RESUMO

Due to the difficulty in the access to free-ranging birds, data regarding Aspergillus infections in wild avian species is rare compared to captive wild and domestic birds. OBJECTIVE: report three cases of Aspergillus section Fumigati causing fungal disease in free-ranging aquatic birds, with the identification of the causal agent to the species level. CASE REPORTS: The diagnosis of aspergillosis was performed by macroscopic lesions found during the necropsy and confirmed by culture. Molecular identification by partial sequencing of the calM and benA genes allowed to confirm Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto as the etiological agent of aspergillosis in Procellaria aequinoctialis (White-chinned petrel) (n = 1), Nannopterum brasilianus (Neotropical cormorant) (n = 1) and Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Brown-hooded gull) (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Larger studies regarding the importance of aspergillosis in free-ranging aquatic birds are necessary, as well as it potential role in the One Heath context.

RESUMO

Aspergillosis is a respiratory fungal disease of importance in captive marine birds. The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of aspergillosis in Thalassarche melanophris during rehabilitation events and to identify the etiological agent. All the albatrosses that were received for rehabilitation and died within a 2-year period were included in the study. The proportionate mortality rate caused by aspergillosis was 21.4% (3/14). One of the etiological agents was Aspergillus flavus/oryzae lineage, and the other was A. fumigatus sensu stricto. Our study suggests that aspergillosis can act as a limiting factor in the rehabilitation of albatrosses.

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Tuberculosis (TB) in pinnipeds is typically caused by Mycobacterium pinnipedii, which has also been associated with infections in other species, such as cattle and humans. As a result, this pathogen has zoonotic potential and is a public health concern. In 2016, a female South American sea lion Otaria flavescens in southern Brazil presented with emaciation and severe dyspnea and died within 3 h of capture. Gross pathology identified pulmonary granulomas, and Ziehl-Neelsen stain identified acid-fast bacilli. M. tuberculosis complex bacteria were confirmed by a BD BACTEC™ MGIT™ 320 detection system using fibrinous exudate, lung granulomas and thoracic fluid. Molecular characterization by spoligotyping showed a hybridization pattern characteristic of M. pinnipedii (SIT593/PINI1). Currently, there is a paucity of data concerning the transmission and epidemiology of M. pinnipedii in pinniped populations in South America. The case report shows that the disease appeared in a free-ranging beached sea lion on the coast, and further surveillance is needed to determine the origin of this TB because of its potential impact on public health.

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Different herpesviruses have been associated with respiratory and enteric disease and mortality among seabirds and waterfowl. In 2011, a respiratory disease outbreak affected 58.3% (98/168) of the Magellanic penguins undergoing rehabilitation due to an oil spill off the southern Brazilian coast. Etiology was attributed to a novel herpesvirus identified by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and molecular studies with partial DNA sequencing. Since migration, rehabilitation and translocation may facilitate the spread of pathogens between populations and trigger the onset of clinical disease in animals with latent infections, investigation of herpesvirus occurrence in asymptomatic seabirds was performed. Samples from free-ranging seabirds were collected in Argentinian Patagonia (Magellanic penguins) and the Abrolhos Archipelago in Brazil (Brown boobies, Masked boobies, Red-billed tropicbirds, White-tailed tropicbirds and South American tern). Furthermore, asymptomatic seabirds housed at the facility where the outbreak occurred were also sampled. In total, 354 samples from eight seabird species were analyzed by PCR for herpesvirus. Four different sequences of herpesviruses were identified, one in Yellow-nosed Albatross, one in Boobies and Tropicbirds and two in Magellanic penguins. Magellanic penguin herpesvirus 1 was identified during the penguin outbreak at the rehabilitation facility in Brazil, while Magellanic penguin herpesvirus 2 was recovered from free-ranging penguins at four reproduction sites in Argentina. Phylogenic analysis of the herpesviruses sequences tentatively identified suggested that the one found in Suliformes and the one associated with the outbreak are related to sequences of viruses that have previously caused seabird die-offs. These findings reinforce the necessity for seabird disease surveillance programs overall, and particularly highlight the importance of quarantine, good hygiene, stress management and pre-release health exams in seabirds undergoing rehabilitation.

