RESUMO

Background and aim: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, for which the first cases were reported in China, by December 2019. The spectrum of clinical presentations is wide, ranging from asymptomatic cases to a severe acute respiratory syndrome, sometimes with multiple systems involvement. Viral infections, including those related to respiratory virus, may cause hearing loss and, by extent, considering its pathophysiology, tinnitus. A systematic review on inner ear related symptoms in patients with COVID-19 reported 4.5% occurrence rate of tinnitus, with high variance of prevalence between the studies. Our aim is to further explore the relationship between COVID-19 and tinnitus. For this purpose we analyzed a sample of people who had suffered from a COVID-19 infection in the city of Volta Redonda, Brazil. In detail, we compared those with new onset tinnitus during or after the COVID-19 infection with those without tinnitus and those with tinnitus onset before the COVID-19 infection. Methods: Fifty-seven patients over 18 years old and previously diagnosed with COVID-19 confirmed by a RT-PCR test were included. Patients were subdivided in three groups: no tinnitus (NT), tinnitus that already existed before COVID-19 (chronic tinnitus, CT) and tinnitus that arose during or after COVID-19 (post-COVID-19 tinnitus, PCT). Data concerning COVID-19 symptoms, drugs prescribed for COVID-19, tinnitus characteristics, comorbidities and other otological symptoms were collected. For all the patients, tonal audiometry and otoacoustic emissions were performed. Tinnitus patients fulfilled the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and visual-analog scales (VAS) for loudness and distress. Patients with CT answered a simple question about the worsening of their tinnitus after COVID-19. Results: PCT was reported by 19.3% of the patients, while 22.8% reported CT. No statistical difference was found between CT and PCT concerning hearing function, tinnitus characteristics and tinnitus distress. There was also no statistically significant difference between PCT and NT with respect to COVID-19 symptoms and pharmacological COVID-19 treatment. Patients with CT reported worsening of their tinnitus after COVID-19. Conclusion: As with other viral infections, inner ear symptoms may be associated with COVID-19. In our sample patients with tinnitus onset before COVID-19 and those with tinnitus onset during or after COVID-19 did not differ significantly in their clinical characteristics and their hearing function, suggesting that tinnitus occurring in the context of a COVID-19 infection is not related to a unique pathophysiological mechanism. The comparison of COVID-19 patients, who developed tinnitus with those who did not develop tinnitus did not reveal any differences in COVID-19 symptoms or COVID-19 treatment. Thus, there was no hint, that a specific expression of COVID-19 is closely related to post COVID-19 tinnitus onset. Although some drugs used to treat tinnitus are known to damage the inner ear cells (especially hydroxychloroquine), we did not see any relationship between the intake of these drugs and tinnitus onset, eventually due to the short prescription time and low doses. Among those patients who had tinnitus before COVID-19 30,8% reported worsening after COVID-19. Overall, tinnitus emerging in the context of a COVID-19 infection seems not to differ from tinnitus unrelated to COVID-19. For further exploring the relationship of tinnitus and COVID-19, large population based studies are warranted.

RESUMO

O prontuário, documento que compila toda a história clínica de um paciente, deve incluir todos os procedimentos médicos realizados e todos os documentos pertinentes ao seu atendimento. Ainda há muitas falhas no preenchimento e elaboração de prontuários e na Medicina Veterinária os estudos acerca desse tema ainda são escassos. O presente trabalho apresenta a correta estruturação desse documento, relaciona as informações que nele devem ser contempladas e trata da elaboração dos termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Também é discutida a importância do desenvolvimento de uma normatização de prontuário unificado para que o paciente possa ser atendido em qualquer estabelecimento, e para que o seu prontuário esteja disponível para o médico-veterinário que o atenda. O uso do prontuário e a sua relação com o Código de Defesa do Consumidor torna evidente o quanto o prontuário pode amparar o médico-veterinário em sua rotina, inclusive no caso de eventual interposição de defesa na esfera judicial, em que o profissional é acusado de ter cometido erros na condução das suas atividades técnicas. O trabalho pretende ser um alerta para que os profissionais atentem para a importância da elaboração e do adequado preenchimento do prontuário e também apresenta uma proposta da implantação de um prontuário médico-veterinário unificado.

