RESUMO
The coinfections by some microorganisms have been related to severe diseases in humans and animals, where immunosuppressive agents favor opportunistic behavior of other pathogens. A 4-month-old, female mixed-breed dog with a two-week history of inappetence, prostration, emaciation, and respiratory distress was admitted at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. Tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, severe respiratory distress, and a large number of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) in different body regions were observed at clinical examination. Hematological examination of dog showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, mild anemia, and thrombocytopenia, whereas unremarkable values in biochemical tests. Thoracic radiography revealed a pleural effusion image. Blood and the pleural fluid (purulent aspect) samples were subjected to qPCR (16S rRNA and dsb genes) and sequencing, which identified Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys coinfection. An aggregate of coccoid-to-branching or long filamentous microorganisms, surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction was seen at the cytology of the pleural fluid. Bacteriological culture of pleural effusion showed colonies compatible with the genus Nocardia, which revealed gram-positive filamentous organisms with a tendency of fragmentation and were identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Therapy of N. otitidiscaviarum isolate using levofloxacin (supported by a previous in vitro susceptibility testing) and doxycycline for E. canis and A. platys resulted in complete resolution of the clinical picture. Here, we report for the first time a triple coinfection by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, A. platys, and E. canis in a dog with pleural effusion, where debilitating or immunosuppressive conditions induced by A. platys and E. canis coinfection probably contributed to the opportunistic behavior of N. otitidiscaviarum.
Assuntos
Anaplasmose , Coinfecção , Doenças do Cão , Ehrlichiose , Nocardia , Derrame Pleural , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Humanos , Cães , Feminino , Animais , Lactente , Ehrlichia canis/genética , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Nocardia/genética , Derrame Pleural/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/microbiologiaRESUMO
Nocardia are ubiquitous, saprophytic and opportunistic bacteria. They cause a set of pyogenic clinical infections in animals and humans, particularly immunocompromised patients, mostly affecting the skin and respiratory tract, with refractoriness to conventional therapy. The most descriptions of nocardial infections in companion animals involve case reports, and there are scarce case series studies focused on canine and feline nocardiosis in which diagnosis has been based on molecular techniques. We investigated epidemiological aspects, clinical findings, in vitro susceptibility profile, and molecular identification of Nocardia using PCR-based method targeted 16S rRNA gene in twelve dogs and two cats. Among dogs were observed cutaneous lesions (8/12 = 67%), pneumonia (3/12 = 25%), and encephalitis (2/12 = 17%), whereas cats developed cutaneous lesions and osteomyelitis. Nocardia and canine morbillivirus coinfection was described in six dogs (6/12 = 50%). A high mortality rate (6/8 = 75%) was seen among dogs. Three dogs (3/4 = 75%) and one cat (1/2 = 50%) with systemic signs (pneumonia, encephalitis, osteomyelitis), and 83% (5/6) of dogs with a history of concomitant morbillivirus infection died. N. nova (5/12 = 42%), N. cyriacigeorgica (3/12 = 25%), N. farcinica (2/12 = 17%), N. veterana (1/12 = 8%), and N. asteroides (1/12 = 8%) species were identified in dogs, whereas N. africana and N. veterana in cats. Among the isolates from dogs, cefuroxime (12/12 = 100%), amikacin (10/12 = 83%), gentamycin (10/12 = 83%), and imipenem (10/12 = 83%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas cefuroxime, cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and gentamycin were efficient against isolates from cats. Multidrug resistance was observed in 36% (5/14) of isolates. We describe a variety of Nocardia species infecting dogs and cats, multidrug-resistant ones, and a high mortality rate, highlighting a poor prognosis of nocardiosis in companion animals, particularly among animals systemically compromised or coinfected by canine morbillivirus. Our study contributes to species identification, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile, clinical-epidemiological aspects, and outcome of natural Nocardia-acquired infections in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Nocardiose , Nocardia , Osteomielite , Gatos , Animais , Cães , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefuroxima/uso terapêutico , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Nocardiose/tratamento farmacológico , Nocardiose/veterinária , Nocardiose/microbiologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Osteomielite/tratamento farmacológico , Imipenem/farmacologia , Imipenem/uso terapêutico , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or high fatality rates. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in central nervous infections in livestock and companion animals, although the most of descriptions are restricted to case reports and a lack of comprehensive studies involving CNS-related bacterial infections have been focused on a great number of domestic species. In this scenario, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical findings, bacteriological culture, and in vitro susceptibility patterns of 136 nonrepetitive neurologic cases in domestic species (2005-2021). Bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% (34/136) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampled. The isolates were obtained from cattle (9/136 = 6.6%), dogs (7/136 = 5.1%), horses (6/136 = 4.4%), goats (3/136 = 2.2%), pigs (3/136 = 2.2%), sheep (3/136 = 2.2%), cats (2/136 = 1.5%), and asinine (1/136 = 0.7%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Staphylococcus aureus (6/34 = 17.6%), Escherichia coli (5/34 = 14.7%), Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic (5/34 = 14.7%), and Trueperella pyogenes (3/34 = 8.8%) were predominant, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Enterobacter cloacae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. In vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (11/13 = 84.6%), cephalexin (9/11 = 81.8%), and florfenicol (9/12 = 75%) were the most effective antimicrobials. Conversely, isolates exhibited resistance mainly to tetracycline (6/10 = 60%), penicillin (6/11 = 54.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (5/11 = 45.5%). Also, multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 23.5% (8/34) strains. Data relative to the outcome was available in 79.4% (27/34) of animals that had bacterial isolation, and from these, the lethality rate was 92.6% (25/27). Incoordination (14/34 = 41.2%), recumbency (11/34 = 32.4%), apathy (10/34 = 29.4%), anorexia (9/34 = 26.5%), blindness (7/34 = 20.6%), seizure (6/34 = 17.6%), limb paresis (5/34 = 14.7%), head-pressing (4/34 = 11.8%), and nystagmus (3/34 = 8.8%) were the most frequent clinical signs. A variety of bacterial pathogens were identified in the CSF of domestic species showing neurologic signs, with a predominance of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria. High lethality of cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern of isolates were seen. Our results contribute to etiological characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clinical-epidemiological findings of bacterial infections in domestic species with neurological signs.