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Pollution from anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is currently the most widely distributed and lasting anthropic impact in the marine environment, affecting hundreds of species, including all sea turtles. In this study, the patterns of AMD distribution along the gastrointestinal tract (GT) and their relationship with obstructions and faecalomas in 62 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that died during rehabilitation in southern Brazil were determined. The GT was split in seven sections, corresponding to the natural organs and intestinal areas morphologically and physiologically distinct. Mean mass (4.24g) and area (146.74cm2) of AMD in the stomach were higher than in other sections. The anterior portion of the rectum had the highest number of obstructions, followed by the stomach. AMD was associated with the obstructions, with positive correlation between faecalomas and AMD masses. Organs and subdivisions showed marked differences in susceptibility to obstructions caused by AMD, which deserves attention in clinical interventions.

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Aspergillosis, an opportunistic mycosis caused by the Aspergillus genus, affects mainly the respiratory system and is considered one of the most significant causes of mortality in captive penguins. This study aimed to examine a 6-yr period of cases of aspergillosis in penguins at the Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the institution's records of penguins received from January 2004 to December 2009. Animals were categorized according to the outcome "aspergillosis," and analyzed by age group, sex, oil fouling, origin, prophylactic administration of itraconazole, period in captivity, body mass, hematocrit, and total plasma proteins. A total of 327 Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) was studied, 66 of which died of aspergillosis. Proportionate mortality by aspergillosis was 48.5%, and incidence density was 7.3 lethal aspergillosis cases per 100 penguins/mo. Approximately 75% of the aspergillosis cases occurred in penguins that had been transferred from other rehabilitation centers, and this was considered a significant risk factor for the disease. Significant differences were also observed between the groups in regard to the period of time spent in captivity until death, hematocrit and total plasma proteins upon admission to the center, and body mass gain during the period in captivity. The findings demonstrate the negative impacts of aspergillosis on the rehabilitation of Magellanic penguins, with a high incidence density and substantial mortality.

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Seabird rehabilitation is a valuable strategy to mitigate the impacts of oil pollution and other anthropogenic factors, and can significantly contribute to the conservation of penguins. However, infectious diseases such as avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) can hamper the success of rehabilitation efforts. We combined morphological and molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the epidemiology and pathology of Plasmodium in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at rehabilitation centers along 2500 km of the coastline of Brazil. True prevalence of malarial parasites was estimated between 6.6% and 13.5%. We identified five species, three of which had not been described infecting penguins (P. cathemerium, P. nucleophilum, P. unalis); an additional five distinct Plasmodium lineages were also distinguished, and albeit unidentified these clearly correspond to species that also have not yet been reported in penguins. Our results indicate that the diversity of plasmodia that may infect these birds is greater than previously recognised. Considering the well-defined seasonality observed in this study, it is clear that rehabilitation centers could benefit by narrowing their preventative efforts on penguins maintained or admitted during the Austral spring-summer, particularly by preventing mosquitoes from coming into contact with penguins.

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Aspergillosis is the main cause of mortality in captivity penguins. The infection occurs mainly byconidia inhalation of the Aspergillus genus, however, the fungus can also be dispersed by water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate water quality of the pool where the rehabilitated penguins remain at Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos in Rio Grande city, Brazil, searching for the presence of the fungus Aspergillus spp. Water samples were collected weekly during a ten-month period and processed within six hours, applying the technique of filtrating membrane, with incubation at 25 ºC and 37 ºC during seven days. Of the forty samples analyzed, thirty-two were positive forthe presence of Aspergillus genus, from these 60% correspond to A. fumigatus. Some variables significantly interfered on the isolation of Aspergillus genus and/or Aspergillus fumigatus specie, such as incubation temperature, seasonality and population density. This study showed Aspergillus spp. is present in the water, being one of the possible sources of infections for penguins in rehabilitation.(AU)