The medical record is a document that compiles the entire clinical history of a patient, which is based on all medical procedures performed and must include all of the relevant documents of the case. It is seen that nowadays there are still many drawbecks in filling and preparing medical records and that in Veterinary Medicine the discussion of this topic is very scarce. This work presentshow should be the correct structure of this document, what information it must contain and how the proper terms of free and informed consent could be elaborated. The importance of developing a standardized medical record is discussed, so the patient could be attended in any establishment, and his record would be available to the veterinarian. The use of the medical record and its relationship with the consumer protection code, elucidates how the medical record correctly filled could assist the professional in his routine, and also when he needs to perform hisdefense in the judicial sphere, as in thecase of accusation of a veterinary medical error. The paper was writtento keep the professionals informed about the importance of preparing and filling out the medical record, and also presents a proposal for a unified veterinary medical record.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O prontuário, documento que compila toda a história clínica de um paciente, deve incluir todos os procedimentos médicos realizados e todos os documentos pertinentes ao seu atendimento. Ainda há muitas falhas no preenchimento e elaboração de prontuários e na Medicina Veterinária os estudos acerca desse tema ainda são escassos. O presente trabalho apresenta a correta estruturação desse documento, relaciona as informações que nele devem ser contempladas e trata da elaboração dos termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Também é discutida a importância do desenvolvimento de uma normatização de prontuário unificado para que o paciente possa ser atendido em qualquer estabelecimento, e para que o seu prontuário esteja disponível para o médico-veterinário que o atenda. O uso do prontuário e a sua relação com o Código de Defesa do Consumidor torna evidente o quanto o prontuário pode amparar o médico-veterinário em sua rotina, inclusive no caso de eventual interposição de defesa na esfera judicial, em que o profissional é acusado de ter cometido erros na condução das suas atividades técnicas. O trabalho pretende ser um alerta para que os profissionais atentem para a importância da elaboração e do adequado preenchimento do prontuário e também apresenta uma proposta da implantação de um prontuário médico-veterinário unificado.(AU)

The medical record is a document that compiles the entire clinical history of a patient, which is based on all medical procedures performed and must include all of the relevant documents of the case. It is seen that nowadays there are still many drawbecks in filling and preparing medical records and that in Veterinary Medicine the discussion of this topic is very scarce. This work presentshow should be the correct structure of this document, what information it must contain and how the proper terms of free and informed consent could be elaborated. The importance of developing a standardized medical record is discussed, so the patient could be attended in any establishment, and his record would be available to the veterinarian. The use of the medical record and its relationship with the consumer protection code, elucidates how the medical record correctly filled could assist the professional in his routine, and also when he needs to perform hisdefense in the judicial sphere, as in thecase of accusation of a veterinary medical error. The paper was writtento keep the professionals informed about the importance of preparing and filling out the medical record, and also presents a proposal for a unified veterinary medical record.(AU)

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Vitamins are organic compounds essential for normal physiological functioning and they need to be provided in adequate amounts by the diet. They are nutrients mainly associated to fruit consumption, playing an important role in the cellular function, growth and development of individuals. The present study aimed to analyze levels of vitamins B, C and carotenoids of fruits from the agrobiodiversity of Northeastern Brazil, among them cajuí (Anacardium spp), murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth), pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), cajá (Spondias mombin L.), umbu-cajá (Spondias bahiensis P. Carvalho, Van den Berg & M. Machado), umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), araçá (Psidium sobralianum Landrum & Proença). The vitamins were quantified using the analytical method High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin B complex levels varied from 0.003 ± 0.01 mg/100 g to 6.107 ± 0.06 mg/100 g. Vitamin C ranged from 0.36 ± 0.06 mg/100 g to 253.92 ± 9.02 mg/100 g. Carotenoid values ranged from 0.12 ± 0.02 µg/100 g to 395.63 ± 113.69 µg/100 g. Thus, the profile of water-soluble vitamins and carotenoids of the fruits analyzed was quantified. Therefore, these fruits can provide varied amounts of vitamins important to human health. However, it is interesting for the individual to consume fruits in a diversified manner, avoiding monotony and thus guaranteeing the daily intake of more nutrients.