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Cães , Bovinos , Cavalos , Suínos , Ovinos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus , Cabras , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Klebsiella species, particularly K. pneumoniae, are well-known opportunistic enterobacteria related to complexity of clinical infections in humans and animals, commonly refractory to conventional therapy. The domestic animals may represent a source of the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species to humans. Nevertheless, most studies involving Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic animals are restricted to case reports or outbreaks. We retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical aspects, and in vitro susceptibility pattern of 697 non-repetitive Klebsiella infections in livestock and companion species (1997-2019). The isolates were obtained from different clinical disorders from dogs (n = 393), cattle (n = 149), horses (n = 98), cats (n = 27), pigs (n = 22), sheep (n = 5), goats (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1), except four isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis. Urinary (223/697 = 32%), enteric (117/697 = 16.8%), mammary (85/697 = 12.2%), reproductive (85/697 = 12.2%), and respiratory disorders (67/697 = 9.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other miscellaneous clinical pictures (116/697 = 16.6%) included abscesses, otitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, pyodermitis, sepsis, and encephalitis. Norfloxacin (183/245 = 74.7%) and gentamicin (226/330 = 68.5%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High in vitro resistance of the isolates was seen to ampicillin (326/355 = 91.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25/62 = 40.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100/252 = 39.7), and multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 20.4% (142/697) isolates. Wide variety of clinical manifestations of Klebsiella-induced infections was observed, with a predominance of urinary, enteric, mammary, reproductive, and respiratory tract disorders, reinforcing opportunistic behavior of agent. Poor in vitro efficacy was observed to some conventional antimicrobials and ~ 20% of isolates exhibited resistance pattern, reinforcing the need for proper use of drugs on therapy approaches in domestic animals to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria, an emergent global concern.
Assuntos
Infecções por Klebsiella , Klebsiella , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Gatos , Bovinos , Cães , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Cabras , Cavalos , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/veterinária , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ovinos , SuínosRESUMO
Many infants are nurtured with milk supplied by human banks, whose bacteriological and physical-chemical profiles are a major issue. We investigated the bacteriological and physical-chemical characteristics, as well as genotypic and phenotypic and profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from 240 samples of breast milk from a bank in a teaching hospital. Dornic acidity of milk revealed that 95.4% (229/240) had acceptable limits (< 8.0 oD). Caloric intake showed a wide variation in cream content (4%), fat (4%) and energy values (559.81 Kcal/L). Staphylococcus (105/186 or 56.5%) and Enterobacter (25/186 or 13.4%) were the most prevalent genera, although other microorganisms were identified, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (125/157 or 79.6%), vancomycin (115/157 or 73.2%), and cephalexin (112/157 or 71.3%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High resistance rates of isolates were found to penicillin G (141/157 or 89.8%), ampicillin (135/157 or 86%), and oxacillin (118/157 or 75.2%). Multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials occurred in 66.2% (123/186) of the isolates. Residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances were found in 85% (204/240) of samples. Among the coagulase-positive-CPS and negative-CoNS staphylococci, the mecA gene was detected in 53.3% (8/15) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 20% (3/15) of CPS, while tsst-1 was detected in 13.34% (2/15). In addition, 13.3% (2/15) of S. aureus were toxin-producers. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 90% (36/40), 5% (2/40) and 15% (6/40) CoNS, respectively. Enterotoxin production was identified in 5% (2/40) of CoNS. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria, staphylococci species toxin-producers harboring methicillin-resistance genes, and residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances reinforce the need for a continuous vigilance of milk quality offered to infant consumption by human banks.
Assuntos
Leite Humano , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Coagulase , Feminino , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Leite , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.
Assuntos
Bactérias/genética , Coinfecção/veterinária , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/genética , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfadenite/microbiologia , Linfadenite/veterinária , Mycobacterium/genética , Matadouros , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fazendas , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Trichinella spiralis causes severe infections in humans, resulting in various clinical symptoms and even death, in several countries worldwide. Human trichinellosis has been reported in 55 countries, and mainly affects certain ethnic groups and tourists. It is caused by the ingestion of raw, undercooked meat or pork, or their by-products containing parasitic larvae. Infections in swine especially occur due to the parasitic contamination of food containing animal products, predation by rodents and other animals infected with T. spiralis, and due to the frequent habit of cannibalism in intensive production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. spiralis in pig carcasses from a slaughterhouse located in the midwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil. Pools of 100 g of diaphragm, containing at least 1 g of tissue from each test animal, were collected, ground, and subjected to acid digestion with pepsin (1:10,000) and 25% hydrochloric acid. Sampling was performed in accordance to the methodology recommended by the European Union. All the 735,902 samples collected between 2010 and 2013, and in 2018, were negative for Trichinella spp. larvae. The pigs came from 483 farms from 90 municipalities from the three states of southern Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). The absence of the parasite in different animal species, reported by surveys conducted in Brazil, could confirm the country as free from trichinellosis. Although T. spiralis is not endemic to Brazil, it is necessary to subject the meat of adult pigs slaughtered here and exported to other countries to inspections and parasitological examinations. It is therefore necessary to continually inspect pig carcasses for T. spiralis in slaughterhouses worldwide.(AU)