A aspergilose caracteriza-se por ser a principal causa de mortalidade de pinguins em cativeiro.A infecção pelo gênero Aspergillus ocorre principalmente por via aérea, porém o fungo pode ter dispersão pela água. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a água do tanque onde os pinguins-de-Magalhães permanecem para reabilitação no Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, quanto à presença de fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus. As amostras de água foram coletadas semanalmente durante um período de 10 meses e processadas em um período máximo de seis horas utilizando-se a técnica da membrana filtrante, com incubação a 25 ºC e 37 ºC por até sete dias. Das 40 amostras analisadas, 32 foram positivas para o isolamentodo gênero Aspergillus, sendo que dessas 60% pertenciam à espécie A. fumigatus. Algumas variáveis interferiram significativamente no isolamento do gênero Aspergillus e/ou da espécie A. fumigatus, como temperatura de incubação, sazonalidade e densidade populacional. Este trabalho demonstra que Aspergillus spp. está presente na água, podendo essa ser uma potencial fonte de infecção para os pinguins em reabilitação.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Aspergillosis is the main cause of mortality in captivity penguins. The infection occurs mainly by conidia inhalation of the Aspergillus genus, however, the fungus can also be dispersed by water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate water quality of the pool where the rehabilitated penguins remain at Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos in Rio Grande city, Brazil, searching for the presence of the fungus Aspergillus spp. Water samples were collected weekly during a ten-month period and processed within six hours, applying the technique of filtrating membrane, with incubation at 25 ºC and 37 ºC during seven days. Of the forty samples analyzed, thirty-two were positive for the presence of Aspergillus genus, from these 60% correspond to A. fumigatus. Some variables significantly interfered on the isolation of Aspergillus genus and/or Aspergillus fumigatus specie, such as incubation temperature, seasonality and population density. This study showed Aspergillus spp. is present in the water, being one of the possible sources of infections for penguins in rehabilitation.

Resumo A aspergilose caracteriza-se por ser a principal causa de mortalidade de pinguins em cativeiro. A infecção pelo gênero Aspergillus ocorre principalmente por via aérea, porém o fungo pode ter dispersão pela água. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a água do tanque onde os pinguins-de-Magalhães permanecem para reabilitação no Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, quanto à presença de fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus. As amostras de água foram coletadas semanalmente durante um período de 10 meses e processadas em um período máximo de seis horas utilizando-se a técnica da membrana filtrante, com incubação a 25 ºC e 37 ºC por até sete dias. Das 40 amostras analisadas, 32 foram positivas para o isolamento do gênero Aspergillus, sendo que dessas 60% pertenciam à espécie A. fumigatus. Algumas variáveis interferiram significativamente no isolamento do gênero Aspergillus e/ou da espécie A. fumigatus, como temperatura de incubação, sazonalidade e densidade populacional. Este trabalho demonstra que Aspergillus spp. está presente na água, podendo essa ser uma potencial fonte de infecção para os pinguins em reabilitação.

RESUMO

Aspergillosis is the main cause of mortality in captivity penguins. The infection occurs mainly byconidia inhalation of the Aspergillus genus, however, the fungus can also be dispersed by water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate water quality of the pool where the rehabilitated penguins remain at Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos in Rio Grande city, Brazil, searching for the presence of the fungus Aspergillus spp. Water samples were collected weekly during a ten-month period and processed within six hours, applying the technique of filtrating membrane, with incubation at 25 ºC and 37 ºC during seven days. Of the forty samples analyzed, thirty-two were positive forthe presence of Aspergillus genus, from these 60% correspond to A. fumigatus. Some variables significantly interfered on the isolation of Aspergillus genus and/or Aspergillus fumigatus specie, such as incubation temperature, seasonality and population density. This study showed Aspergillus spp. is present in the water, being one of the possible sources of infections for penguins in rehabilitation.

A aspergilose caracteriza-se por ser a principal causa de mortalidade de pinguins em cativeiro.A infecção pelo gênero Aspergillus ocorre principalmente por via aérea, porém o fungo pode ter dispersão pela água. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a água do tanque onde os pinguins-de-Magalhães permanecem para reabilitação no Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, quanto à presença de fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus. As amostras de água foram coletadas semanalmente durante um período de 10 meses e processadas em um período máximo de seis horas utilizando-se a técnica da membrana filtrante, com incubação a 25 ºC e 37 ºC por até sete dias. Das 40 amostras analisadas, 32 foram positivas para o isolamentodo gênero Aspergillus, sendo que dessas 60% pertenciam à espécie A. fumigatus. Algumas variáveis interferiram significativamente no isolamento do gênero Aspergillus e/ou da espécie A. fumigatus, como temperatura de incubação, sazonalidade e densidade populacional. Este trabalho demonstra que Aspergillus spp. está presente na água, podendo essa ser uma potencial fonte de infecção para os pinguins em reabilitação.