RESUMO

Prolonged stress suffered by the organism in the presence of chronic diseases can result in functional and morphological changes to the adrenal glands; although the effects of chronic stress on the adrenal gland function in live dogs is well documented, studies focusing on the morphologic changes in the adrenal glands have been lacking. Thus, this study aimed to identify and connect possible morphometric and histopathological changes in the adrenal glands of necropsied dogs in the presence or absence of chronic diseases. Morphological changes in the adrenal glands of 46 necropsied dogs were evaluated through morphometric and histopathological analyses. The morphometric characteristics of the adrenal glands of dogs were influenced more by the animal’s body weight (p < 0.0001) and adrenocortical hyperplasia (p < 0.05) than by the stress associated with chronic diseases or acute conditions. Previously healthy animals with sudden death or animals that died from acute diseases had significant severe congestion in the adrenal glands (p = 0.0272), while adrenocortical hyperplasia was more frequent in the chronic diseases group (p = 0.0041). Fibrosis at the corticomedullary junction (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory infiltrate (p = 0.0015) were observed only in animals with chronic diseases. The adrenal glands of dogs with chronic cardiac dysfunction frequently showed significant necrosis (p = 0.0256), fibrosis (p = 0.0002) and lipid depletion (p = 0.0288). Thus, while the weight or dimensions of the adrenal glands of dogs at necropsy should not be used alone as parameters to indicate a relation with the stress suffered prior to death, the histopathological findings could aid and support necropsy conclusions regarding the presence of chronic diseases.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Prolonged stress suffered by the organism in the presence of chronic diseases can result in functional and morphological changes to the adrenal glands; although the effects of chronic stress on the adrenal gland function in live dogs is well documented, studies focusing on the morphologic changes in the adrenal glands have been lacking. Thus, this study aimed to identify and connect possible morphometric and histopathological changes in the adrenal glands of necropsied dogs in the presence or absence of chronic diseases. Morphological changes in the adrenal glands of 46 necropsied dogs were evaluated through morphometric and histopathological analyses. The morphometric characteristics of the adrenal glands of dogs were influenced more by the animals body weight (p < 0.0001) and adrenocortical hyperplasia (p < 0.05) than by the stress associated with chronic diseases or acute conditions. Previously healthy animals with sudden death or animals that died from acute diseases had significant severe congestion in the adrenal glands (p = 0.0272), while adrenocortical hyperplasia was more frequent in the chronic diseases group (p = 0.0041). Fibrosis at the corticomedullary junction (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory infiltrate (p = 0.0015) were observed only in animals with chronic diseases. The adrenal glands of dogs with chronic cardiac dysfunction frequently showed significant necrosis (p = 0.0256), fibrosis (p = 0.0002) and lipid depletion (p = 0.0288). Thus, while the weight or dimensions of the adrenal glands of dogs at necropsy should not be used alone as parameters to indicate a relation with the stress suffered prior to death, the histopathological findings could aid and support necropsy conclusions regarding the presence of chronic diseases.(AU)

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Animal cruelty is a known behavior of psychopaths, and although the serial killing of humans is widely acknowledged worldwide, this type of crime against animals is seldom discussed. This report describes the necropsy and toxicological findings of 37 dogs and cats, which were found dead in plastic bags in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The animals had all been in the care of an alleged animal rescuer and were to be referred for adoption before being found dead. In the necropsy, the animals showed varying degrees of putrefaction, indicating different periods of death, as well as single or multiple perforations on the thorax. The perforations reached the heart, lungs or large thoracic vessels, culminating in hemopericardium and hemothorax that led to death by circulatory failure and cardiac tamponade. Blood from the heart and thoracic cavity was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and tested positive for ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic. The suspect declared that she had killed only five of the animals and that they had all been fatally sick. The necropsy proved that all 37 animals were killed in the same way, that none of the animals had any terminal diseases and that a restricted drug was used. The suspect was sentenced to 12 years, 6 months and 14days of prison for the killing of the 37 animals. This was the first conviction for the crime of animal cruelty in Brazil. The combined role of police, forensic veterinary pathologists and prosecutors were essential to the conviction, which was a great historical occasion in the fight against animal cruelty.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate central nervous system (CNS) lesions in non-effusive and effusive cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) regarding aspects related to astrocytic and microglial reactions. METHODS: Five necropsied cats that were naturally infected with FIP virus, confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, with different intensities of CNS lesions, were studied. Brain and cerebellum were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin to assess astrocytic morphology, and lectin histochemistry for Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I) to detect microglia was performed to evaluate the glial response in the CNS of cats with FIP. RESULTS: An important astrocytic response in many areas of the CNS of all cats, including the periventricular areas of lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle, the molecular layer of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, was visualized. This astrocytic reactivity was associated with areas of granulomatous or pyogranulomatous vasculitis/perivasculitis in most cases, and it was characterized by multifocal to coalescing astrocytosis and astrogliosis with an increase in the expression of intermediate filaments, such as GFAP. However, astrocytes exhibited strong vimentin expression in neuroparenchyma with severe inflammatory and necrotic changes, but GFAP expression was mild or absent in these cases. A microglial response was present only in severe lesions, and RCA-I expression was detected primarily in gitter cells and resting microglia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The present study indicates a strong astrocytic response, including the presence of many less differentiated vimentin-positive astrocytes and gitter cells positive for RCA-1 in severe lesions in the CNS of cats with FIP.