Trichinella spiralis causa infecções graves em humanos, resultando em vários sintomas clínicos e até morte, em vários países do mundo. A triquinelose humana foi relatada em 55 países e afeta principalmente certos grupos étnicos e turistas. É causada pela ingestão de carne crua ou malpassada, ou seus subprodutos contendo larvas parasitas. As infecções em suínos ocorrem principalmente devido à contaminação parasitária de alimentos contendo produtos de origem animal, predação de roedores e outros animais infectados com T. spiralis, além do hábito frequente de canibalismo em sistemas de produção intensiva. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a prevalência de T. spiralis em carcaças de suínos de um abatedouro localizado na região centro-oeste do Estado do Paraná. Conjuntos de 100 g de diafragma, contendo pelo menos 1 g de tecido de cada animal testado, foram coletados, triturados e submetidos a digestão ácida com pepsina (1:10.000) e ácido clorídrico a 25%. A amostragem foi realizada de acordo com a metodologia recomendada pela União Europeia. Todas as 735.902 amostras coletadas entre 2010 e 2013, e em 2018, foram negativas para larvas de Trichinella spp. Os suínos foram provenientes de 483 fazendas, de 90 municípios, dos três estados do sul do Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul). A ausência do parasita em diferentes espécies animais, relatada por pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, poderia confirmar o país como livre de triquinelose. Embora T. spiralis não seja endêmica no Brasil, é necessário submeter a carne de suínos adultos abatidos aqui e exportados para outros países, a inspeções e exames parasitológicos. É, portanto, necessário inspecionar continuamente carcaças de suínos para T. spiralis em abatedouros de todo o mundo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Trichinella spiralis , Suínos/parasitologia , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , MatadourosRESUMO
Trichinella spiralis causes severe infections in humans, resulting in various clinical symptoms and even death, in several countries worldwide. Human trichinellosis has been reported in 55 countries, and mainly affects certain ethnic groups and tourists. It is caused by the ingestion of raw, undercooked meat or pork, or their by-products containing parasitic larvae. Infections in swine especially occur due to the parasitic contamination of food containing animal products, predation by rodents and other animals infected with T. spiralis, and due to the frequent habit of cannibalism in intensive production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. spiralis in pig carcasses from a slaughterhouse located in the midwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil. Pools of 100 g of diaphragm, containing at least 1 g of tissue from each test animal, were collected, ground, and subjected to acid digestion with pepsin (1:10,000) and 25% hydrochloric acid. Sampling was performed in accordance to the methodology recommended by the European Union. All the 735,902 samples collected between 2010 and 2013, and in 2018, were negative for Trichinella spp. larvae. The pigs came from 483 farms from 90 municipalities from the three states of southern Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). The absence of the parasite in different animal species, reported by surveys conducted in Brazil, could confirm the country as free from trichinellosis. Although T. spiralis is not endemic to Brazil, it is necessary to subject the meat of adult pigs slaughtered here and exported to other countries to inspections and parasitological examinations. It is therefore necessary to continually inspect pig carcasses for T. spiralis in slaughterhouses worldwide.
Trichinella spiralis causa infecções graves em humanos, resultando em vários sintomas clínicos e até morte, em vários países do mundo. A triquinelose humana foi relatada em 55 países e afeta principalmente certos grupos étnicos e turistas. É causada pela ingestão de carne crua ou malpassada, ou seus subprodutos contendo larvas parasitas. As infecções em suínos ocorrem principalmente devido à contaminação parasitária de alimentos contendo produtos de origem animal, predação de roedores e outros animais infectados com T. spiralis, além do hábito frequente de canibalismo em sistemas de produção intensiva. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a prevalência de T. spiralis em carcaças de suínos de um abatedouro localizado na região centro-oeste do Estado do Paraná. Conjuntos de 100 g de diafragma, contendo pelo menos 1 g de tecido de cada animal testado, foram coletados, triturados e submetidos a digestão ácida com pepsina (1:10.000) e ácido clorídrico a 25%. A amostragem foi realizada de acordo com a metodologia recomendada pela União Europeia. Todas as 735.902 amostras coletadas entre 2010 e 2013, e em 2018, foram negativas para larvas de Trichinella spp. Os suínos foram provenientes de 483 fazendas, de 90 municípios, dos três estados do sul do Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul). A ausência do parasita em diferentes espécies animais, relatada por pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, poderia confirmar o país como livre de triquinelose. Embora T. spiralis não seja endêmica no Brasil, é necessário submeter a carne de suínos adultos abatidos aqui e exportados para outros países, a inspeções e exames parasitológicos. É, portanto, necessário inspecionar continuamente carcaças de suínos para T. spiralis em abatedouros de todo o mundo.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Suínos/parasitologia , Trichinella spiralis , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , MatadourosRESUMO
Etiology, multiple antibiotic resistance index, and acute-phase protein profile in the serum and synovial fluid of 44 horses presenting septic arthritis were investigated. Young animals up to 24 months of age not yet submitted to taming were sampled. Synovial samples from the horses were submitted to culture and bacterial isolates subjected to 18 antimicrobials to investigate the in vitro multidrug resistance pattern. Also, hematological aspects, fibrinogen, and serum levels of some acute-phase proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, amyloid A, and C-reactive protein) were assessed. To statistical analysis, microbiological isolation were divided into four groups: G1 = animals with negative isolation, G2 = isolation of Gram-negative bacteria, G3 = isolation of Gram-positive bacteria), and G4 = isolation of fungi. Microbial isolation was obtained from 77.2% (32/44) of the synovial samples. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11.4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6.8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4.5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2.3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44 = 2.3%), and Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2.3%) were prevalent bacterial agents. Aspergillus niger is reported by the first time as a primary agent of septic arthritis in horses. Gentamicin (84.9%), marbofloxacin (79.3%) and ceftriaxone (72.4%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas high resistance of the isolates (>50%) was found to erythromycin (75.9%), clarithromycin (75.9%), penicillin (69%), clindamycin (58.6%), and streptomycin (55.2%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index ( 0.3) was identified in 50% (16/32) of the isolates, with highest resistance in Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Serum levels of amyloid A, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, globulin, and total protein, as well as the number of nucleated cells in the synovial fluid had values above the reference for horses, reinforcing acute-phase proteins as biomarkers in diagnosis of septic arthritis. We highlighted the diversity of microorganisms that may be involved in equine septic arthritis, the high resistance of bacterial isolates to conventional antimicrobials, the high lethality of young horses with septic arthritis, and importance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern tests to therapeutic approaches in the disease.(AU)