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RESUMO

To investigate the exposure of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and avian poxvirus (APV) in Magellanic penguins found on the beaches in Southern regions of Brazil, the frequency of serum antibodies was estimated in 89 samples taken during 2005 and 2006. All the penguins were negative for the presence of antibodies against NDV by hemagglutination inhibition test and to APV by indirect ELISA. The reactivity was similar to the positives controls using ELISA kit for the IBDV made in the chickens in 50 samples. This reactivity also was demonstrated in 42 samples using agar gel immunodiffusion. No clinical signs related to IBDV infection were observed. The results indicated the absence of infection by NDV and APV but suggested IBDV exposure in the population of penguins studied.

RESUMO

Oil pollution is a significant conservation concern. We examined data from six institutions along the coast of South America: Emergency Relief Team of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Fundación Mundo Marino, Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos, Natura Patagonia, Associação R3 Animal, and Mar del Plata Aquarium and data from resightings in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Falkland/Malvinas Islands. From 2000 to 2010, 2183 oiled Magellanic penguins were rehabilitated as part of the routine activities of these institutions or during emergency responses to eight oil spills in which they were involved; all rehabilitated penguins were flipper banded and released. Since their release, 41 penguins were resighted until 31 December 2011. The results demonstrate that, when combined with other prevention strategies, the rehabilitation of Magellanic penguins is a strategy that contributes to the mitigation of adverse effects of oil spills and chronic pollution to the species.

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RESUMO

The aim of this work was to monitor and study the hematocrit and weight of juvenile penguins, with and without oil cover, found alive along the southern coast of Brazil, after capture, as well as before eventual death or release. Released juvenile penguins showed higher weight and hematocrit (3.65 ± 0.06 kg and 44.63 ± 0.29 percent, respectively) than those that died (2.88 ± 0.08 kg and 34.42 ± 1.70 percent, respectively). Penguins with higher hematocrit and weight after capture had higher mean weight gain than their counterparts with smaller hematocrit and weight after the capture. Besides, juveniles with higher hematocrit and weight after the capture had higher survival rates, independent of the presence or absence of oil. The results suggested that juveniles covered with oil might have been healthier than the juveniles without oil. The animals without oil probably died as a consequence of health disturbances, while the animals with oil possibly were healthy before contact with oil in the sea.

O hematócrito e o peso de pingüins juvenis, com e sem óleo, encontrados vivos na costa do sul do Brasil, foram monitorados após sua captura, bem como antes de sua morte ou liberação do centro de reabilitação. Os pingüins juvenis liberados apresentaram o último peso e hematócrito (3.65 ± 0.06 kg e 44.63 ± 0.29 por cento, respectivamente) maiores do que os pingüins que morreram (2.88 ± 0.08 kg e 34.42 ± 1.70 por cento, respectivamente). Pingüins juvenis com maior hematócrito e peso após a captura tiveram maior ganho médio de peso do que os pingüins com menor hematócrito e peso após a captura. Além disso, os juvenis com maior hematócrito e peso após a captura tiveram maiores taxas de sobrevivência, independente da presença ou ausência de óleo. Os resultados sugerem que os pingüins juvenis com óleo poderiam estar mais saudáveis do que os juvenis sem óleo. Os animais sem óleo provavelmente morreram em decorrência de doenças, endoparasitas ou outros distúrbios. Por outro lado, os animais com óleo possivelmente estavam mais saudáveis antes do contato com o óleo no mar.

RESUMO

Para a realização do estudo acerca do plexo braquial (PB) e dos territórios nervosos do membro torácico de lobosmarinhos (Arctocephalus australis) foram utilizados dois animais. A pele foi retirada e procedeu-se a identificação da musculatura do membro torácico e região peitoral. Em seguida foram aplicadas compressas de solução de ácido acético glacial 3% na musculatura, com o intuito de facilitar a dissecação realizada macroscopicamente. Nos espécimes analisados notou-se a emergência do plexo braquial a partir do sexto nervo cervical até o primeiro nervo torácico. Destas quatro raízes se formam os troncos de nervos de mesmo número, cujos ramos ventrais constituirão seu arranjo e distribuição territorial. Destes quatro troncos surgem os 12 nervos componentes do PB, sendo encontrados nervos que se formam a partir de apenas um segmento (supra-escapular, peitoral cranial, torácico lateral, toracodorsal e torácico longo) e também nervos que surgem a partir de mais de um segmento, sendo assim denominados plurissegmentares (subescapular, músculo-cutâneo, axilar, mediano, peitoral caudal, ulnar e radial). Nesse sentido, foi observada uma constância na inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, de onde podemos assim inferir que existe um padrão claramente definido na delimitação dos territórios nervosos.

