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During childhood, neuronal modifications occur so that typical childhood communicative development occurs. This work aims to contribute to the understanding of differences in the speech encoding of infants and school-age children by assessing the effects of child development, in different phases of early childhood, on the encoding of speech sounds. There were 98 subjects of both sexes, aged from 1 day to 8 years and 9 months who participated in the study. All subjects underwent a Frequency Following Response (FFR) assessment. A regression and linear correlation showed the effects of age in the FFR components, i.e., significant decrease in the latency and increased amplitude of all FFR waves with age. An increase in the slope measure was also observed. Younger infants require more time and show less robust responses when encoding speech than their older counterparts, which were shown to have more stable and well-organized FFR responses.

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Abstract Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative and progressive neurological disorder characterized by resting tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Despite the motor symptoms, PD patients also consistently show cognitive impairment or executive dysfunction. The auditory event-related potential P300 has been described as the best indicator of mental function, being highly dependent on cognitive skills, including attention and discrimination. Objective To review the literature on the application and findings of P300 as an indicator of PD. Data Analysis The samples ranged from 7 to 166 individuals. Young adult and elderly male patients composed most study samples. The Mini-Mental State Examination test, the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, and the Hoehn and Yahr Scale were used to assess neurological and cognitive function. In terms of testing hearing function, few studies have focused on parameters other than the P300. The factors we focused on were how the P300 was modified by cognitive effects, its correlation with different PD scales, the effect of performing dual tasks, the effect of fatigue, and the influence of drug treatments. Conclusion The use of the P300 appears to be an effective assessment tool in patients with PD. This event-related potential seems to correlate well with other neurocognitive tests that measure key features of the disease.

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Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative and progressive neurological disorder characterized by resting tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Despite the motor symptoms, PD patients also consistently show cognitive impairment or executive dysfunction. The auditory event-related potential P300 has been described as the best indicator of mental function, being highly dependent on cognitive skills, including attention and discrimination. Objective To review the literature on the application and findings of P300 as an indicator of PD. Data Analysis The samples ranged from 7 to 166 individuals. Young adult and elderly male patients composed most study samples. The Mini-Mental State Examination test, the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, and the Hoehn and Yahr Scale were used to assess neurological and cognitive function. In terms of testing hearing function, few studies have focused on parameters other than the P300. The factors we focused on were how the P300 was modified by cognitive effects, its correlation with different PD scales, the effect of performing dual tasks, the effect of fatigue, and the influence of drug treatments. Conclusion The use of the P300 appears to be an effective assessment tool in patients with PD. This event-related potential seems to correlate well with other neurocognitive tests that measure key features of the disease.

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Abstract Introduction The hair cells of the cochlea and the vestibulum are closely connected and may be susceptible to the same noxious factors. The relationship between their function has been a continuing field of investigation. The indications for cochlear implantation have been broadened and now include the patients with partial deafness. This raises the question of their vestibular status. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is any difference between the vestibular function of patients with low frequency residual hearing and those with totally deaf ears. Methods A total of 360 ears with profound sensorineural hearing loss were analysed before cochlear implantation. The patients were divided into four groups, according to their low frequency residual hearing (Group 1 ‒ normal or slightly elevated low frequency residual hearing; Group 2 ‒ elevated threshold but still usable hearing at low frequencies; Group 3 - non-functional residual hearing; Group 4 ‒ no detectable hearing threshold within the limits of the audiometer). The patients underwent vestibular tests: cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential, caloric test and video-head impulse test. Results The rates of elicited responses in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential were as follows: in Group 1 (59.3 %); Group 2 (57.5 %); Group 3 (35.2 %); Group 4 (7.7 %). For ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential the percentage of correct outcomes was: Group 1 (70.8 %); Group 2 (56.0 %); Group 3 (40.0 %); Group 4 (14.3 %). For the caloric test we counted normal responses in 88.9 % of Group 1; 81.6 % of Group 2; 57.9 % of Group 3; 53.3 % of Group 4. For video-head impulse test we also found markedly better results in Group1, followed by Group 2, and much worse in Group 3 and 4. Conclusion Patients with partial deafness not only have a better cochlea but also better vestibular function, which needs to be protected. In summary, the better the low frequency residual hearing, the better the vestibular status.