Foram investigados a etiologia, o índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos e o perfil de proteínas de fase aguda, no soro ou líquido sinovial, de 44 equinos com sinais clínicos compatíveis com artrite séptica. Foram amostrados animais até 24 meses de idade não submetidos a doma. As amostras de líquido sinovial dos 44 animais foram submetidas à cultura bacteriológica e fúngica, e os isolados bacterianos submetidos in vitro diante de 18 antimicrobianos visando investigar a multirresistência. Também foram avaliados os aspectos hematológicos e o fibrinogênio sérico, bem como os níveis séricos de certas proteínas de fase aguda (proteína total, albumina, globulina, amilóide sérico A e proteína C reativa). O isolamento microbiano das amostras foi dividido em quatro grupos: G1 = animais com isolamento negativo; G2 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-negativas; G3 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-positivas e G4 = isolamento fúngico. O isolamento microbiano foi obtido em 77,2% (32/44) das amostras de líquido sinovial. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15,9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11,4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6,8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4,5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2,3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44=2,3%) e Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2,3%) foram os patógenos mais frequentes. Aspergillus niger é relatado pela primeira vez como agente primário de artrite séptica em cavalos. Gentamicina (84,9%), marbofloxacino (79,3%) e ceftriaxona (72,4%) foram os antimicrobianos mais eficazes, enquanto elevada resistência dos isolados (>50%) foi encontrada para eritromicina (75,9%), claritromicina (75,9%), penicilina (69%), clindamicina (58,6%) e estreptomicina (55,2%). O índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos ( 0,3) foi identificado em 50% (16/32) dos isolados, com maior resistência obervada em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os níveis séricos de amilóide A, proteína C reativa, fibrinogênio, globulina e concentração total de proteínas, bem como o número de células nucleadas no líquido sinovial apresentaram valores acima da referência para equinos saudáveis, reforçando o uso destas proteínas de fase aguda como biomarcadores no diagnóstico da doença. O presente estudo enfatiza a diversidade de microrganismos que podem estar envolvidos na artrite séptica equina, a alta resistência dos isolados aos antimicrobianos convencionais, a alta mortalidade de equinos jovens com artrite séptica e a importância de realizar o tratamento da afecção com respaldo em testes de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores , Artrite Infecciosa/veterinária , Artrite Infecciosa/etiologia , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Líquido SinovialRESUMO
Fungicides, often used in conventional farming systems, can harm humans, animals and damage the environment. Chitosan, which is extracted from the crustacean shell, has shown to be a harmless and cheap alternative to fungicides. This study aimed to test the inhibitory effect of chitosan on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma spp. Different concentrations of chitosan (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16%) were supplemented to 1% acetic acid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The fungi were inoculated in the center of the plates, incubated at 25 °C, with or without a 12-hour photoperiod. Daily measurements were performed in two transverse diameters until the mycelium reached the edges of the Petri dish. Fusarium oxysporum mycelial growth was significantly inhibited by chitosan at concentrations 1, 2, 4, and 8%, on the 4th, 5th and 6th evaluation days, in a 12-hour photoperiod. However, for Rhizoctonia solani, there was no reduction on mycelial growth. Trichoderma spp. presented the greatest mycelial reduction, in both light schemes, in all the concentrations evaluated, on days one, two and three. The results indicate that the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma spp. were inhibited by chitosan. Although, the combined use of chitosan and Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens is not indicated.(AU)
Os fungicidas, frequentemente utilizados em sistemas agrícolas convencionais, podem prejudicar seres humanos, animais e danificar o meio ambiente. A quitosana, extraída da casca do crustáceo, tem se mostrado uma alternativa inofensiva e barata aos fungicidas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar o efeito inibitório da quitosana sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani e Trichoderma spp. Diferentes concentrações de quitosana (0,1, 2, 4, 8 e 16%) foram adicionadas em Batata Dextrose Agar (BDA) preparado em 1% de ácido acético. Os fungos foram inoculados no centro das placas,incubados a 25 °C, com ou sem fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Medições diárias foramrealizadas em dois diâmetros transversais até o micélio atingir as bordas da placade Petri. O crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum foi significativamente inibido pela quitosana nas concentrações 1, 2, 4 e 8%, nos dias 4, 5 e 6 deavaliação, em fotoperíodo de 12 horas. No entanto, para Rhizoctonia solani não houve redução no crescimento micelial. Trichoderma spp. apresentou a maior redução micelial, em ambos os esquemas de luz, em todas as concentrações avaliadas, nos dias um, dois e três. Os resultados indicam que o crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum e Trichoderma spp. foram inibidos pela quitosana. Assim, o uso combinado de quitosana e Trichoderma spp. como agentes de biocontrole de fitopatógenos não é indicado.(AU)
Assuntos
Fusarium , Fusariose/tratamento farmacológico , Rhizoctonia , Trichoderma , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Antifúngicos , Quitosana/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Fungicides, often used in conventional farming systems, can harm humans, animals and damage the environment. Chitosan, which is extracted from the crustacean shell, has shown to be a harmless and cheap alternative to fungicides. This study aimed to test the inhibitory effect of chitosan on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma spp. Different concentrations of chitosan (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16%) were supplemented to 1% acetic acid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The fungi were inoculated in the center of the plates, incubated at 25 °C, with or without a 12-hour photoperiod. Daily measurements were performed in two transverse diameters until the mycelium reached the edges of the Petri dish. Fusarium oxysporum mycelial growth was significantly inhibited by chitosan at concentrations 1, 2, 4, and 8%, on the 4th, 5th and 6th evaluation days, in a 12-hour photoperiod. However, for Rhizoctonia solani, there was no reduction on mycelial growth. Trichoderma spp. presented the greatest mycelial reduction, in both light schemes, in all the concentrations evaluated, on days one, two and three. The results indicate that the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma spp. were inhibited by chitosan. Although, the combined use of chitosan and Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens is not indicated.