For the study concerning the brachial plexus (BP) and the nervous territories of the thoracic limb of South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis), two animals had been used. Their skin was removed and the musculature of the thoracic limb and pectoral region was identified. After that compresses of glacial acetic acid solution of 3% had been applied in the musculature, in order to facilitate the carried through dissection. In analyzed specimens it was observed the emergency of BP from the sixth cervical nerve until the first thoracic nerve. From these four roots trunks of nerves of the same number are formed, whose ventral branches will constitute its arrangement and territorial distribution. From these four trunks emerge the 12 component nerves of the BP, some of them come from only one segment (supra scapular, cranial pectoral, lateral thoracic, thoraco-dorsal and long thoracic), while others come from more than a segment (sub scapular, muscle-cutaneous, axillary, median, caudal pectoral, ulnar and radial). In this direction,this observed constancy in the innervation of the musculature, joints and bones of the thoracic limb, led us to infer that a definite pattern in the delimitation of the nervous territories clearly exists.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Para a realização do estudo acerca do plexo braquial (PB) e dos territórios nervosos do membro torácico de lobosmarinhos (Arctocephalus australis) foram utilizados dois animais. A pele foi retirada e procedeu-se a identificação da musculatura do membro torácico e região peitoral. Em seguida foram aplicadas compressas de solução de ácido acético glacial 3% na musculatura, com o intuito de facilitar a dissecação realizada macroscopicamente. Nos espécimes analisados notou-se a emergência do plexo braquial a partir do sexto nervo cervical até o primeiro nervo torácico. Destas quatro raízes se formam os troncos de nervos de mesmo número, cujos ramos ventrais constituirão seu arranjo e distribuição territorial. Destes quatro troncos surgem os 12 nervos componentes do PB, sendo encontrados nervos que se formam a partir de apenas um segmento (supra-escapular, peitoral cranial, torácico lateral, toracodorsal e torácico longo) e também nervos que surgem a partir de mais de um segmento, sendo assim denominados plurissegmentares (subescapular, músculo-cutâneo, axilar, mediano, peitoral caudal, ulnar e radial). Nesse sentido, foi observada uma constância na inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, de onde podemos assim inferir que existe um padrão claramente definido na delimitação dos territórios nervosos.(AU)

For the study concerning the brachial plexus (BP) and the nervous territories of the thoracic limb of South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis), two animals had been used. Their skin was removed and the musculature of the thoracic limb and pectoral region was identified. After that compresses of glacial acetic acid solution of 3% had been applied in the musculature, in order to facilitate the carried through dissection. In analyzed specimens it was observed the emergency of BP from the sixth cervical nerve until the first thoracic nerve. From these four roots trunks of nerves of the same number are formed, whose ventral branches will constitute its arrangement and territorial distribution. From these four trunks emerge the 12 component nerves of the BP, some of them come from only one segment (supra scapular, cranial pectoral, lateral thoracic, thoraco-dorsal and long thoracic), while others come from more than a segment (sub scapular, muscle-cutaneous, axillary, median, caudal pectoral, ulnar and radial). In this direction,this observed constancy in the innervation of the musculature, joints and bones of the thoracic limb, led us to infer that a definite pattern in the delimitation of the nervous territories clearly exists.(AU)

