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OBJECTIVES: The Fluconazole pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship was investigated in a few clinical settings and only limited studies regarding burned patients are available. Thus, the authors aimed to investigate fluconazole pharmacokinetics changes and its impact on antifungal therapy coverage against dose-dependent Candida spp. applying the PK/PD approach in critically ill severely burned patients. METHODS: Fluconazole was administered as a one-hour intravenous infusion of 200 mg q12h. Doses were increased according to the coverage based on the PK/PD approach. Blood samples were collected at the end of the infusion (1st hour), two hours after (3rd hour), and before the next dose (12th or 24th hour). Serum concentrations were obtained by HPLC-UV. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental analysis and compared with data described in healthy subjects. The effectiveness predictive index was based on the AUCss0-24h/MIC ratio, with a target above 25. RESULTS: Every pharmacokinetic parameter was reduced throughout all three sets of the study. Compared to healthy subjects, the volume of distribution was decreased about 3‒7 times, biological half-life was 2‒3 times shorter and total body clearance was slightly altered but statistically significant. Both half-life and total body clearance were correlated to the volume of distribution. Consequently, an increase in fluconazole daily dose was necessary to improve empiric coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Fluconazole pharmacokinetics is altered in critically ill severely burned patients, mainly related to the volume of distribution. Doses higher than usual may be necessary to reach the PK/PD target and guarantee antifungal coverage against dose-dependent Candida spp. up to MIC 32 mg/L.

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Abstract Perioperative Goal-Directed Therapy (PGDT) has significantly showed to decrease complications and risk of death in high-risk patients according to numerous meta-analyses. The main goal of PGDT is to individualize the therapy with fluids, inotropes, and vasopressors, during and after surgery, according to patients' needs in order to prevent organic dysfunction development. In this opinion paper we aimed to focus a discussion on possible alternatives to invasive hemodynamic monitoring in low resource settings.

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OBJECTIVE: Bronchoaspiration of gastric content is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but evaluating this complication is a difficult task. However, gastric ultrasonography can safely assess gastric content and prevent bronchoaspiration. Therefore, a systematic review was performed in order to verify the efficacy of ultrasonography in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of gastric content. METHODS: A literature review of articles published between 2009 and 2019 in the PubMed and LILACS databases was conducted using combinations of the keywords "gastric ultrasound," "gastric emptying," and "gastric content." RESULTS: Of the 20 articles found, 19 chose the antral region as the best site for qualitative analysis of the gastric content. Regarding quantitative measurement, the most commonly used method to calculate the gastric volume in eight articles was the formula "Gastric Volume = 27 + (14.6 × ATAG) - (1.28 × Age)," in which the area of the transverse section of the gastric antrum (ATAG) could also be calculated by the largest antral diameters or by free tracing. CONCLUSION: An efficient evaluation of the gastric content can be performed by ultrasonography of the antral region, contributing to greater safety in the clinical management of patients with increased risk for bronchoaspiration during airway management.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Bronchoaspiration of gastric content is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but evaluating this complication is a difficult task. However, gastric ultrasonography can safely assess gastric content and prevent bronchoaspiration. Therefore, a systematic review was performed in order to verify the efficacy of ultrasonography in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of gastric content. METHODS: A literature review of articles published between 2009 and 2019 in the PubMed and LILACS databases was conducted using combinations of the keywords "gastric ultrasound," "gastric emptying," and "gastric content." RESULTS: Of the 20 articles found, 19 chose the antral region as the best site for qualitative analysis of the gastric content. Regarding quantitative measurement, the most commonly used method to calculate the gastric volume in eight articles was the formula "Gastric Volume = 27 + (14.6 × ATAG) − (1.28 × Age)," in which the area of the transverse section of the gastric antrum (ATAG) could also be calculated by the largest antral diameters or by free tracing. CONCLUSION: An efficient evaluation of the gastric content can be performed by ultrasonography of the antral region, contributing to greater safety in the clinical management of patients with increased risk for bronchoaspiration during airway management.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: A broncoaspiração do conteúdo gástrico associa-se à alta morbimortalidade, porem a avaliação desta complicação é tarefa dificil. Por outro lado, a ultrassonografia gástrica avalia o conteúdo gástrico com segurança, podendo evitar a broncoaspiração. Portanto, foi realizada revisão sistemática com objetivo de verificar a aplicabilidade da ultrassonografia na análise qualitativa e quantitativa do conteúdo gástrico. MÉTODOS: Revisão de literatura de artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2019 nas bases de dados PubMed e LILACS usando combinações das palavras chave: "Gastric ultrasound", "gastric emptying" e "gastric content". RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 20 artigos. A região antral foi escolhida em 19 artigos como melhor local do ponto de vista qualitativo para analisar o conteúdo gástrico. A respeito da mensuração quantitativa, o método mais utilizado para cálculo do volume gástrico, escolhido em 8 artigos, foi através da fórmula Volume gástrico = 27 + (14,6 x ATAG) - (1,28 x Idade), em que a Área da Secção Transversa do Antro Gástrico (ATAG) pode ser igualmente calculada pelos maiores diâmetros antrais ou pelo seu traçado livre. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia da região antral permite boa avaliação do conteúdo gástrico, trazendo maior segurança ao manejo clínico de pacientess com risco aumentado para broncoaspiração no manejo da via aerea.