Os fungicidas, frequentemente utilizados em sistemas agrícolas convencionais, podem prejudicar seres humanos, animais e danificar o meio ambiente. A quitosana, extraída da casca do crustáceo, tem se mostrado uma alternativa inofensiva e barata aos fungicidas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar o efeito inibitório da quitosana sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani e Trichoderma spp. Diferentes concentrações de quitosana (0,1, 2, 4, 8 e 16%) foram adicionadas em Batata Dextrose Agar (BDA) preparado em 1% de ácido acético. Os fungos foram inoculados no centro das placas,incubados a 25 °C, com ou sem fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Medições diárias foramrealizadas em dois diâmetros transversais até o micélio atingir as bordas da placade Petri. O crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum foi significativamente inibido pela quitosana nas concentrações 1, 2, 4 e 8%, nos dias 4, 5 e 6 deavaliação, em fotoperíodo de 12 horas. No entanto, para Rhizoctonia solani não houve redução no crescimento micelial. Trichoderma spp. apresentou a maior redução micelial, em ambos os esquemas de luz, em todas as concentrações avaliadas, nos dias um, dois e três. Os resultados indicam que o crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum e Trichoderma spp. foram inibidos pela quitosana. Assim, o uso combinado de quitosana e Trichoderma spp. como agentes de biocontrole de fitopatógenos não é indicado.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Fusariose/tratamento farmacológico , Fusarium , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Quitosana/uso terapêutico , Rhizoctonia , TrichodermaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Etiology, multiple antibiotic resistance index, and acute-phase protein profile in the serum and synovial fluid of 44 horses presenting septic arthritis were investigated. Young animals up to 24 months of age not yet submitted to taming were sampled. Synovial samples from the horses were submitted to culture and bacterial isolates subjected to 18 antimicrobials to investigate the in vitro multidrug resistance pattern. Also, hematological aspects, fibrinogen, and serum levels of some acute-phase proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, amyloid A, and C-reactive protein) were assessed. To statistical analysis, microbiological isolation were divided into four groups: G1 = animals with negative isolation, G2 = isolation of Gram-negative bacteria, G3 = isolation of Gram-positive bacteria), and G4 = isolation of fungi. Microbial isolation was obtained from 77.2% (32/44) of the synovial samples. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11.4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6.8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4.5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2.3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44 = 2.3%), and Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2.3%) were prevalent bacterial agents. Aspergillus niger is reported by the first time as a primary agent of septic arthritis in horses. Gentamicin (84.9%), marbofloxacin (79.3%) and ceftriaxone (72.4%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas high resistance of the isolates (>50%) was found to erythromycin (75.9%), clarithromycin (75.9%), penicillin (69%), clindamycin (58.6%), and streptomycin (55.2%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index (≥ 0.3) was identified in 50% (16/32) of the isolates, with highest resistance in Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Serum levels of amyloid A, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, globulin, and total protein, as well as the number of nucleated cells in the synovial fluid had values above the reference for horses, reinforcing acute-phase proteins as biomarkers in diagnosis of septic arthritis. We highlighted the diversity of microorganisms that may be involved in equine septic arthritis, the high resistance of bacterial isolates to conventional antimicrobials, the high lethality of young horses with septic arthritis, and importance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern tests to therapeutic approaches in the disease.
RESUMO: Foram investigados a etiologia, o índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos e o perfil de proteínas de fase aguda, no soro ou líquido sinovial, de 44 equinos com sinais clínicos compatíveis com artrite séptica. Foram amostrados animais até 24 meses de idade não submetidos a doma. As amostras de líquido sinovial dos 44 animais foram submetidas à cultura bacteriológica e fúngica, e os isolados bacterianos submetidos in vitro diante de 18 antimicrobianos visando investigar a multirresistência. Também foram avaliados os aspectos hematológicos e o fibrinogênio sérico, bem como os níveis séricos de certas proteínas de fase aguda (proteína total, albumina, globulina, amilóide sérico A e proteína C reativa). O isolamento microbiano das amostras foi dividido em quatro grupos: G1 = animais com isolamento negativo; G2 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-negativas; G3 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-positivas e G4 = isolamento fúngico. O isolamento microbiano foi obtido em 77,2% (32/44) das amostras de líquido sinovial. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15,9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11,4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6,8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4,5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2,3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44=2,3%) e Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2,3%) foram os patógenos mais frequentes. Aspergillus niger é relatado pela primeira vez como agente primário de artrite séptica em cavalos. Gentamicina (84,9%), marbofloxacino (79,3%) e ceftriaxona (72,4%) foram os antimicrobianos mais eficazes, enquanto elevada resistência dos isolados (>50%) foi encontrada para eritromicina (75,9%), claritromicina (75,9%), penicilina (69%), clindamicina (58,6%) e estreptomicina (55,2%). O índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos (≥ 0,3) foi identificado em 50% (16/32) dos isolados, com maior resistência obervada em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os níveis séricos de amilóide A, proteína C reativa, fibrinogênio, globulina e concentração total de proteínas, bem como o número de células nucleadas no líquido sinovial apresentaram valores acima da referência para equinos saudáveis, reforçando o uso destas proteínas de fase aguda como biomarcadores no diagnóstico da doença. O presente estudo enfatiza a diversidade de microrganismos que podem estar envolvidos na artrite séptica equina, a alta resistência dos isolados aos antimicrobianos convencionais, a alta mortalidade de equinos jovens com artrite séptica e a importância de realizar o tratamento da afecção com respaldo em testes de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro.