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O gato doméstico é uma espécie que costuma ser alvo de maus-tratos.Vários estudos demonstram que o gato sofre com dois tipos principais de atosmaliciosos: intoxicação intencional por praguicidas e traumas, que podem seracidentais ou não acidentais. Os traumas mais observados em medicina veterinária são de ordem mecânica, podendo ser causados por diversos instrumentos. Na casuística do Serviço de Patologia Animal da FMVZ-USP, identificaram-se 90 casos delesões traumáticas em gatos entre 1998 e 2012, dos quais 41,1% eram fêmeas, 27,8% machos e em 31% deles não havia essa informação. Em 67,8% dos casos, os felinos tinham até dois anos de idade. Em 54,4% dos casos, as lesões eram contusas; em 36.7%, perfurocontusas; em 3.3%, perfurocortantes; e em 5,6%, de outros tipos. Nos últimos anos, vem aumentando a demanda por necropsias com fins periciais, e o exame acurado dos traumas é fundamental à elucidação de casos suspeitos de maus-tratos.

The domestic cat is a target species in terms of cruel acts. Studies haveshown that cats suffer from two main types of malicious acts: intentional poisoning by pesticides and traumatic lesions; the latter may be of accidental or non-accidental nature. The most frequently observed traumas in veterinary medicine are of mechanicalorder and can be caused by various instruments. Between 1998 and 2012, 90 cats victims of traumatic lesions were necropsied by the Animal Pathology Service of FMVZ-USP. Among these, 41.1% were female and 27.8% were male; gender informationwas not available for the remainder 31%. 67.8% of the animals were up to 2 years old. ln 54.4% of the cases, the injuries were from blunt force trauma; in 36.7%. from stab wounds, in 3.3%, from incised-stab wounds and in 5.6% from other types of injuries. ln recent years, the demand for animal necropsies with forensic purposes has increased, and careful examination of the trauma is key to elucidating cases concerning suspicion of animal abuse.

El gato doméstico es una especie que suele sufrir malos tratos. Existenvarios estudios que demuestran que el gato sufre con dos tipos de actos maliciosos: intoxicación intencional con plaguicidas y traumas, que pueden tener origen en un accidente, o ser no accidentales. Los traumas más observados en medicina veterinariason aquellos de origen mecánico, y pueden ser causados por diversos tipos de instrumentos. Entre los años 1998 y 2012, en el Servicio de Patologia Animal de la FMVZ-USP, se identificaron 90 casos de lesiones traumáticas en gatos. De estos animales, el 41,1% eran hembras, el 27,8% machos y en el 31% de los casos no había información sobre el sexo. En el 67,8% de los casos, los felinos eran menores a 2 años. En el 54,4% de los casos, las lesiones eran contundentes ; en el 36,7%,perfurocontundentes; en el 3,3%, perfurocortantes; y en el 5,6% eran de otros tipos. En los últimos años ha aumentado la demanda para que se realicen necropsias con fines periciales, y el examen detallado de los traumas resulta fundamental para aclarar los casos sospechosos de malos tratos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O gato doméstico é uma espécie que costuma ser alvo de maus-tratos.Vários estudos demonstram que o gato sofre com dois tipos principais de atosmaliciosos: intoxicação intencional por praguicidas e traumas, que podem seracidentais ou não acidentais. Os traumas mais observados em medicina veterinária são de ordem mecânica, podendo ser causados por diversos instrumentos. Na casuística do Serviço de Patologia Animal da FMVZ-USP, identificaram-se 90 casos delesões traumáticas em gatos entre 1998 e 2012, dos quais 41,1% eram fêmeas, 27,8% machos e em 31% deles não havia essa informação. Em 67,8% dos casos, os felinos tinham até dois anos de idade. Em 54,4% dos casos, as lesões eram contusas; em 36.7%, perfurocontusas; em 3.3%, perfurocortantes; e em 5,6%, de outros tipos. Nos últimos anos, vem aumentando a demanda por necropsias com fins periciais, e o exame acurado dos traumas é fundamental à elucidação de casos suspeitos de maus-tratos.(AU)