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OBJECTIVES: We designed a cohort study to describe characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the largest public hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, as Latin America becomes the epicenter of the pandemic. METHODS: This is the protocol for a study being conducted at an academic hospital in Brazil with 300 adult ICU beds dedicated to COVID-19 patients. We will include adult patients admitted to the ICU with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 during the study period. The main outcome is ICU survival at 28 days. Data will be collected prospectively and retrospectively by trained investigators from the hospital's electronic medical records, using an electronic data capture tool. We will collect data on demographics, comorbidities, severity of disease, and laboratorial test results at admission. Information on the need for advanced life support and ventilator parameters will be collected during ICU stay. Patients will be followed up for 28 days in the ICU and 60 days in the hospital. We will plot Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate ICU and hospital survival and perform survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model to identify the main risk factors for mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04378582. RESULTS: We expect to include a large sample of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU and to be able to provide data on admission characteristics, use of advanced life support, ICU survival at 28 days, and hospital survival at 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide epidemiological data about critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, which could inform health policy and resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries.

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Justificativa e Objetivos: Acidose é uma desordem muito frequente em pacientes cirúrgicos. Neste cenário, permanecem incertas as implicações clínicas da acidose e características de cada tipo. Portanto, é relevante tentar elucidar o papel de cada tipo de acidose no prognóstico de pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco. Método: Trata-se de estudo multicêntrico observacional prospectivo, realizado em três diferentes hospitais. Os pacientes que necessitassem no pós-operatório de cuidados intensivos foram incluídos no estudo consecutivamente. Pacientes com baixa expectativa de vida (câncer sem perspectiva de tratamento), pacientes com insuficiência hepática (child B ou C), insuficiência renal (Clearence de creatinina < 50 mL/min ou hemodiálise prévia), diagnóstico de diabetes previamente foram excluídos. Os pacientes classificados na admissão da UTI quanto ao tipo de acidose que desenvolviam no pós-operatório imediato foram acompanhados até 30 dias e alta hospitalar. Tal classificação avaliou acidose metabólica, pela quantificação da diferença de base menor que -4 mmol/L, anion gap corrigido pela albumina (AG) e lactato aumentados, quando maiores que 12 e 2 mmo/L, respectivamente. Então, os pacientes foram classificados como acidose metabólica hiperlactatemica, aumentado e normal (hipercloremica) anion gap corrigido pela albumina. Resultados: O total de 618 pacientes foram incluídos durante dois anos. A incidência de acidose metabólica foi 59,1% na UTI, porém 148 (23,9%) apresentaram hipercloremica, 131 (21,2%) revelaram hiperlactatemia, 86 (13,9%) AG aumentado e em 253 (40,9%) não ocorreu acidose metabólica. Dentre todas as cirurgias, pacientes de cirurgia gastrointestinal foram associados a maiores porcentagens de acidose metabólica 46,2% versus 19,8% sem acidose, P < 0,05. Interessantemente, acidose com hipercloremia apresentou mais altos valores de cloro na admissão da UTI 115,0 ± 5,7 meq/L (P < 0,05) e receberam maiores quantidades de solução fisiológica 0,9% no...

