and Fator P showed higher total acids concentration than monensin and control. Diplodiniinae protozoa was increased with monensin compared to the control diet, but there was no difference in Entodinium and total ciliates between treatments. Tropical grasses in the form of hay and silage have different ruminal degradability not being influenced by additives in the diet, but these affect fermentation and protozoa population in the rumen.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Quatro bovinos, com fistulas ruminais, foram alimentados em Quadrado Latino com os tratamentos compreendendo a adição diária no rúmen de: levedura (5g), monensina(200mg), Fator P (3g) e controle. Foram determinadas a Degradabilidade in situ de três capins tropicais (Tifton-85, Brachiaria e Mombaça e silagem de Mombaça), o pH ruminal, produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, N-amoniacal e população de protozoários. Não foi observada interação significativa entre tratamentos e capins e diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, exceto na fração b da Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça. O Mombaça apresentou alta solubilidade da MS e da FDN em relação aos demais capins e a Brachiaria maior solubilidade da PB. O processamento do Mombaça na forma de silagem promoveu redução fração solúvel e degradabilidades potencial (DE) e efetiva (DE) da MS e FDN e aumento da fração solúvel e DE da PB. A monensina promoveu menor produção de ácido acético, maior de propiônico e menor acético:propiônico em relação a controle. A levedura e Fator P apresentaram maior concentração total de AGCC que a monensina e controle. A monensina promoveu aumento de protozoários Diplodiniinae em relação à dieta controle, mas não houve diferença na contagem de Entodinium e de total de ciliados entre os tratamentos. Capins tropicais na forma de feno e de silagem apresentam diferentes degradabilidade ruminal não sendo influenciados por aditivos na dieta, com exceção da monensina no capim Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça, mas estes afetam a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen.

Four cattle rumen fistulae were fed on Latin Square with four treatments including the daily addition into rumen of: yeast (5g), monensin (200mg), Fator P (3g) and control. In situ degradability was determined with three tropical grasses: Tifton-85, Brachiaria, Mombasa and Mombasa silage, as well as ruminal pH, production of volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and protozoa population. There was no significant interaction between treatment and grasses and significant differences between treatments, except in fraction b of Brachiaria and Mombasa silage. The Mombasa showed high solubility of DM and NDF compared to other grasses and Brachiaria higher solubility of CP. Processing of Mombasa as silage promoted reduction of soluble fraction and potential (PD) and effective degradabilities (ED) of DM and NDF and increased soluble fraction and ED of CP. Monensin produced lower production of acetic acid, higher of propionic and lower acetic: propionic acid. Yeast and Fator P showed higher total acids concentration than monensin and control. Diplodiniinae protozoa was increased with monensin compared to the control diet, but there was no difference in Entodinium and total ciliates between treatments. Tropical grasses in the form of hay and silage have different ruminal degradability not being influenced by additives in the diet, but these affect fermentation and protozoa population in the rumen.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Na formação do território brasileiro, os fluxos migratórios internacionais e internos desempenharam papel central. Se as correntes de imigrantes oriundas da África e da Europa fomentaram as atividades econômicas do passado, as novas ondas migratórias, a contar de meados do século XX, conformaram a dinâmica socioespacial brasileira mais recente. Ao lado de tradicionais destinos como o Japão e Estados Unidos, novos movimentos populacionais internos à América do Sul ganharam importância, incluindo os fluxos de entrada no território brasileiro. Em face dessa dinâmica migratória, constitui objetivo principal deste trabalho o levantamento das diferentes nacionalidades dos imigrantes estrangeiros residentes no Brasil e a análise das diferenças na mobilidade espacial interna desses mesmos estrangeiros. De acordo com dados extraídos dos censos demográficos de 1991, 2000 e 2010, nota-se uma expressiva expansão do número de estrangeiros naturais dos países latino-americanos em terras brasileiras, em especial dos vizinhos do cone sul, e um significativo nível de mobilidade espacial interna dos paraguaios e dos bolivianos.(AU)

International and internal migration plays an important role in the formation of Brazilian territory. In the middle of the twentieth century, new waves of migration caused the most recent changes in the social and spatial dynamics of Brazil. Alongside traditional destinations' such as Japan and the United States, new internal population movements within South America have gained importance, including flows from the Brazilian territory. In light of such migratory dynamics, the main purpose of this paper is the lifting of different nationalities of international immigrants resident in Brazil and the analysis of differences in internal spatial mobility of those immigrants.(AU).