Resumo Introdução As células ciliadas da cóclea e do vestíbulo estão intimamente ligadas e podem ser suscetíveis aos mesmos fatores nocivos. A relação entre suas funções tem sido um campo de investigação há muito tempo. As indicações para implante coclear foram ampliadas e agora incluem os pacientes com surdez parcial. Isso levanta a questão de sua condição vestibular. Objetivo Investigar se existe alguma diferença entre a função vestibular de pacientes com audição residual de baixa frequência e aqueles com surdez total. Método Foram analisadas antes do implante coclear 360 orelhas com perda auditiva neurossensorial profunda. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com a audição residual de baixa frequência (Grupo 1 - audição residual de baixa frequência normal ou levemente elevada; Grupo 2 - limiar auditivo elevado, mas ainda usável em baixas frequências; Grupo 3 - audição residual não funcional; Grupo 4 - sem limiar auditivo detectável dentro dos limites do audiômetro). Os pacientes foram submetidos a testes vestibulares: potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical, potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular, prova calórica e teste do impulso cefálico com vídeo. Resultados As taxas de respostas obtidas no potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical foram as seguintes: no Grupo 1 (59,3%); Grupo 2 (57,5%); Grupo 3 (35,2%); Grupo 4 (7,7%). Para o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular, o percentual de resultados corretos foi: Grupo 1 (70,8%); Grupo 2 (56,0%); Grupo 3 (40,0%); Grupo 4 (14,3%). Para a prova calórica, contamos respostas normais em 88,9% do Grupo 1; 81,6% do grupo 2; 57,9% do Grupo 3; 53,3% do Grupo 4. Para o teste do impulso cefálico com vídeo, também encontramos resultados significativamente melhores no Grupo 1, seguidos pelo Grupo 2, e muito piores nos Grupos 3 e 4. Conclusão Pacientes com surdez parcial não só apresentam uma função coclear melhor, mas também melhor função vestibular, que precisa ser protegida. Em resumo, quanto melhor for a audição residual de baixa frequência, melhor a condição vestibular.

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INTRODUCTION: The hair cells of the cochlea and the vestibulum are closely connected and may be susceptible to the same noxious factors. The relationship between their function has been a continuing field of investigation. The indications for cochlear implantation have been broadened and now include the patients with partial deafness. This raises the question of their vestibular status. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is any difference between the vestibular function of patients with low frequency residual hearing and those with totally deaf ears. METHODS: A total of 360 ears with profound sensorineural hearing loss were analysed before cochlear implantation. The patients were divided into four groups, according to their low frequency residual hearing (Group 1 ‒ normal or slightly elevated low frequency residual hearing; Group 2 ‒ elevated threshold but still usable hearing at low frequencies; Group 3 - non-functional residual hearing; Group 4 ‒ no detectable hearing threshold within the limits of the audiometer). The patients underwent vestibular tests: cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential, caloric test and video-head impulse test. RESULTS: The rates of elicited responses in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential were as follows: in Group 1 (59.3 %); Group 2 (57.5 %); Group 3 (35.2 %); Group 4 (7.7 %). For ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential the percentage of correct outcomes was: Group 1 (70.8 %); Group 2 (56.0 %); Group 3 (40.0 %); Group 4 (14.3 %). For the caloric test we counted normal responses in 88.9 % of Group 1; 81.6 % of Group 2; 57.9 % of Group 3; 53.3 % of Group 4. For video-head impulse test we also found markedly better results in Group1, followed by Group 2, and much worse in Group 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: Patients with partial deafness not only have a better cochlea but also better vestibular function, which needs to be protected. In summary, the better the low frequency residual hearing, the better the vestibular status.

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Abstract Introduction Otitis media (OM) is considered one of the most common reasons patients seek medical care in childhood. The fluctuating nature of hearing loss in cases of OM leads to irregular sound stimulation of the central auditory nervous system. Objectives To analyze the long-latency auditory-evoked potential (LLAEP) by verbal and nonverbal sounds in children with a history of OM in the first six years of life. Methods A total of 106 schoolchildren participated in the study, 55 females and 51 males, aged between 8 and 16 years, who were divided into 3 groups: the control group (CG), the bilateral experimental group (BEG), and the unilateral experimental group (UEG). All children underwent a complete audiological evaluation (audiometry, logoaudiometry and immitance testing) and an electrophysiological evaluation (LLAEP with toneburst stimulus - LLAEP-TB, and LLAEP with speech stimulus - LLAEP-S). Results Both study groups (BEG and UEG) presented a statistically lower performance (p < 0.005) when compared with the CG regarding all of the electrophysiological tests with the prolongation of the latency values and decrease in the amplitude values: LLAEP-TB (BEG: latency - N1, P2, N2 [females] and P300, amplitude - N1 and P2), LLAEP-S (BEG: latency - P2 and N2 [females], amplitude - P2 /UEG: latency - P2 and P300, amplitude: N1 and P2). Conclusion Children who had suffered secretory OM in the first six years of life and who had undergone myringotomy for the placement of a ventilation tube, either unilaterally or bilaterally, presented worse performance in their electrophysiological responses to verbal and nonverbal LLAEPs.