The domestic cat is a target species in terms of cruel acts. Studies haveshown that cats suffer from two main types of malicious acts: intentional poisoning by pesticides and traumatic lesions; the latter may be of accidental or non-accidental nature. The most frequently observed traumas in veterinary medicine are of mechanicalorder and can be caused by various instruments. Between 1998 and 2012, 90 cats victims of traumatic lesions were necropsied by the Animal Pathology Service of FMVZ-USP. Among these, 41.1% were female and 27.8% were male; gender informationwas not available for the remainder 31%. 67.8% of the animals were up to 2 years old. ln 54.4% of the cases, the injuries were from blunt force trauma; in 36.7%. from stab wounds, in 3.3%, from incised-stab wounds and in 5.6% from other types of injuries. ln recent years, the demand for animal necropsies with forensic purposes has increased, and careful examination of the trauma is key to elucidating cases concerning suspicion of animal abuse.(AU)

El gato doméstico es una especie que suele sufrir malos tratos. Existenvarios estudios que demuestran que el gato sufre con dos tipos de actos maliciosos: intoxicación intencional con plaguicidas y traumas, que pueden tener origen en un accidente, o ser no accidentales. Los traumas más observados en medicina veterinariason aquellos de origen mecánico, y pueden ser causados por diversos tipos de instrumentos. Entre los años 1998 y 2012, en el Servicio de Patologia Animal de la FMVZ-USP, se identificaron 90 casos de lesiones traumáticas en gatos. De estos animales, el 41,1% eran hembras, el 27,8% machos y en el 31% de los casos no había información sobre el sexo. En el 67,8% de los casos, los felinos eran menores a 2 años. En el 54,4% de los casos, las lesiones eran contundentes ; en el 36,7%,perfurocontundentes; en el 3,3%, perfurocortantes; y en el 5,6% eran de otros tipos. En los últimos años ha aumentado la demanda para que se realicen necropsias con fines periciales, y el examen detallado de los traumas resulta fundamental para aclarar los casos sospechosos de malos tratos.(AU)

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RESUMO

Com o crescimento do mercado pet e suas inovações, proprietáriosde cães e gatos encontram cada vez mais alternativas paraa saúde e bem-estar de seus animais. Os estabelecimentos debanho e tosa vem ganhando espaço, uma vez que muitos proprietáriosnão dispõem de tempo e habilidade para a realizaçãoda higiene de seus animais. Porém, o que muitos proprietáriose até mesmo médicos veterinários desconhecem, é que cães egatos podem vir a óbito durante tais procedimentos aparentementeinofensivos, principalmente devido ao estresse. A mortedecorrente de estresse pode ocorrer tanto em animais debilitadosquanto saudáveis, independente da raça, idade ou sexo. Em umambiente de banho e tosa, a presença de agentes estressores éinevitável, mas algumas regras devem ser seguidas a fim de minimizaro estresse nestes animais. Este trabalho tem como objetivofornecer informações acerca da causa de morte nessas circunstânciase suas implicações legais.(AU)

With the growth of the pet market and its innovations, ownersof dogs and cats have increasingly alternatives for the health andwelfare of their animals. Establishments of bathing and groomingare becoming more popular, as many owners do not have thetime and ability to provide the adequate hygiene of their pets.However, many pet owners and even veterinarians are unawarethat dogs and cats can die during bathing or grooming, due tostress. Death related to stress may happen to sick or healthyanimals, regardless of breed, age or sex. In the bathing andgrooming environment, the presence of stressors is inevitable,but some rules must be followed to minimize the stress in theseanimals. This paper aims to provide information about the causeof death of these animals and the legal implications involved.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Com o crescimento do mercado pet e suas inovações, proprietáriosde cães e gatos encontram cada vez mais alternativas paraa saúde e bem-estar de seus animais. Os estabelecimentos debanho e tosa vem ganhando espaço, uma vez que muitos proprietáriosnão dispõem de tempo e habilidade para a realizaçãoda higiene de seus animais. Porém, o que muitos proprietáriose até mesmo médicos veterinários desconhecem, é que cães egatos podem vir a óbito durante tais procedimentos aparentementeinofensivos, principalmente devido ao estresse. A mortedecorrente de estresse pode ocorrer tanto em animais debilitadosquanto saudáveis, independente da raça, idade ou sexo. Em umambiente de banho e tosa, a presença de agentes estressores éinevitável, mas algumas regras devem ser seguidas a fim de minimizaro estresse nestes animais. Este trabalho tem como objetivofornecer informações acerca da causa de morte nessas circunstânciase suas implicações legais.