RESUMO

Genomic DNA extracted from animal cells can be used for several purposes, for example, to know genetic variability and genetic relationships between individuals, breeds and/or species, paternity tests, to describe the genetic profile for registration of the animal at association of breeders, detect genetic polymorphisms (SNP) related to characteristics of commercial interest, disease diagnose, assess resistance or susceptibility to pathogens, etc. For such evaluations, in general, DNA is amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and then subjected to various techniques as RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism), SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and sequencing. The DNA may be obtained from blood, buccal swabs, meat, cartilage or hair bulb. Among all, the last biological material has been preferred by farmers for its ease acquisition. Several methods for extracting DNA from hair bulb were reported without any consensus for its implementation. This study aimed to optimize a protocol for efficient DNA extraction for use in PCR-RFLP analysis of the Prion gene. For this study, were collected hair samples containing hair bulb from 131 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Institute of Zootechny, Nova Odessa - SP. Two DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. The first, called phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) has long been used by Animal Genetic Laborator

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

Genomic DNA extracted from animal cells can be used for several purposes, for example, to know genetic variability and genetic relationships between individuals, breeds and/or species, paternity tests, to describe the genetic profile for registration of the animal at association of breeders, detect genetic polymorphisms (SNP) related to characteristics of commercial interest, disease diagnose, assess resistance or susceptibility to pathogens, etc. For such evaluations, in general, DNA is amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and then subjected to various techniques as RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism), SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and sequencing. The DNA may be obtained from blood, buccal swabs, meat, cartilage or hair bulb. Among all, the last biological material has been preferred by farmers for its ease acquisition. Several methods for extracting DNA from hair bulb were reported without any consensus for its implementation. This study aimed to optimize a protocol for efficient DNA extraction for use in PCR-RFLP analysis of the Prion gene. For this study, were collected hair samples containing hair bulb from 131 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Institute of Zootechny, Nova Odessa - SP. Two DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. The first, called phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) has long been used by Animal Genetic Laborator

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

O método conhecido como Network Scale-Up (NSU) - método de ampliação das redes sociais -, utilizado para estimar "populações difíceis de contar" (hard-to-count populations), baseia-se na ideia de que as populações humanas se organizam numa rede complexa de interações sociais, na qual todos os indivíduos, independentemente de atributos pessoais distintos, estão conectados. Conhecendo-se, então, o padrão das redes pessoais associado a determinados atributos individuais, é possível estimar "parcelas" da população que possuem esses mesmos atributos. Os emigrantes internacionais, em especial os que se encontram em situação irregular, enquadram-se nesse tipo de subpopulação, cujo tamanho é desconhecido dada a dificuldade ou até mesmo a impossibilidade de mensurá-la diretamente. A descrição do método da ampliação das redes sociais e dos procedimentos metodológicos para obtenção dos dados necessários à aplicação desse método para estimar o número de emigrantes e de retornados internacionais de uma cidade brasileira de porte médio hipotética constitui o objetivo deste texto.

The method known as Network Scale-Up (NSU) - used for expanding social networks - is used to estimate hard-to-count populations, based on the idea that human populations are organized in a complex web of social interactions, to which all individuals, regardless of specific personal attributes, are connected. If we know the pattern of personal networks associated with certain individual attributes, we can estimate "parcels" of the population that have these same attributes. International migrants, especially those who are undocumented, fit into this type of subpopulation whose size is unknown because of the difficulty or even impossibility of measuring it directly. This article aims at describing the Network Scale-Up method and the methodological procedures necessary to estimate the number of international and returned migrants in a hypothetical, medium-sized, Brazilian city.