Background: Acidosis is a very frequent disorder in surgical patients. In this patient set there remains uncertainty the clinic implications from acidosis and characteristics postoperatively. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the role of each acidosis type in outcome for high-risk surgical patients. Methods: Multicenter prospective observational study was performed in three different hospitals. The patients who needed postoperative ICU were involved in the study consecutively. Patients with low life expectancy (cancer without treatment), hepatic failure, renal failure, and diabetic diagnosis were excluded. The patients were followed until 30 days and hospital discharge. On ICU admission, immediately postoperative period, the patients were classified to each type of acidosis. The classification evaluated metabolic acidosis as base excess < -4 mmol/L and high albumin-corrected anion gap (AG) and hyperlactatemia, both > 12 and > 2 mmol/L, respectively. So, the metabolic acidosis classification patients were related to hyperlactatemic, high and normal (hyperchloremic) albumin-corrected anion gap. Results: The study enrolled 618 patients during 2 years. Overall, the acidosis incidence was 59.1% on ICU admission, 148 (23.9%) hyperchloremic, 131 (21.2%) hyperlactatemia, 86 (13.9%) a high anion gap and in 253 (40.9%) there was no metabolic acidosis. The hyperchloremic group presented the highest chlorine level, 115.0 ± 5.7 meq/L (P < 0.05) and highest administration of 0.9% physiologic solution intraoperatively, 3000,0 (2000,0 - 4000,0) mL (P < 0.05). However, in spite of patients didn't present difference in profile demographic and score prognostic, those who remain after 12 hours with acidosis, depend on groups classification in postoperatively showed greater ICU complications, respectively, hyperlactatemia group 68.8%; high anion gap 68.6%; hyperchloremic 65.8% and no acidosis 59.3%, P = 0.03. Cardiovascular and renal dysfunctions were the main...

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Anemia and blood transfusions are common in intensive care. This study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and outcomes among critically ill patients under a restrictive transfusion strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational cohort study in an intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: All adults admitted to the ICU over a one-year period who remained there for more than 72 hours were included, except those with acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, acute hemorrhage, prior transfusion, pregnant women and Jehovah's Witnesses. The restrictive strategy consisted of transfusion indicated when hemoglobin levels were less than or equal to 7.0 g/dl. RESULTS: The study enrolled 167 patients; the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 28.9 ± 6.5. The baseline hemoglobin level was 10.6 ± 2.2 g/dl and on day 28, it was 8.2 ± 1.3 g/dl (P < 0.001). Transfusions were administered to 35% of the patients. In the transfusion group, 61.1% did not survive, versus 48.6% in the non-transfusion group (P = 0.03). Transfusion was an independent risk factor for mortality (P = 0.011; odds ratio, OR = 2.67; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.25 to 5.69). ICU stay and hospital stay were longer in the transfusion group: 20.0 (3.0-83.0) versus 8.0 (3.0-63.0) days (P < 0,001); and 24.0 (3.0-140.0) versus 14.0 (3.0-80.0) days (P = 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, there was a reduction in hemoglobin with increasing length of ICU stay. Moreover, transfusion was associated with worse prognoses.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Anemia and blood transfusions are common in intensive care. This study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and outcomes among critically ill patients under a restrictive transfusion strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational cohort study in an intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: All adults admitted to the ICU over a one-year period who remained there for more than 72 hours were included, except those with acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, acute hemorrhage, prior transfusion, pregnant women and Jehovah's Witnesses. The restrictive strategy consisted of transfusion indicated when hemoglobin levels were less than or equal to 7.0 g/dl. RESULTS: The study enrolled 167 patients; the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 28.9 ± 6.5. The baseline hemoglobin level was 10.6 ± 2.2 g/dl and on day 28, it was 8.2 ± 1.3 g/dl (P < 0.001). Transfusions were administered to 35% of the patients. In the transfusion group, 61.1% did not survive, versus 48.6% in the non-transfusion group (P = 0.03). Transfusion was an independent risk factor for mortality (P = 0.011; odds ratio, OR = 2.67; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.25 to 5.69). ICU stay and hospital stay were longer in the transfusion group: 20.0 (3.0-83.0) versus 8.0 (3.0-63.0) days (P < 0,001); and 24.0 (3.0-140.0) versus 14.0 (3.0-80.0) days (P = 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, there was a reduction in hemoglobin with increasing length of ICU stay. Moreover, transfusion was associated with worse prognoses.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Anemia e transfusões sanguíneas são comuns em terapia intensiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a epidemiologia e resultados em pacientes críticos sob o regime de transfusão restritiva. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo e observacional em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos adultos admitidos na unidade durante um ano e que permaneceram internados por mais de 72 horas, exceto pacientes com lesão coronariana aguda, isquemia cerebral aguda, hemorragia aguda, transfusão anterior, mulheres grávidas e testemunhas de Jeová. A estratégia restritiva consiste na transfusão indicada com a hemoglobina inferior ou igual a 7.0 g/dl. RESULTADOS: Totalizando 167 pacientes incluídos, APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease II) foi de 28,9 ± 6,5. O valor da hemoglobina basal foi de 10,6 ± 2.2 g/dl e no 28º dia foi de 8,2 ± 1.3 g/dl (P < 0,001). 35% dos pacientes receberam transfusões. No grupo de transfusão 61,1% não sobreviveram versus 48,6% do grupo não transfusão (P = 0,03). A transfusão foi fator de risco independente de mortalidade (P = 0,011; odds ratio, OR = 2,67; intervalo de confiança, IC 95% = 1,25-5,69). A internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar foi maior no grupo de transfusão: 20,0 (3,0-83,0) versus 8,0 (3,0-63,0) dias (P < 0,001); e 24,0 (3,0-140,0) versus 14,0 (3,0-80,0) dias (P = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes graves, observou-se redução da hemoglobina com a progressão da permanência na UTI. Além disso, a transfusão foi associada com piores prognósticos.