With the growth of the pet market and its innovations, ownersof dogs and cats have increasingly alternatives for the health andwelfare of their animals. Establishments of bathing and groomingare becoming more popular, as many owners do not have thetime and ability to provide the adequate hygiene of their pets.However, many pet owners and even veterinarians are unawarethat dogs and cats can die during bathing or grooming, due tostress. Death related to stress may happen to sick or healthyanimals, regardless of breed, age or sex. In the bathing andgrooming environment, the presence of stressors is inevitable,but some rules must be followed to minimize the stress in theseanimals. This paper aims to provide information about the causeof death of these animals and the legal implications involved.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O aumento da conscientização de médicos veterinários e proprietários de animais quanto às consequências legais referentes à prática da medicina veterinária se reflete na crescente demanda pela medicina veterinária legal. A patologia forense é um instrumento valioso nessa área, sendo seu conhecimento essencial em casos de óbito de animais com suspeita de maus-tratos, negligência, intoxicações exógenas e erros médicos, dentre outros. As necrópsias com fins periciais apresentam diferenças quanto ao exame necroscópico tradicional, especialmente no registro e na documentação de lesões, tornando necessário o conhecimento das bases da patologia forense. O presente trabalho visa reunir e divulgar informações técnicas quanto à patologia forense veterinária e à realização de uma necrópsia documentada com fins periciais, a fim de auxiliar o médico veterinário frente a um caso com potencial jurídico de óbito animal.(AU)

The increasing awareness of veterinarians and animal owners regarding the legal consequences of the veterinary medicine practice is reflected on the growing demand for veterinary forensic medicine. Forensic pathology is a very valuable tool in this area, being essential in cases of animal death that may suggest abuse, neglect, poisoning and medical errors, among others. Necropsies for forensic ends present some differences regarding the traditional exam, especially regarding the recording and documentation of lesions, thus rendering the knowledge of the bases of forensic pathology necessary. The present study aims to gather and disclose technical information about the performance of forensic necropsies in animals, in order to assist the veterinarian in cases of animal death with legal potential.(AU)

El aumento de la concientización de los médicos veterinarios y de los propietarios de animales en relación a las consecuencias legales relacionadas con la práctica de la medicina veterinaria puede verse reflejada en la creciente demanda por una medicina veterinaria forense. La patología forense representa un valioso instrumento en esa área, siendo esencial su conocimiento en los casos de muerte de animales donde se sospecha de malos tratos, negligencia, intoxicaciones exógenas y errores médicos, entre otras situaciones. Las necropsias con fines periciales presentan diferencias con el examen necroscópico convencional, especialmente en el registro y en la documentación de las lesiones, siendo necesario que se conozcan las bases de la patología forense. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reunir y divulgar las informaciones técnicas relacionadas con la patología forense veterinaria, con la realización de una necropsia documentada con fines periciales, a fin de ayudar al médico veterinario en los casos donde exista un potencial jurídico relacionado con la muerte un animal.(AU)

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RESUMO

O aumento da conscientização de médicos veterinários e proprietários de animais quanto às consequências legais referentes à prática da medicina veterinária se reflete na crescente demanda pela medicina veterinária legal. A patologia forense é um instrumento valioso nessa área, sendo seu conhecimento essencial em casos de óbito de animais com suspeita de maus-tratos, negligência, intoxicações exógenas e erros médicos, dentre outros. As necrópsias com fins periciais apresentam diferenças quanto ao exame necroscópico tradicional, especialmente no registro e na documentação de lesões, tornando necessário o conhecimento das bases da patologia forense. O presente trabalho visa reunir e divulgar informações técnicas quanto à patologia forense veterinária e à realização de uma necrópsia documentada com fins periciais, a fim de auxiliar o médico veterinário frente a um caso com potencial jurídico de óbito animal.