RESUMO
Among the major infectious diseases in fish, those caused by zoosporic organisms are important, especially saprolegniasis. These diseases can affect few animals or even the entire population of the production environment. The use of alternative treatments for infectious diseases in aquatic animals has proven to be effective. It prevents the mortality of part of the crop, as well as the contamination of water by chemical components. Within this scenario, the use of plants stands out, mainly unconventional food plants (UFPs). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extracts of Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Momordica charantia on the mycelial growth of Saprolegnia spp. The extracts obtained from the maceration of dry and ground leaves were incorporated into the potato agar dextrose (PDA), at concentrations of 0, 5, 15, 25 and 50%. Later, filter paper disks containing the mycelium of Saprolegnia spp. were applied on the agar and incubated at 25°C. Evaluations were performed every 24 hours, for 10 days. In the study, all concentrations of M. charantia extract had an inhibitory action on the mycelial growth in the order of 75% of Saprolegnia spp. and can be considered a promising alternative for controlling this pathogen.(AU)
Entre as principais doenças infecciosas em peixes, as causadas por organismos zoospóricos são importantes, especialmente a saprolegníase. Essas doenças podem afetar poucos animais ou até mesmo toda a população do ambiente de produção. O uso de tratamentos alternativos para doenças infecciosas em animais aquáticos tem se mostrado eficaz. Evita a mortalidade de parte da cultura, bem como a contaminação da água por componentes químicos. Dentro deste cenário, destaca-se o uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium e Momordica charantia sobre o crescimento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Os extratos obtidos da maceração de folhas secas e moídas foram incorporados em ágar batata dextrose (BDA), nas concentrações de 0, 5, 15, 25 e 50%. Mais tarde, os discos de papel de filtro contendo o micélio de Saprolegnia spp. foram aplicados no ágar e incubados a 25°C. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas, por 10 dias. No estudo, todas as concentrações do extrato de M. charantia tiveram ação inibitória sobre o crescimento micelial da ordem de 75% de Saprolegnia spp., podendo ser considerada uma alternativa promissora para o controle desse patógeno.(AU)
Entre las principales enfermedades infecciosas en los peces, las causadas por organismos zoospóricos son importantes, especialmente la saprolegniasis. Estas enfermedades pueden afectar a pocos animales o incluso a toda la población del entorno de producción. El uso de tratamientos alternativos para enfermedades infecciosas en animales acuáticos ha demostrado ser efectivo. Previene la mortalidad de parte del cultivo, así como la contaminación del agua por componentes químicos. Dentro de este escenario, se destaca el uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimenticias no convencionales (PANCs). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los extractos acuosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium y Momordica charantia sobre el crecimiento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Los extractos obtenidos de la maceración de hojas secas y molidas se incorporaron a la papa dextrose agar (PDA), a concentraciones de 0, 5, 15, 25 y 50%. Más tarde, filtre los discos de papel que contienen el micelio de Saprolegnia spp. se aplicaron sobre el agar y se incubaron a 25°C. Las evaluaciones se realizaron cada 24 horas, durante 10 días. En el estudio, todas las concentraciones de extracto de M. charantia tuvieron una acción inhibitoria sobre el crecimiento micelial del orden del 75% de Saprolegnia spp. y puede considerarse una alternativa prometedora para controlar este patógeno.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Luffa/química , Xanthosoma/química , Momordica charantia/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Micélio , Saprolegnia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , AquiculturaRESUMO
Among the major infectious diseases in fish, those caused by zoosporic organisms are important, especially saprolegniasis. These diseases can affect few animals or even the entire population of the production environment. The use of alternative treatments for infectious diseases in aquatic animals has proven to be effective. It prevents the mortality of part of the crop, as well as the contamination of water by chemical components. Within this scenario, the use of plants stands out, mainly unconventional food plants (UFPs). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extracts of Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Momordica charantia on the mycelial growth of Saprolegnia spp. The extracts obtained from the maceration of dry and ground leaves were incorporated into the potato agar dextrose (PDA), at concentrations of 0, 5, 15, 25 and 50%. Later, filter paper disks containing the mycelium of Saprolegnia spp. were applied on the agar and incubated at 25°C. Evaluations were performed every 24 hours, for 10 days. In the study, all concentrations of M. charantia extract had an inhibitory action on the mycelial growth in the order of 75% of Saprolegnia spp. and can be considered a promising alternative for controlling this pathogen.
Entre as principais doenças infecciosas em peixes, as causadas por organismos zoospóricos são importantes, especialmente a saprolegníase. Essas doenças podem afetar poucos animais ou até mesmo toda a população do ambiente de produção. O uso de tratamentos alternativos para doenças infecciosas em animais aquáticos tem se mostrado eficaz. Evita a mortalidade de parte da cultura, bem como a contaminação da água por componentes químicos. Dentro deste cenário, destaca-se o uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium e Momordica charantia sobre o crescimento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Os extratos obtidos da maceração de folhas secas e moídas foram incorporados em ágar batata dextrose (BDA), nas concentrações de 0, 5, 15, 25 e 50%. Mais tarde, os discos de papel de filtro contendo o micélio de Saprolegnia spp. foram aplicados no ágar e incubados a 25°C. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas, por 10 dias. No estudo, todas as concentrações do extrato de M. charantia tiveram ação inibitória sobre o crescimento micelial da ordem de 75% de Saprolegnia spp., podendo ser considerada uma alternativa promissora para o controle desse patógeno.
Entre las principales enfermedades infecciosas en los peces, las causadas por organismos zoospóricos son importantes, especialmente la saprolegniasis. Estas enfermedades pueden afectar a pocos animales o incluso a toda la población del entorno de producción. El uso de tratamientos alternativos para enfermedades infecciosas en animales acuáticos ha demostrado ser efectivo. Previene la mortalidad de parte del cultivo, así como la contaminación del agua por componentes químicos. Dentro de este escenario, se destaca el uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimenticias no convencionales (PANCs). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los extractos acuosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium y Momordica charantia sobre el crecimiento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Los extractos obtenidos de la maceración de hojas secas y molidas se incorporaron a la papa dextrose agar (PDA), a concentraciones de 0, 5, 15, 25 y 50%. Más tarde, filtre los discos de papel que contienen el micelio de Saprolegnia spp. se aplicaron sobre el agar y se incubaron a 25°C. Las evaluaciones se realizaron cada 24 horas, durante 10 días. En el estudio, todas las concentraciones de extracto de M. charantia tuvieron una acción inhibitoria sobre el crecimiento micelial del orden del 75% de Saprolegnia spp. y puede considerarse una alternativa prometedora para controlar este patógeno.
