RESUMO

Crop residues left in the field cover and protect the soil surface, and regulate key processes and functions, such as gas and water exchanges. However, the Brazilian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) sector has begun to use straw as feedstock to produce bioenergy. We conducted a field study to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw removal in soil temperature and moisture changes at three sites (with different soil textures: Site 1 - clayey Oxisol, Site 2 - medium texture Oxisol, and Site 3 - sandy Ultisol) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four rates of straw removal: i) no removal (NR); ii) moderate removal (MR); iii) substantial removal (SR), and iv) total removal (TR). Soil temperature was measured by sensors in the 0- to 5- and 5- to 10-cm soil layers. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20- and 20- to 40-cm layers to determine soil moisture. Intensive straw removal (HR and TR) increased the soil temperature between 2 and 3 °C and the thermal amplitude between 5 and 9 °C in the 0- to 5-cm layer, compared to MR and NR. Soil moisture decreased between 0.03 and 0.07 g g-¹ in the 0- to 20-cm layer with intensive straw removal. The sandy soil was more susceptible to straw removal. Therefore, straw maintenance on the soil surface plays an essential role in temperature regulation and preservation of higher soil moisture, especially in regions with severe water deficits and long periods of water stress.

Assuntos

RESUMO

There are few studies of microbial diversity in castor bean soils in tropical semiarid environmental. Castor bean products have been widely used around the world justifying the commercial importance of ricinoculture in Brazil northeastern semiarid. There is no fertilization or maintenance of litter on the soils from the present study, so we hypothesized that the free-living diazotrophs microorganisms drive the nitrogen (N) input into these soils. We evaluated the communities structure and diversity of diazotrophs in tropical semiarid soils with i-Castor bean 50 years of cultivation intercropping with maize (CB-50); ii-Only Castor bean 10 years of cultivation (CB-10) and iii-soil under Caatinga vegetation (CAA). Nitrogenase enzyme activity was performed by the acetylene reduction assay (ARA) and the community profile of nifH gene was separated by denaturing gradient gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (DGGE). Diazotrophs diversity was estimated by the Shannon (H) and Simpson (D) indexes. Based on the maintenance of soil N stocks and N-microbial biomass over time, the activity of free-living diazotrophs was determinant in the N-input into these soils. The nifH gene was present and its profiles grouped the CB-50 with CAA treatments, so it reinforced the N-fixing by diazotrophs, which presented a greater diversity in the cultivated soils, even after the land use change for the castor bean implementation.(AU)

Existem poucos estudos sobre a diversidade microbiana em solos de mamona no ambiente semiárido tropical. Os produtos de mamona têm sido amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo e justificam a importância comercial da ricinocultura no semiárido nordestino brasileiro. Como não há qualquer tipo de fertilização, ou manutenção de resíduos da cultura nos solos de mamona do presente estudo, presume-se que a comunidade de diazotróficas forneça o nitrogênio (N) nesses solos. Avaliou-se a estrutura e diversidade de comunidades de diazotróficas em solos de mamona do semiárido tropical em: i-Mamona com 50 anos de cultivo, consorciada com milho (CB-50); ii-Mamona com 10 anos de cultivo sem consórcio (CB-10) e iii-solo sob vegetação de Caatinga preservada (CAA). Realizou-se avaliação de redução do acetileno a etileno (ARA) e o perfil do gene nifH foi separado por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com gradiente desnaturante (DGGE). A diversidade de diazotróficas foi estimada pelos índices de Shannon (H) e Simpson (D). Com base na manutenção dos estoques de nitrogênio no solo e da biomassa microbiana ao longo do tempo, a atividade dos diazotróficos de vida livre foi determinante na entrada de N nesses solos. O gene nifH esteve presente e seus perfis agruparam os tratamentos CB-50 com CAA, reforçando a fixação de N pelos diazotróficos, os quais apresentaram maior diversidade nos solos cultivados, mesmo após a mudança de uso da terra para o plantio de mamona.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

There are few studies of microbial diversity in castor bean soils in tropical semiarid environmental. Castor bean products have been widely used around the world justifying the commercial importance of ricinoculture in Brazil’ northeastern semiarid. There is no fertilization or maintenance of litter on the soils from the present study, so we hypothesized that the free-living diazotrophs microorganisms drive the nitrogen (N) input into these soils. We evaluated the communities’ structure and diversity of diazotrophs in tropical semiarid soils with i-Castor bean 50 years of cultivation intercropping with maize (CB-50); ii-Only Castor bean 10 years of cultivation (CB-10) and iii-soil under Caatinga vegetation (CAA). Nitrogenase enzyme activity was performed by the acetylene reduction assay (ARA) and the community profile of nifH gene was separated by denaturing gradient gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (DGGE). Diazotrophs diversity was estimated by the Shannon (H’) and Simpson (D) indexes. Based on the maintenance of soil N stocks and N-microbial biomass over time, the activity of free-living diazotrophs was determinant in the N-input into these soils. The nifH gene was present and its profiles grouped the CB-50 with CAA treatments, so it reinforced the N-fixing by diazotrophs, which presented a greater diversity in the cultivated soils, even after the land use change for the castor bean implementation.