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OBJETIVO: A anemia é desordem comum em pacientes graves e as coletas de sangue ocupam papel de destaque como causa. Consequentemente, a transfusão de sangue é freqüente e está relacionada a várias complicações. Na tentativa de reduzir o risco associado à transfusão é necessário minimizar as perdas sanguíneas e para tal, este estudo avaliou o sistema fechado para coleta de sangue como estratégia para diminuir perdas desnecessárias e transfusão sanguínea. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico prospectivo, randomizado, controlado, multicêntrico, durante 6 meses. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos, grupo VAMP (Venous Arterial Blood Management Protection) que utilizou sistema fechado para coleta de sangue e o grupo controle que não utilizou. O percentual de pacientes transfundidos, assim como a variação da hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Ht), foram comparados entre os grupos na ao longo de 14 dias. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 127 pacientes, sendo 65 controles e 62 VAMP. Durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, ambos os grupos apresentaram queda nos valores de hemoglobina e hematócrito. Entretanto, quando comparados o Ht final e Hb final entre os grupos houve diferença, com maiores valores no grupo VAMP (p=0,03; p=0,006). Não houve diferença estatística entre a proporção de pacientes transfundidos nos dois grupos, embora o grupo VAMP tenha apresentado redução absoluta de 12 por cento na transfusão sanguínea. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de sistema fechado para coleta de sangue conseguiu minimizar a queda nos valores hematimétricos sem, contudo, reduzir o número de transfusões.

OBJECTIVE: Anemia is common in severely ill patients, and blood sampling plays a relevant causative role. Consequently, blood transfusions are frequent an related to several complications. Trying to reduce the transfusion-related risk, minimizing blood loss is mandatory. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate a closed blood sampling system as a strategy to spare unnecessary blood losses and transfusions. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, 6 months, clinical trial. The patients were assigned to either VAMP (Venous Arterial Blood Management Protection) group, using a closed blood sampling system, or control group. The groups' transfusion rate, as well as hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Ht) changes were compared for 14 days. RESULTS: Were included 127 patients, 65 assigned to the control group, and 62 to VAMP. During the intensive care unit stay, both groups experienced both hemoglobin and hematocrit drops. However, when the final Ht and Hb were compared between the groups, a difference was identified with higher values in the VAMP group (p=0.03; p=0.006, respectively). No statistical difference was found for both groups transfusion rates, although the VAMP group had an absolute 12 percent blood transfusion reduction. CONCLUSION: The use of a closed blood sampling system was able to minimize blood count values changes, however failed to reduce transfusions rate.

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OBJECTIVE: Anemia is common in severely ill patients, and blood sampling plays a relevant causative role. Consequently, blood transfusions are frequent an related to several complications. Trying to reduce the transfusion-related risk, minimizing blood loss is mandatory. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate a closed blood sampling system as a strategy to spare unnecessary blood losses and transfusions. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, 6 months, clinical trial. The patients were assigned to either VAMP (Venous Arterial Blood Management Protection) group, using a closed blood sampling system, or control group. The groups' transfusion rate, as well as hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Ht) changes were compared for 14 days. RESULTS: Were included 127 patients, 65 assigned to the control group, and 62 to VAMP. During the intensive care unit stay, both groups experienced both hemoglobin and hematocrit drops. However, when the final Ht and Hb were compared between the groups, a difference was identified with higher values in the VAMP group (p=0.03; p=0.006, respectively). No statistical difference was found for both groups transfusion rates, although the VAMP group had an absolute 12% blood transfusion reduction. CONCLUSION: The use of a closed blood sampling system was able to minimize blood count values changes, however failed to reduce transfusions rate.