Assuntos
Animais , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Luffa/química , Micélio , Momordica charantia/química , Saprolegnia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Xanthosoma/química , AquiculturaRESUMO
Entre las principales enfermedades infecciosas en los peces, las causadas por organismos zoospóricos son importantes, especialmente la saprolegniasis. Estas enfermedades pueden afectar a pocos animales o incluso a toda la población del entorno de producción. El uso de tratamientos alternativos para enfermedades infecciosas en animales acuáticos ha demostrado ser efectivo. Previene la mortalidad de parte del cultivo, así como la contaminación del agua por componentes químicos. Dentro de este escenario, se destaca el uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimenticias no convencionales (PANCs). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los extractos acuosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium y Momordica charantia sobre el crecimiento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Los extractos obtenidos de la maceración de hojas secas y molidas se incorporaron a la papa dextrose agar (PDA), a concentraciones de 0, 5, 15, 25 y 50%. Más tarde, filtre los discos de papel que contienen el micelio de Saprolegnia spp. se aplicaron sobre el agar y se incubaron a 25C. Las evaluaciones se realizaron cada 24 horas, durante 10 días. En el estudio, todas las concentraciones de extracto de M. charantia tuvieron una acción inhibitoria sobre el crecimiento micelial del orden del 75% de Saprolegnia spp. y puede considerarse una alternativa prometedora para controlar este patógeno.
Among the major infectious diseases in fish, those caused by zoosporic organisms are important, especially saprolegniasis. These diseases can affect few animals or even the entire population of the production environment. The use of alternative treatments for infectious diseases in aquatic animals has proven to be effective. It prevents the mortality of part of the crop, as well as the contamination of water by chemical components. Within this scenario, the use of plants stands out, mainly unconventional food plants (UFPs). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extracts of Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Momordica charantia on the mycelial growth of Saprolegnia spp. The extracts obtained from the maceration of dry and ground leaves were incorporated into the potato agar dextrose (PDA), at concentrations of 0, 5, 15, 25 and 50%. Later, filter paper disks containing the mycelium of Saprolegnia spp. were applied on the agar and incubated at 25C. Evaluations were performed every 24 hours, for 10 days. In the study, all concentrations of M. charantia extract had an inhibitory action on the mycelial growth in the order of 75% of Saprolegnia spp. and can be considered a promising alternative for controlling this pathogen.
Entre as principais doenças infecciosas em peixes, as causadas por organismos zoospóricos são importantes, especialmente a saprolegníase. Essas doenças podem afetar poucos animais ou até mesmo toda a população do ambiente de produção. O uso de tratamentos alternativos para doenças infecciosas em animais aquáticos tem se mostrado eficaz. Evita a mortalidade de parte da cultura, bem como a contaminação da água por componentes químicos. Dentro deste cenário, destaca-se o uso de plantas, principalmente plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de Luffa cylindrica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium e Momordica charantia sobre o crescimento micelial de Saprolegnia spp. Os extratos obtidos da maceração de folhas secas e moídas foram incorporados em ágar batata dextrose (BDA), nas concentrações de 0, 5, 15, 25 e 50%. Mais tarde, os discos de papel de filtro contendo o micélio de Saprolegnia spp. foram aplicados no ágar e incubados a 25C. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas, por 10 dias. No estudo, todas as concentrações do extrato de M. charantia tiveram ação inibitória sobre o crescimento micelial da ordem de 75% de Saprolegnia spp., podendo ser considerada uma alternativa promissora para o controle desse patógeno.
RESUMO
The multidrug resistant and the emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from animals, food, and humans are public health concern. These microorganisms produce different toxins related to food poisoning in humans. This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from two organic milk farms in Brazil. A total of 259 milk samples were collected, from which 58 (22.4%) Staphylococcus spp. were isolated. The highest sensibility to ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was observed in 96.6% of Staphylococcus spp., and whereas 89% were resistant to penicillin G. The mecA gene was detected in 13.8% of the isolates. SEA and SEC were the most common enterotoxins detected. PFGE revealed genetic heterogeneity from S. intermedius and S. warneri analyzed, while S. aureus presented similar profiles among isolates from the two studied herds. To the best of our knowledge, the current study describes for the first time presence of enterotoxins, mecA gene, and genetic diversity of staphylococci isolated from organic dairy farms in Brazil.(AU)
A emergência de estafilococos multirresistentes e resistentes à meticilina, isolados de animais, alimentos e humanos é uma preocupação em saúde pública. Esses micro-organismos produzem diferentes toxinas relacionadas à intoxicação alimentar em humanos. Este estudo caracterizou Staphylococcus spp. isolados em duas fazendas orgânicas no Brasil. Foram coletadas 259 amostras de leite em duas propriedades leiteiras orgânicas, nas quais 58 (22,4%) estirpes de Staphylococcus spp. foram isoladas. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados foi observada para ceftiofur e sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim em 96,6%. Em contraste, acima de 89% de resistência dos estafilicocos foi encontrada para penicilina G. O gene mecA foi identificado em 13,8% dos isolados. SEA e SEC foram as enterotoxinas mais comumente detectadas. PFGE revelou heterogeneidade genética entre S. intermedius e S. warneri, enquanto S. aureus demonstraram perfis semelhantes entre isolados dos dois rebanhos estudados. Relata-se pela primeira vez no Brasil a detecção de enterotoxinas, o gene mecA e diversidade genética em estafilococos isolados de vacas em produção orgânica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Alimentos Orgânicos , Genes MDR , Leite/microbiologia , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterotoxinas/genética , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
The multidrug resistant and the emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from animals, food, and humans are public health concern. These microorganisms produce different toxins related to food poisoning in humans. This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from two organic milk farms in Brazil. A total of 259 milk samples were collected, from which 58 (22.4%) Staphylococcus spp. were isolated. The highest sensibility to ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was observed in 96.6% of Staphylococcus spp., and whereas 89% were resistant to penicillin G. The mecA gene was detected in 13.8% of the isolates. SEA and SEC were the most common enterotoxins detected. PFGE revealed genetic heterogeneity from S. intermedius and S. warneri analyzed, while S. aureus presented similar profiles among isolates from the two studied herds. To the best of our knowledge, the current study describes for the first time presence of enterotoxins, mecA gene, and genetic diversity of staphylococci isolated from organic dairy farms in Brazil.(AU)