The increasing awareness of veterinarians and animal owners regarding the legal consequences of the veterinary medicine practice is reflected on the growing demand for veterinary forensic medicine. Forensic pathology is a very valuable tool in this area, being essential in cases of animal death that may suggest abuse, neglect, poisoning and medical errors, among others. Necropsies for forensic ends present some differences regarding the traditional exam, especially regarding the recording and documentation of lesions, thus rendering the knowledge of the bases of forensic pathology necessary. The present study aims to gather and disclose technical information about the performance of forensic necropsies in animals, in order to assist the veterinarian in cases of animal death with legal potential.

El aumento de la concientización de los médicos veterinarios y de los propietarios de animales en relación a las consecuencias legales relacionadas con la práctica de la medicina veterinaria puede verse reflejada en la creciente demanda por una medicina veterinaria forense. La patología forense representa un valioso instrumento en esa área, siendo esencial su conocimiento en los casos de muerte de animales donde se sospecha de malos tratos, negligencia, intoxicaciones exógenas y errores médicos, entre otras situaciones. Las necropsias con fines periciales presentan diferencias con el examen necroscópico convencional, especialmente en el registro y en la documentación de las lesiones, siendo necesario que se conozcan las bases de la patología forense. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reunir y divulgar las informaciones técnicas relacionadas con la patología forense veterinaria, con la realización de una necropsia documentada con fines periciales, a fin de ayudar al médico veterinario en los casos donde exista un potencial jurídico relacionado con la muerte un animal.

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RATIONALE: The excessive intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin concentrate, supplement or vitamin-rich liver can result in hypervitaminosis A in man and animals. Although osteopathologies resulting from chronic vitamin A intoxication in cats are well characterized, no information is available concerning feline hypervitaminosis A-induced liver disease. CLINICAL SUMMARY: We report the first case of hepatic stellate cell lipidosis and hepatic fibrosis in a domestic cat that had been fed a diet based on raw beef liver. Radiographic examination revealed exostoses and ankylosis between vertebrae C1 and T7, compatible with deforming cervical spondylosis. Necropsy showed a slightly enlarged and light yellow to bronze liver. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses of liver tissues revealed diffuse and severe liver fibrosis associated with hepatic stellate cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These cells showed immunopositive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin markers. The necropsy findings of chronic liver disease coupled with osteopathology supported the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: As in human hepatology, if there is dietary evidence to support increased intake of vitamin A, then hypervitaminosis A should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver disease in cats.

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Animal cruelty is defined as a deliberate action that causes pain and suffering to an animal. In Brazil, legislation known as the Environmental Crimes Law states that cruelty toward all animal species is criminal in nature. From 644 domestic cats necropsied between January 1998 and December 2009, 191 (29.66%) presented lesions highly suggestive of animal cruelty. The main necroscopic finding was exogenous carbamate poisoning (75.39%) followed by blunt-force trauma (21.99%). Cats from 7 months to 2 years of age were the most affected (50.79%). In Brazil, violence is a public health problem and there is a high prevalence of domestic violence. Therefore, even if laws provide for animal welfare and protection, animals are common targets for violent acts. Within a context of social violence, cruelty toward animals is an important parameter to be considered, and the non-accidental lesions that were found are evidence of malicious actions.

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Veterinary pathology specialists deal with a wide range of challenges in order to practice and provide useful results from analyzing deceased animals. The large number of species is certainly a first step that makes education in Veterinary Pathology so exciting. Knowing animal diseases is the basis of what we understand from comparative pathology and its contribution to public and environmental health. Recently a new search for veterinary pathology work is asked in situations that death of animals is linked to crime, or a crime scene investigation is taking place. Law Enforcement asks for Expert Witness Testimony to analyze cause of death of one, or even several animals that can be involved in a crime scene investigation. Different from a routine necropsy, forensic necropsies usually have medico-legal interest and this changes completely the scenario. For this purpose, postmortem examination requires additional and rigorous documentation of all steps taken from the crime scene, gross and microscopically detected lesions in the bodies and collected samples that will be analyzed in special laboratories. Criminal actions in which animals might be involved, either as a victim, a testimony or a perpetrator need a correct interpretation.