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RESUMO

Objetivando descrever a inervação originada a partir dos ramos ventrais lombares e sacrais, fez-se um estudo, mediante a dissecação de dois exemplares de lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus australis), oriundos do CRAM-FURG, onde chegaram em óbito. As estruturas nervosas constituintes dos plexos lombar e sacral possuem origem dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que formam-se dos segmentos medulares L1 a S3. Assim, pode-se observar que, os formados dos segmentos L1 a L3 são unissegmentares, sendo respectivamente os nervos Ílio-hipogástrico e Ílio-inguinal e Cutâneo Femoral Lateral. Da união dos segmentos L3-L4 surgem os nervos Genito-femoral, Obturatório e Femoral. Da confluência dos segmentos L4-5-S1 forma-se um tronco nervoso, o plexo isquiático, que emite os nervos: Glúteos Cranial e Caudal, Cutâneo Femoral Caudal e Isquiático. O nervo Isquiático ramifica-se em Cutâneos Surais Lateral e Caudal, Tibial, Fibular Comum. O nervo Pudendo (divide-se nos nervos dorsal do pênis ou clitóris e perineais superficial e profundo) e Retal Caudal têm origem dos segmentos S2-3. Com base nestes dados podemos inferir que a inervação lombar e sacral têm origem similar a outras espécies de mamíferos, contudo sua organização e distribuição refletem as modificações adaptativas aos hábitos destes animais, principalmente a locomoção em meio aquático.

In order to describe the innervation originated from ventral lumbar and sacral branches, a study was made through dissection of two specimens of south american fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), originated from CRAM-FURG, where they arrived deceased. The nervous structures that constitute the lumbar and sacral plexes are originated from ventral branches of spinal nerves which come from medullary segments L1 to S3. Thus, one can observe that the nerves originated form L1 to L3 are monosegmentary, being respectively iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. From the reunion of L3 and L4 segments arise genitofemoral, obturator and femoral nerves. From the confluence of segments L4-5-S1 arises a nervous trunk – the sciatic plexus, which gives the following nerves: cranial and caudal gluteal, caudal femoral cutaneous and sciatic. Sciatic nerve splits into lateral and caudal sural cutaneous, tibial, common peroneal. Pudendal nerve (which divides into dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris, deep and superficial perineal) and caudal rectal are formed from the S2-3 segments. With these data, one can conclude that the lumbar and sacral innervation have similar origin to other mammal species, however its organization and distribution reflect the adaptative changes to this animals’ habits, specially its locomotionin water.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivando descrever a inervação originada a partir dos ramos ventrais lombares e sacrais, fez-se um estudo, mediante a dissecação de dois exemplares de lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus australis), oriundos do CRAM-FURG, onde chegaram em óbito. As estruturas nervosas constituintes dos plexos lombar e sacral possuem origem dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que formam-se dos segmentos medulares L1 a S3. Assim, pode-se observar que, os formados dos segmentos L1 a L3 são unissegmentares, sendo respectivamente os nervos Ílio-hipogástrico e Ílio-inguinal e Cutâneo Femoral Lateral. Da união dos segmentos L3-L4 surgem os nervos Genito-femoral, Obturatório e Femoral. Da confluência dos segmentos L4-5-S1 forma-se um tronco nervoso, o plexo isquiático, que emite os nervos: Glúteos Cranial e Caudal, Cutâneo Femoral Caudal e Isquiático. O nervo Isquiático ramifica-se em Cutâneos Surais Lateral e Caudal, Tibial, Fibular Comum. O nervo Pudendo (divide-se nos nervos dorsal do pênis ou clitóris e perineais superficial e profundo) e Retal Caudal têm origem dos segmentos S2-3. Com base nestes dados podemos inferir que a inervação lombar e sacral têm origem similar a outras espécies de mamíferos, contudo sua organização e distribuição refletem as modificações adaptativas aos hábitos destes animais, principalmente a locomoção em meio aquático.(AU)

In order to describe the innervation originated from ventral lumbar and sacral branches, a study was made through dissection of two specimens of south american fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), originated from CRAM-FURG, where they arrived deceased. The nervous structures that constitute the lumbar and sacral plexes are originated from ventral branches of spinal nerves which come from medullary segments L1 to S3. Thus, one can observe that the nerves originated form L1 to L3 are monosegmentary, being respectively iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. From the reunion of L3 and L4 segments arise genitofemoral, obturator and femoral nerves. From the confluence of segments L4-5-S1 arises a nervous trunk the sciatic plexus, which gives the following nerves: cranial and caudal gluteal, caudal femoral cutaneous and sciatic. Sciatic nerve splits into lateral and caudal sural cutaneous, tibial, common peroneal. Pudendal nerve (which divides into dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris, deep and superficial perineal) and caudal rectal are formed from the S2-3 segments. With these data, one can conclude that the lumbar and sacral innervation have similar origin to other mammal species, however its organization and distribution reflect the adaptative changes to this animals habits, specially its locomotion in water.(AU)