A emergência de estafilococos multirresistentes e resistentes à meticilina, isolados de animais, alimentos e humanos é uma preocupação em saúde pública. Esses micro-organismos produzem diferentes toxinas relacionadas à intoxicação alimentar em humanos. Este estudo caracterizou Staphylococcus spp. isolados em duas fazendas orgânicas no Brasil. Foram coletadas 259 amostras de leite em duas propriedades leiteiras orgânicas, nas quais 58 (22,4%) estirpes de Staphylococcus spp. foram isoladas. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados foi observada para ceftiofur e sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim em 96,6%. Em contraste, acima de 89% de resistência dos estafilicocos foi encontrada para penicilina G. O gene mecA foi identificado em 13,8% dos isolados. SEA e SEC foram as enterotoxinas mais comumente detectadas. PFGE revelou heterogeneidade genética entre S. intermedius e S. warneri, enquanto S. aureus demonstraram perfis semelhantes entre isolados dos dois rebanhos estudados. Relata-se pela primeira vez no Brasil a detecção de enterotoxinas, o gene mecA e diversidade genética em estafilococos isolados de vacas em produção orgânica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Alimentos Orgânicos , Leite/microbiologia , Genes MDR , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterotoxinas/genética , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
Diarrhea is a major clinical problem affecting foals up to 3 months of age. The aim of this study was to identify enteric microorganisms involved in monoinfections and coinfections and the associated virulence factors in healthy and diarrheic foals. Diarrheic (D) (n = 56) and nondiarrheic (ND) foals (n = 60) up to three months of age were studied. Fecal samples were analyzed for identification of infectious agents (microbiological culturing, molecular techniques, and microscopic analyses). Escherichia coli fimH (30% versus 25%), Salmonella spp. (25% versus 7%), Strongyloides westeri (25% versus 25%), Clostridium perfringens type A (21% versus 10%), E. coli ag43 (20% versus 35%), Strongylus (11% versus 18%), and vapA-positive Rhodococcus equi (5% versus 2%) were the most frequent enteric pathogens detected in D and ND foals, respectively. The frequency of toxin A-positive C. perfringens was significantly increased in the D (p = 0.033) compared with the ND animals. R. equi strains harboring virulent plasmids were also identified (VapA 85-kb type I and VapA 87-kb type I) in D and ND foals. Coinfections were observed in 46% of the D and 33% of the ND foals. Our results demonstrate the great diversity of enteric pathogens, virulence factors, and coinfections involved in enteric infections of foals.
Assuntos
Diarreia/veterinária , Disenteria/microbiologia , Disenteria/parasitologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Animais , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Disenteria/virologia , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , MasculinoRESUMO
Nocardia is a ubiquitous microorganism related to pyogranulomatous infection, which is difficult to treat in humans and animals. The occurrence of the disease is on the rise in many countries due to an increase in immunosuppressive diseases and treatments. This report of cases from Brazil presents the genotypic characterization and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern using the disk-diffusion method and inhibitory minimal concentration with E-test® strips. In summary, this report focuses on infections in young adult men, of which three cases were cutaneous, two pulmonary, one neurological and one systemic. The pulmonary, neurological and systemic cases were attributed to immunosuppressive diseases or treatments. Sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA segments (1491 bp) identified four isolates of Nocardia farcinica, two isolates of Nocardia nova and one isolate of Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica was involved in two cutaneous, one systemic and other pulmonary cases; N. nova was involved in one neurological and one pulmonary case; and Nocardia asiatica in one cutaneous case. The disk-diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the most effective antimicrobials were amikacin (100%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), cephalexin (100%) and ceftiofur (100%), while isolates had presented most resistance to gentamicin (43%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%) and ampicillin (29%). However, on the inhibitory minimal concentration test (MIC test), only one of the four isolates of Nocardia farcinica was resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Nocardiose/microbiologia , Nocardia/genética , Adulto , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Humanos , Masculino , Nocardia/classificação , Nocardia/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Nocardia is a ubiquitous microorganism related to pyogranulomatous infection, which is difficult to treat in humans and animals. The occurrence of the disease is on the rise in many countries due to an increase in immunosuppressive diseases and treatments. This report of cases from Brazil presents the genotypic characterization and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern using the disk-diffusion method and inhibitory minimal concentration with E-test® strips. In summary, this report focuses on infections in young adult men, of which three cases were cutaneous, two pulmonary, one neurological and one systemic. The pulmonary, neurological and systemic cases were attributed to immunosuppressive diseases or treatments. Sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA segments (1491 bp) identified four isolates of Nocardia farcinica, two isolates of Nocardia nova and one isolate of Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica was involved in two cutaneous, one systemic and other pulmonary cases; N. nova was involved in one neurological and one pulmonary case; and Nocardia asiatica in one cutaneous case. The disk-diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the most effective antimicrobials were amikacin (100%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), cephalexin (100%) and ceftiofur (100%), while isolates had presented most resistance to gentamicin (43%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%) and ampicillin (29%). However, on the inhibitory minimal concentration test (MIC test), only one of the four isolates of Nocardia farcinica was resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
Nocardia é um microorganismo ubiquitário relacionado a infecções piogranulomatosas, com difícil resolução tecidual em humanos e animais. A doença é mundialmente emergente devido ao aumento de doenças e tratamentos imunossupressores. Este relato de casos ocorridos no Brasil visa apresentar a identificação molecular dos isolados e o padrão de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos por disco-difusão e concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) através de fitas E-test®. Os casos ocorreram em homens, em idade adulta. Três quadros foram cutâneos, dois pulmonares, um neurológico e um sistêmico. O quadro respiratório, o neurológico e um sistêmico estavam associados à doença ou terapia imunossupressoras. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA (1491pb) possibilitou a identificação de quatro isolados de Nocardia farcinica, dois de Nocardia nova e um de Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica foi observada em dois casos dermatológicos, um pulmonar e um quadro sistêmico, N. nova foi isolada de um caso neurológico e outro pulmonar; e N. asiatica em um caso dermatológico. O teste de disco-difusão mostrou que amicacina (100%), amoxicilina/clavulanato (100%), cefalexina (100%) e ceftiofur (100%) foram mais efetivos; enquanto gentamicina (43%), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (43%) e ampicilina (29%) foram menos efetivos. No entanto, no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), apenas um dos quatro isolados da espécie Nocardia farcinica mostrou-se resistente a sulfametoxazole-trimetropina.