RESUMO

Veterinary pathology specialists deal with a wide range of challenges in order to practice and provide useful results from analyzing deceased animals. The large number of species is certainly a first step that makes education in Veterinary Pathology so exciting. Knowing animal diseases is the basis of what we understand from comparative pathology and its contribution to public and environmental health. Recently a new search for veterinary pathology work is asked in situations that death of animals is linked to crime, or a crime scene investigation is taking place. Law Enforcement asks for Expert Witness Testimony to analyze cause of death of one, or even several animals that can be involved in a crime scene investigation. Different from a routine necropsy, forensic necropsies usually have medico-legal interest and this changes completely the scenario. For this purpose, postmortem examination requires additional and rigorous documentation of all steps taken from the crime scene, gross and microscopically detected lesions in the bodies and collected samples that will be analyzed in special laboratories. Criminal actions in which animals might be involved, either as a victim, a testimony or a perpetrator need a correct interpretation.

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This study aimed to evaluate occurrences of antibodies against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs with neurological signs. Blood samples from 147 dogs were collected: 127 from owned dogs (attended at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (HV-UFPR) and at private veterinary clinics in the city of Curitiba), and 20 from stray dogs found in Curitiba's metropolitan region. The dogs presented one or more of the following neurological signs: seizures, paresis or paralysis, ataxia, behavioral abnormalities, sensory and somatic disorders and chorioretinitis. The samples were analyzed by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), at a cutoff dilution of 1:50. Out of the 147 samples obtained, 17 (11.56%) were seropositive for N. caninum, 31 (21.08%) for T. gondii and four (2.72%) for both protozoa. Serum titration on the positive animals showed that 54.83% (17/31) and 41.18% (7/17) had titers ≥ 1:200 against T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. A significant difference in seropositivity for T. gondii (P = 0.021; OR = 2.87; CI = 1.1 > 2.8 > 7.4) was observed between owned dogs (18.11%) and stray dogs (40%). Inclusion of serological tests for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis is recommended in diagnosing neurological diseases in dogs.

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This study aimed to evaluate occurrences of antibodies against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs with neurological signs. Blood samples from 147 dogs were collected: 127 from owned dogs (attended at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (HV-UFPR) and at private veterinary clinics in the city of Curitiba), and 20 from stray dogs found in Curitiba's metropolitan region. The dogs presented one or more of the following neurological signs: seizures, paresis or paralysis, ataxia, behavioral abnormalities, sensory and somatic disorders and chorioretinitis. The samples were analyzed by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), at a cutoff dilution of 1:50. Out of the 147 samples obtained, 17 (11.56 percent) were seropositive for N. caninum, 31 (21.08 percent) for T. gondii and four (2.72 percent) for both protozoa. Serum titration on the positive animals showed that 54.83 percent (17/31) and 41.18 percent (7/17) had titers > 1:200 against T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. A significant difference in seropositivity for T. gondii (P = 0.021; OR = 2.87; CI = 1.1 > 2.8 > 7.4) was observed between owned dogs (18.11 percent) and stray dogs (40 percent). Inclusion of serological tests for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis is recommended in diagnosing neurological diseases in dogs.(AU)

Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum e/ou Toxoplasma gondii em cães com sinais neurológicos. Foram coletadas 147 amostras de sangue, sendo 127 de animais domiciliados (atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HV-UFPR) e em clínicas veterinárias da cidade de Curitiba) e 20 de cães errantes da região metropolitana de Curitiba. Os cães apresentavam um ou mais dos seguintes sinais neurológicos: convulsão, paresia ou paralisia, ataxia, alterações de comportamento, alterações sensoriais somáticas e coriorretinite. As amostras foram analisadas pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), na diluição de corte 1:50. Das 147 amostras obtidas, 17 (11,56 por cento) foram positivas para N. caninum, 31 (21,08 por cento) foram positivas para T. gondii e quatro (2,72 por cento) foram reagentes para ambos os protozoários. Na titulação dos animais positivos, 54,83 por cento (17/31) e 41,18 por cento (07/17) apresentaram títulos >1:200 contra T. gondii e N. caninum, respectivamente. Diferença significativa (P = 0,021, OR = 2,87, IC = 1,1 > 2,8 > 7,4) foi observada para soropositividade ao T. gondii entre cães domiciliados (18,11 por cento) e errantes (40 por cento). Sugere-se a inclusão dos exames sorológicos de neosporose e toxoplasmose no diagnóstico de doença neurológica em cães.(AU)

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