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Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) still presents a great heterogeneity in its clinical evaluation, demonstrating differences in the enrollment criteria used for the study of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatment. The aim of the current study was to assess the ICH Score, a simple and reliable scale, determining the 30-day mortality and the one-year functional outcome. Consecutive patients admitted with acute SICH were prospectively included in the study. ICH Scores ranged from 0 to 4, and each increase in the ICH Score was associated with an increase in the 30-day mortality and with a progressive decrease in good functional outcome rates. However, the occurrence of a pyramidal pathway injury was better related to worse functional outcome than the ICH Score. The ICH Score is a good predictor of 30-day mortality and functional outcome, confirming its validity in a different socioeconomic populations. The association of the pyramidal pathway injury as an auxiliary variable provides more accurate information about the prognostic evolution.

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Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) still presents a great heterogeneity in its clinical evaluation, demonstrating differences in the enrollment criteria used for the study of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatment. The aim of the current study was to assess the ICH Score, a simple and reliable scale, determining the 30-day mortality and the one-year functional outcome. Consecutive patients admitted with acute SICH were prospectively included in the study. ICH Scores ranged from 0 to 4, and each increase in the ICH Score was associated with an increase in the 30-day mortality and with a progressive decrease in good functional outcome rates. However, the occurrence of a pyramidal pathway injury was better related to worse functional outcome than the ICH Score. The ICH Score is a good predictor of 30-day mortality and functional outcome, confirming its validity in a different socioeconomic populations. The association of the pyramidal pathway injury as an auxiliary variable provides more accurate information about the prognostic evolution.

A hemorragia intracerebral (AVCH) espontânea ainda apresenta grande heterogeneidade em sua avaliação clínica, evidenciando diferenças nos critérios de inclusão utilizados nos estudos de tratamento da hemorragia intracerebral (ICH). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o ICH Score, uma escala simples e confiável, determinando a mortalidade em 30 dias e o resultado funcional após um ano. Pacientes consecutivos com AVCH espontâneo foram incluídos prospectivamente no estudo. O ICH Score variou de 0 a 4 e cada aumento no ICH Score esteve associado com um aumento na mortalidade em 30 dias e com uma progressiva diminuição nas taxas de bom resultado funcional. Entretanto, a ocorrência de injúria da via piramidal esteve melhor relacionada com um pior resultado funcional do que o ICH Score. O ICH Score é um bom preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e resultado funcional, confirmando sua validade em diferentes populações socioeconômicas. A associação da injúria da via piramidal como variável auxiliar fornece informações mais precisas sobre a evolução prognóstica.

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OBJETIVOS: Atualmente o envelhecimento populacional é proeminente fenômeno mundial. Então, a avaliação do prognóstico em pacientes idosos é necessária, sendo assim o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco em população de pacientes idosos admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, em unidade de terapia intensiva geral de um hospital terciário, durante 5 meses. Pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos que permaneceram na unidade de terapia intensiva por tempo maior ou igual a 24 horas foram incluídos, pacientes moribundos e aqueles readmitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva durante mesma internação hospitalar foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: Foram envolvidos no estudo 199 pacientes com média de idade de 75,4± 6,8 anos, 58,8 por cento do sexo feminino. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 57,3 por cento. A média do APACHE II, SOFA, MODS e KATZ índice (avaliação de atividades diárias) foram respectivamente 20,0±5,8, 6,8±3,9, 2,4±1,9 e 5,3±1,6. A maioria dos pacientes estava no pós-operatório 59,3 por cento, sendo que 41,6 por cento estavam em uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva. Foi determinante independente de maior mortalidade através de análise de regressão: a idade avançada (76,9±6,7 anos óbito versus 73,3±6,5 anos alta; p=<0,001; OR=1,08; IC95 por cento 1,01-1,16), o índice KATZ (4,9±1,9 óbito versus 5,7±0,9 alta; p=0,001; OR=0,66; IC95 por cento 0,45-0,98), hiperglicemia (158,1±69,0 óbito versus 139,6±48,5 alta; p=0,041; OR=1,02; IC95 por cento 1,01-1,03) e necessidade de ventilação mecânica na admissão da unidade de terapia intensiva (57,0 por cento óbito versus 20,5 por cento alta; p<0,001; OR=3,57; IC95 por cento 1,24-10,3). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes idosos admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva que apresentam dificuldades nas atividades diárias, hiperglicemia e uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva apresentam pior prognóstico hospitalar.