El método conocido como Network Scale-Up (NSU) -método de ampliación de las redes sociales-, utilizado para estimar "poblaciones difíciles de calcular" (hard-to-count populations), se basa en la idea de que las poblaciones humanas se organizan en una red compleja de interacciones sociales, en la que todos los individuos, independientemente de sus atributos personales diferenciados, están conectados. Conociéndose entonces el patrón de las redes personales, asociado a determinados atributos individuales, es posible estimar "porciones" de la población que posean estos mismos atributos. Los emigrantes internacionales, en especial los que se encuentran en situación irregular, se encuadran en este tipo de subpoblación, cuyo tamaño es desconocido, dada la dificultad o hasta incluso la imposibilidad de calcularlo directamente. La descripción del método de la ampliación de las redes sociales, y de los procedimientos metodológicos con el objeto de obtener los datos necesarios para la aplicación de este método en la estimación del número de emigrantes y de retornados internacionales de una hipotética ciudad brasileña de porte medio, constituye el objetivo de este trabajo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

With advances in molecular genetics have been possible to predict the genetic value of the animal, in particular its potential to transmit desired characters to their offspring, including characters difficult to evaluate or with low heritability, as is the case of the meat tenderization. It is known that Bos taurus indicus features differences in meat tenderization, being assigned this variability to their lowest proteolysis post-mortem, as result of high activity of calpastatin. This inhibitor decreases the activity of calpain, which are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of muscle fibers during the maturation of the meat. Moreover, there were previously observed differences in the frequencies of allele A of calpain among European breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Gir, Guzerá and Nelore). This variability has been related to tenderness of meat, as cattle with Bos taurus taurus origin have more tender meat than Bos taurus indicus, showing small values of shear force. One explanation is that the Capn2A product could confer greater proteolytic activity than the encoded by the allele Capn2B. If allele A is associated with tender meat, it will be possible the early identification of the animals that have the potential to produce meat with qualities that attend the needs of the consumer market, in order to add economic value to the final

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

RESUMO

With advances in molecular genetics have been possible to predict the genetic value of the animal, in particular its potential to transmit desired characters to their offspring, including characters difficult to evaluate or with low heritability, as is the case of the meat tenderization. It is known that Bos taurus indicus features differences in meat tenderization, being assigned this variability to their lowest proteolysis post-mortem, as result of high activity of calpastatin. This inhibitor decreases the activity of calpain, which are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of muscle fibers during the maturation of the meat. Moreover, there were previously observed differences in the frequencies of allele A of calpain among European breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Gir, Guzerá and Nelore). This variability has been related to tenderness of meat, as cattle with Bos taurus taurus origin have more tender meat than Bos taurus indicus, showing small values of shear force. One explanation is that the Capn2A product could confer greater proteolytic activity than the encoded by the allele Capn2B. If allele A is associated with tender meat, it will be possible the early identification of the animals that have the potential to produce meat with qualities that attend the needs of the consumer market, in order to add economic value to the final

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

RESUMO

Four Nelore steers had been used, with average alive weight of 190±32 kg, in experimental delineation by 4x4 latin square, whith the objective of evaluate the effect of the yeast monensin and salinomycin on the parameters of ruminal degradability and the ciliates protozoa population present in the animals rumen. The diet offered to the animals was composed by sorghum silage and concentrated (30:70, respectively), where the four different treatments had been submitted in accordance with the used additive: 5,0g of yeast culture (Beef Sacc®); 0.42g of salinomycin (Coxistac®); 2.0g of monensin (Rumensin®) and the control, without additive. The experimental period was subdivided in 21 days of adaptation and seven of harvest, totalized 28 days of experimental period. It had increase of the value for fraction b in the dry matter, the treatment with yeast culture, and the salinomycin treatment (P 0,05). The treatment with yeast significantly increased the number of rumen ciliates protozoa (P 0,05).