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INTRODUCTION: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) evaluate the functional status of the cochlea. Repeated otitis media (OM) can cause changes in the peripheral structures of the auditory system, and, in this way, middle ear infection may irreversibly damage the middle ear, or even the cochlea. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in individuals with a history of OM. METHOD: Participants with 8 to 16 years of schooling were split into two groups: a control group (CG) of 50 subjects who had no history of otological disease and an experimental group (EG) of 50 subjects who had a history of recurrent otitis in childhood and had consequently undergone myringotomy to insert bilateral ventilation tubes. All children underwent basic audiological assessment (tonal audiometry, speech audiometry, and immittance testing) and otoacoustic emission testing (TEOAEs and DPOAEs). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups when audiometrically tested via air and bone conduction. OAEs were found in all CG subjects. For the EG, there were no TEOAE responses in 17 ears and no DPOAEs in nine ears; response amplitudes were lower at all frequencies. The emission level and the signal-to-noise ratio were statistically different between the two groups, and OAEs in the EG were statistically smaller compared to the GC. CONCLUSION: In the EG, responses were more likely to be absent and were of statistically smaller amplitude compared to the CG. A history of repeated OM apparently interferes with the generation and transmission of TEOAEs and DPOAEs.

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Introduction Otitis media (OM) is considered one of the most common reasons patients seek medical care in childhood. The fluctuating nature of hearing loss in cases of OM leads to irregular sound stimulation of the central auditory nervous system. Objectives To analyze the long-latency auditory-evoked potential (LLAEP) by verbal and nonverbal sounds in children with a history of OM in the first six years of life. Methods A total of 106 schoolchildren participated in the study, 55 females and 51 males, aged between 8 and 16 years, who were divided into 3 groups: the control group (CG), the bilateral experimental group (BEG), and the unilateral experimental group (UEG). All children underwent a complete audiological evaluation (audiometry, logoaudiometry and immitance testing) and an electrophysiological evaluation (LLAEP with toneburst stimulus - LLAEP-TB, and LLAEP with speech stimulus - LLAEP-S). Results Both study groups (BEG and UEG) presented a statistically lower performance ( p < 0.005) when compared with the CG regarding all of the electrophysiological tests with the prolongation of the latency values and decrease in the amplitude values: LLAEP-TB (BEG: latency - N1, P2, N2 [females] and P300, amplitude - N1 and P2), LLAEP-S (BEG: latency - P2 and N2 [females], amplitude - P2 /UEG: latency - P2 and P300, amplitude: N1 and P2). Conclusion Children who had suffered secretory OM in the first six years of life and who had undergone myringotomy for the placement of a ventilation tube, either unilaterally or bilaterally, presented worse performance in their electrophysiological responses to verbal and nonverbal LLAEPs.

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The aim of this study was to assess the parameters of choice, such as duration, intensity, rate, polarity, number of sweeps, window length, stimulated ear, fundamental frequency, first formant, and second formant, from previously published speech ABR studies. To identify candidate articles, five databases were assessed using the following keyword descriptors: speech ABR, ABR-speech, speech auditory brainstem response, auditory evoked potential to speech, speech-evoked brainstem response, and complex sounds. The search identified 1288 articles published between 2005 and 2015. After filtering the total number of papers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 studies were selected. Analyzing the protocol details used in 21 studies suggested that there is no consensus to date on a speech-ABR protocol and that the parameters of analysis used are quite variable between studies. This inhibits the wider generalization and extrapolation of data across languages and studies.

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BACKGROUND Pathologies that alter the impedance of the middle ear may consequently modify the DPOAE amplitude. The aim of this study was to correlate information from 2 different clinical procedures assessing middle ear status. Data from DPOAE responses (both DP-Gram and DP I/O functions) were correlated with data from multi-component tympanometry at 1000 Hz. MATERIAL AND METHODS The subjects were divided into a double-peak group (DPG) and a single-peak group (SPG) depending on 1000 Hz tympanogram pattern. Exclusion criteria (described in the Methods section) were applied to both groups and finally only 31 ears were assigned to each group. The subjects were also assessed with traditional tympanometry and behavioral audiometry. RESULTS Compared to the single-peak group, in terms of the 226 Hz tympanometry data, subjects in the DPG group presented: (i) higher values of ear canal volume; (ii) higher peak pressure, and (iii) significantly higher values of acoustic admittance. DPOAE amplitudes were lower in the DPG group only at 6006 Hz, but the difference in amplitude between the DPG and SPG groups decreased as the frequency increased. Statistical differences were observed only at 1001 Hz and a borderline difference at 1501 Hz. In terms of DPOAE I/O functions, significant differences were observed only in 4 of the 50 tested points. CONCLUSIONS The 1000-Hz tympanometric pattern significantly affects the structure of DPOAE responses only at 1001 Hz. In this context, changes in the properties of the middle ear (as detected by the 1000 Hz tympanometry) can be considered as prime candidates for the observed variability in the DP-grams and the DP I/O functions.

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