Currently, aging of the population is a widespread global phenomenon. Therefore, the assessment of prognosis in elderly patients is needed. This study aims to identify risk factors in a population of elderly patients admitted in the intensive care unit METHODS: A prospective study in the intensive care unit of a general tertiary hospital was carried out for five months. Patients with 65 years or more of age, who stayed in the intensive care unit for 24 hours or more were included and those at the-end-of-life, patients readmitted to intensive care unit during the same hospital stay were excluded. RESULTS: In this study 199 patients were involved, with a mean age of 75.4±6.8 years, and 58.8 percent were female. Mortality was 57.3 percent. The mean APACHE II, SOFA, MODS and Katz index (assessment of daily activities) were respectively 20.0±5.8, 6.8±3.9, 2.4±1.9 and 5.3±1.6. Most patients were postoperative 59.3 percent and 41.6 percent were under invasive mechanical ventilation. At regression analysis, the independent determinants of higher mortality were: older age (76.9±6.7 years death versus 73.3±6.5 years discharge, P<0.001, OR=1.08, CI 95 percent 1.01-1. 16), the Katz index (4.9±1.9 deaths versus 5.7±0.9 discharge, p=0.001, OR=0.66, CI 95 percent 0.45-0.98), hyperglycemia (158.1±69.0 death versus 139.6±48.5 discharge p=0.041; OR=1.02; CI 95 percent 1.01-1.03) and need for mechanical ventilation at admission to the intensive care unit (57.0 percent death versus 20.5 percent discharge p <0.001, OR=3.57, CI 95 percent 1.24-10.3). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have difficulties in performing daily activities, hyperglycemia and who are under invasive mechanical ventilation had a worse hospital prognosis.

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UNLABELLED: Currently, aging of the population is a widespread global phenomenon. Therefore, the assessment of prognosis in elderly patients is needed. This study aims to identify risk factors in a population of elderly patients admitted in the intensive care unit METHODS: A prospective study in the intensive care unit of a general tertiary hospital was carried out for five months. Patients with 65 years or more of age, who stayed in the intensive care unit for 24 hours or more were included and those at the-end-of-life, patients readmitted to intensive care unit during the same hospital stay were excluded. RESULTS: In this study 199 patients were involved, with a mean age of 75.4±6.8 years, and 58.8% were female. Mortality was 57.3%. The mean APACHE II, SOFA, MODS and Katz index (assessment of daily activities) were respectively 20.0±5.8, 6.8±3.9, 2.4±1.9 and 5.3±1.6. Most patients were postoperative 59.3% and 41.6% were under invasive mechanical ventilation. At regression analysis, the independent determinants of higher mortality were: older age (76.9±6.7 years death versus 73.3±6.5 years discharge, P<0.001, OR=1.08, CI 95% 1.01-1. 16), the Katz index (4.9±1.9 deaths versus 5.7±0.9 discharge, p=0.001, OR=0.66, CI 95% 0.45-0.98), hyperglycemia (158.1±69.0 death versus 139.6±48.5 discharge p=0.041; OR=1.02; CI 95% 1.01-1.03) and need for mechanical ventilation at admission to the intensive care unit (57.0% death versus 20.5% discharge p <0.001, OR=3.57, CI 95% 1.24-10.3). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have difficulties in performing daily activities, hyperglycemia and who are under invasive mechanical ventilation had a worse hospital prognosis.

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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most commonly-acquired infection in patients in intensive care units. We analyzed epidemiological and microbiological characteristics and the outcome, in a cohort of critically-ill patients with confirmed diagnosis of VAP. All patients who had been on mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 48 hours were included in our study; material collection for microbiological analysis was done within the first 24 hours after beginning treatment or after changing antibiotics. There were 55/265 (20.7 percent) VAP cases diagnosed, at a rate of 21.6 episodes per 1,000 days of mechanical ventilation. Mean age of the patients was 66 years, with a mean APACHE II score of 26.7 + 7.0; male patients were more prevalent. The mortality rates in the intensive care unit (ICU) and during the hospital stay were 71 percent and 80 percent, respectively. MV duration in patients with VAP was 17 (range 3-43) days and among patients who had not developed VAP, 6 (2-32) days (p < 0.0001). 98.2 percent of the samples were positive, with a high prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Risk factors for death included age, MV duration and surgery. VAP incidence in this sample of critically-ill patients was high, with a high mortality rate. Control and prevention strategies based on continuing education of healthcare workers, developed by a multidisciplinary team, should be encouraged to minimize morbimortality of this infection.

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