Existem poucos estudos sobre a diversidade microbiana em solos de mamona no ambiente semiárido tropical. Os produtos de mamona têm sido amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo e justificam a importância comercial da ricinocultura no semiárido nordestino brasileiro. Como não há qualquer tipo de fertilização, ou manutenção de resíduos da cultura nos solos de mamona do presente estudo, presume-se que a comunidade de diazotróficas forneça o nitrogênio (N) nesses solos. Avaliou-se a estrutura e diversidade de comunidades de diazotróficas em solos de mamona do semiárido tropical em: i-Mamona com 50 anos de cultivo, consorciada com milho (CB-50); ii-Mamona com 10 anos de cultivo sem consórcio (CB-10) e iii-solo sob vegetação de Caatinga preservada (CAA). Realizou-se avaliação de redução do acetileno a etileno (ARA) e o perfil do gene nifH foi separado por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com gradiente desnaturante (DGGE). A diversidade de diazotróficas foi estimada pelos índices de Shannon (H’) e Simpson (D). Com base na manutenção dos estoques de nitrogênio no solo e da biomassa microbiana ao longo do tempo, a atividade dos diazotróficos de vida livre foi determinante na entrada de N nesses solos. O gene nifH esteve presente e seus perfis agruparam os tratamentos CB-50 com CAA, reforçando a fixação de N pelos diazotróficos, os quais apresentaram maior diversidade nos solos cultivados, mesmo após a mudança de uso da terra para o plantio de mamona.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Nhecolândia is a vast sub-region of the Pantanal wetland in Brazil with great diversity in surface water chemistry evolving in a sodic alkaline pathway under the influence of evaporation. In this region, >15,000 shallow lakes are likely to contribute an enormous quantity of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere, but the diversity of the biogeochemical scenarios and their variability in time and space is a major challenge to estimate the regional contribution. From 4 selected alkaline lakes, we compiled measurements of the physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediments, gas fluxes in floating chambers, and sedimentation rates to illustrate this diversity. Although these lakes have a similar chemical composition, the results confirm a difference between the black-water and green-water alkaline lakes, corresponding to distinct biogeochemical functioning. This difference does not appear to affect lake sedimentation rates, but is reflected in gas emissions. Black-water lakes are CO2 and CH4 sources, with fairly constant emissions throughout the seasons. Annual carbon dioxide and methane emissions approach 0.86molm-2y-1 and 0.07molm-2y-1, respectively, and no clear trend towards N2O capture or emission was observed. By contrast, green-water lakes are CO2 and N2O sinks but important CH4 sources with fluxes varying significantly throughout the seasons, depending on the magnitude of the phytoplankton bloom. The results highlight important daily and seasonal variations in gas fluxes, and in particular a hot moments for methane emissions, when the O2-supersaturation is reached during the afternoon under extreme bloom and sunny weather conditions, provoking an abrupt O2 purging of the lakes. Taking into account the seasonal variability, annual methane emissions are around 10.2molm-2y-1, i.e., much higher than reported in previous studies for alkaline lakes in Nhecolândia. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide consumption is estimated about 1.9molm-2y-1 and 0.73mmolm-2y-1, respectively. However, these balances must be better constrained with systematic and targeted measurements throughout the seasons.

RESUMO

Some root parameters such as distribution, length, diameter and dry matter are inherent to plant species. Roots can influence microbial population during vegetative cycle through the rhizodeposits and, after senescence, integrating the soil organic matter pool. Since they represent labile substrates, especially regarding nitrogen, they can determine the rate of nutrient availability to the next crop cultivated under no-tillage (NT). The root systems of two crop species: maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar Cargill 909 and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar Embrapa 59, were compared in the field, and their influence on spatial distribution of the microbial C and N in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox cultivated for 22 years under NT, at Tibagi, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil, was determined. Digital image processing and nail-plate techniques were used to evaluate 40 plots of a 80 ´ 50 ´ 3 cm soil profile. It was observed that 36% and 30% of the maize and soybeans roots, respectively, are concentrated in the 0 to 10 cm soil layer. The percent distribution of root dry matter was similar for both crops. The maize roots presented a total of 1,324 kg C ha-1 and 58 kg N ha-1, with higher root dry matter density and more roots in decomposition in the upper soil layer, decreasing with depth. The soybean roots (392 kg C ha-1 and 21 kg N ha-1) showed higher number of thinner roots and higher density per length unity compared to the maize. The maize roots enhanced microbial-C down to deeper soil layers than did the soybean roots. The microbial N presented a better correlation with the concentration of thin active roots and with roots in decomposition or in indefinite shape, possibly because of higher concentration of C and N easily assimilated by soil microorganisms.