Foram utilizados quatro novilhos Nelore, com peso vivo médio de 190±32 kg, em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da levedura, monensina sódica e salinomicina sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade runimal e da população de protozoários ciliados presentes no rúmen destes animais. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por silagem de sorgo e concentrado (30:70, respectivamente), onde foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos diferidos de acordo com o aditivo usado, 5,0g de Levedura (Beef Sacc®), 0,42g de salinomicina (Coxistac®), 2,0g de monensina sódica (Rumensin®) e o controle sem aditivo. O período experimental foi subdividido em vinte e um dias de adaptação e sete de colheita, totalizando vinte e oito dias por período experimental. Houve aumento do valor para a fração b na matéria seca, no tratamento levedura (P 0,05) e no tratamento salinomicina. O tratamento levedura aumentou significativamente o número de protozoários ciliados no rúmen (P 0,05).

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RESUMO

Four Nelore steers had been used, with average alive weight of 190±32 kg, in experimental delineation by 4x4 latin square, whith the objective of evaluate the effect of the yeast monensin and salinomycin on the parameters of ruminal degradability and the ciliates protozoa population present in the animals rumen. The diet offered to the animals was composed by sorghum silage and concentrated (30:70, respectively), where the four different treatments had been submitted in accordance with the used additive: 5,0g of yeast culture (Beef Sacc®); 0.42g of salinomycin (Coxistac®); 2.0g of monensin (Rumensin®) and the control, without additive. The experimental period was subdivided in 21 days of adaptation and seven of harvest, totalized 28 days of experimental period. It had increase of the value for fraction b in the dry matter, the treatment with yeast culture, and the salinomycin treatment (P 0,05). The treatment with yeast significantly increased the number of rumen ciliates protozoa (P 0,05).

Foram utilizados quatro novilhos Nelore, com peso vivo médio de 190±32 kg, em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da levedura, monensina sódica e salinomicina sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade runimal e da população de protozoários ciliados presentes no rúmen destes animais. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por silagem de sorgo e concentrado (30:70, respectivamente), onde foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos diferidos de acordo com o aditivo usado, 5,0g de Levedura (Beef Sacc®), 0,42g de salinomicina (Coxistac®), 2,0g de monensina sódica (Rumensin®) e o controle sem aditivo. O período experimental foi subdividido em vinte e um dias de adaptação e sete de colheita, totalizando vinte e oito dias por período experimental. Houve aumento do valor para a fração b na matéria seca, no tratamento levedura (P 0,05) e no tratamento salinomicina. O tratamento levedura aumentou significativamente o número de protozoários ciliados no rúmen (P 0,05).

RESUMO

À luz dos fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da análise de redes sociais, da perspectiva relacional sobre o capital social e de dados relacionais sobre as pessoas de cinquenta retornados internacionais de Valadares, este estudo encerra o propósito basilar de sondar a natureza da associação entre esses retornados, cujas redes pessoais são regidas pelo 'princípio' compartilhado do deslocamento (cooperação), e os agentes de intermediários da migração internacional, em especial os que pertencem às agências de turismo, elementos de natureza institucional, empresarial pautadas pela consecução do lucro (competição).

This study contains a basic intention of analyzing the connections among the Brazilian returned migrants from US based on the Valadares area, whose personal networks are governed by the shared principle of the displacement (cooperation), and brokers of the international migration, especially the ones that belong to the travel agencies, firms guided by the profit principle (competition). To reach that goal, the study to resort to the theoretical and methodological foundations of the social network analysis, the relational perspective about social capital, and the personal networks of fifty Valadares' Brazilian returned migrants.

RESUMO

O artigo apresenta evidências das conexões prováveis da migração interna e a emigração internacional entre Governado Valadares e Ipatinga e as demais microrregiões brasileiras, com base na aplicação dos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da análise de redes sociais.

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