Parâmetros radiculares como distribuição, comprimento, diâmetro e matéria seca são inerentes a cada espécie de planta. As raízes podem influenciar a população microbiana durante o ciclo vegetativo através das rizodeposições e, após a senescência, integrando a matéria orgânica do solo. Pelo fato de representarem um substrato lábil, especialmente de nitrogênio, podem ditar o ritmo da disponibilidade de nutrientes na seqüência de culturas sob o sistema de plantio direto (SPD). A comparação dos sistemas radiculares do milho (Zea mays L.), cultivar Cargill 909 e da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], cultivar Embrapa 59, e sua influência sobre a distribuição espacial do C e N microbianos foi feita em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa, cultivado durante 22 anos sob SPD, no município de Tibagi (PR). Técnicas de processamento de imagens e de placa de pregos foram empregadas na avaliação de 40 quadrículas de um perfil de 80 ´ 50 ´ 3 cm, revelando que 36% das raízes de milho e 30% das raízes de soja estão concentradas na camada 0-10 cm do solo. A distribuição percentual no perfil do solo de matéria seca radicular foi semelhante nas duas culturas. O sistema radicular do milho apresentou 1.324 kg C ha-1 e 58 kg N ha-1, com maior densidade por matéria seca e de raízes em vias de decomposição na camada superficial do solo, decrescendo com a profundidade. O sistema radicular da soja (392 kg C ha-1 e 21 kg N ha-1) teve contribuição maior de raízes finas e de densidade por comprimento do que do milho. O efeito das raízes do milho sobre o C microbiano alcançou camadas mais profundas do que o das raízes da soja. O N microbiano apresentou melhor correlação com a concentração de raízes finas ativas e com as raízes em decomposição ou de forma indefinida, provavelmente em função da maior quantidade de C e N de fácil assimilação pelos microrganismos.

RESUMO

Some root parameters such as distribution, length, diameter and dry matter are inherent to plant species. Roots can influence microbial population during vegetative cycle through the rhizodeposits and, after senescence, integrating the soil organic matter pool. Since they represent labile substrates, especially regarding nitrogen, they can determine the rate of nutrient availability to the next crop cultivated under no-tillage (NT). The root systems of two crop species: maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar Cargill 909 and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar Embrapa 59, were compared in the field, and their influence on spatial distribution of the microbial C and N in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox cultivated for 22 years under NT, at Tibagi, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil, was determined. Digital image processing and nail-plate techniques were used to evaluate 40 plots of a 80 ´ 50 ´ 3 cm soil profile. It was observed that 36% and 30% of the maize and soybeans roots, respectively, are concentrated in the 0 to 10 cm soil layer. The percent distribution of root dry matter was similar for both crops. The maize roots presented a total of 1,324 kg C ha-1 and 58 kg N ha-1, with higher root dry matter density and more roots in decomposition in the upper soil layer, decreasing with depth. The soybean roots (392 kg C ha-1 and 21 kg N ha-1) showed higher number of thinner roots and higher density per length unity compared to the maize. The maize roots enhanced microbial-C down to deeper soil layers than did the soybean roots. The microbial N presented a better correlation with the concentration of thin active roots and with roots in decomposition or in indefinite shape, possibly because of higher concentration of C and N easily assimilated by soil microorganisms.

Parâmetros radiculares como distribuição, comprimento, diâmetro e matéria seca são inerentes a cada espécie de planta. As raízes podem influenciar a população microbiana durante o ciclo vegetativo através das rizodeposições e, após a senescência, integrando a matéria orgânica do solo. Pelo fato de representarem um substrato lábil, especialmente de nitrogênio, podem ditar o ritmo da disponibilidade de nutrientes na seqüência de culturas sob o sistema de plantio direto (SPD). A comparação dos sistemas radiculares do milho (Zea mays L.), cultivar Cargill 909 e da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], cultivar Embrapa 59, e sua influência sobre a distribuição espacial do C e N microbianos foi feita em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa, cultivado durante 22 anos sob SPD, no município de Tibagi (PR). Técnicas de processamento de imagens e de placa de pregos foram empregadas na avaliação de 40 quadrículas de um perfil de 80 ´ 50 ´ 3 cm, revelando que 36% das raízes de milho e 30% das raízes de soja estão concentradas na camada 0-10 cm do solo. A distribuição percentual no perfil do solo de matéria seca radicular foi semelhante nas duas culturas. O sistema radicular do milho apresentou 1.324 kg C ha-1 e 58 kg N ha-1, com maior densidade por matéria seca e de raízes em vias de decomposição na camada superficial do solo, decrescendo com a profundidade. O sistema radicular da soja (392 kg C ha-1 e 21 kg N ha-1) teve contribuição maior de raízes finas e de densidade por comprimento do que do milho. O efeito das raízes do milho sobre o C microbiano alcançou camadas mais profundas do que o das raízes da soja. O N microbiano apresentou melhor correlação com a concentração de raízes finas ativas e com as raízes em decomposição ou de forma indefinida, provavelmente em função da maior quantidade de C e N de fácil assimilação pelos microrganismos.