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RESUMO

Espécies fúngicas do gênero Aspergillus são frequentemente associadas com alta mortalidade de aves marinhas em cativeiro. Tendo em vista que a aspergilose geralmente é adquirida pela inalação dos propágulos fúngicos presentes no ar, o estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade do ar quanto às espécies de Aspergillus, das instalações internas de um centro de reabilitação de animais marinhos que frequentemente recebe pingüins, gaivotas, albatrozes e petréis acometidos por alguma moléstia. Oitenta e um dias de colheitas foram realizados distribuídos em um período de aproximadamente dois anos, através da exposição de placas de Petri contendo Agar Sabouraud dextrose acrescido de cloranfenicol no ambiente, as quais foram posteriormente incubadas a 25ºC. As colônias identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, foram classificadas quanto à espécie através da avaliação macro e micro morfológica associada a uma chave de identificação. Foram obtidos 43 isolados classificados em sete espécies distintas, sendo A. fumigatus a predominante correspondendo a 27,9%, seguida de A. niger, A. flavus e outras quatro espécies de Aspergillus sp., demonstrando que as aves marinhas estão expostas a espécies fúngicas com potencial patogênico, o que enfatiza a necessidade de um controle microbiológico no ambiente onde são mantidos os animais em cativeiro.(AU)

Aspergillosis in captivity seabirds is often associated with elevated rates of mortality. The infection is usually acquired by inhalation of airborne fungal conidia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Aspergillus species in the indoor environment of a rehabilitation centre for marine animals in Southern Brazil. This centre continuously receives injured penguins, seagulls, albatrosses and petrels. Petri dishes plates with Agar Sabouraud dextrose and chloramphenicol were left open for 15 minutes in 3 distinct points in the rehabilitation centre and then incubated at 25ºC. During a period of two years the indoor air was sampled in 81 occasions. A total of 43 isolates belonging to 7 different Aspergillus species were recovered. Aspegillus fumigatus was the predominant species (27.9%), followed by A. niger (25.6%), and A. flavus (16.3%). Four other Aspergillus species were isolated. This study demonstrates that seabirds were exposed to pathogenic Aspergillus species in our rehabilitation centre, reinforcing the need for a strict microbiology control of the indoor air in the captivity environment.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Espécies fúngicas do gênero Aspergillus são frequentemente associadas com alta mortalidade de aves marinhas em cativeiro. Tendo em vista que a aspergilose geralmente é adquirida pela inalação dos propágulos fúngicos presentes no ar, o estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade do ar quanto às espécies de Aspergillus, das instalações internas de um centro de reabilitação de animais marinhos que frequentemente recebe pingüins, gaivotas, albatrozes e petréis acometidos por alguma moléstia. Oitenta e um dias de colheitas foram realizados distribuídos em um período de aproximadamente dois anos, através da exposição de placas de Petri contendo Agar Sabouraud dextrose acrescido de cloranfenicol no ambiente, as quais foram posteriormente incubadas a 25ºC. As colônias identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, foram classificadas quanto à espécie através da avaliação macro e micro morfológica associada a uma chave de identificação. Foram obtidos 43 isolados classificados em sete espécies distintas, sendo A. fumigatus a predominante correspondendo a 27,9%, seguida de A. niger, A. flavus e outras quatro espécies de Aspergillus sp., demonstrando que as aves marinhas estão expostas a espécies fúngicas com potencial patogênico, o que enfatiza a necessidade de um controle microbiológico no ambiente onde são mantidos os animais em cativeiro.

Aspergillosis in captivity seabirds is often associated with elevated rates of mortality. The infection is usually acquired by inhalation of airborne fungal conidia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Aspergillus species in the indoor environment of a rehabilitation centre for marine animals in Southern Brazil. This centre continuously receives injured penguins, seagulls, albatrosses and petrels. Petri dishes plates with Agar Sabouraud dextrose and chloramphenicol were left open for 15 minutes in 3 distinct points in the rehabilitation centre and then incubated at 25ºC. During a period of two years the indoor air was sampled in 81 occasions. A total of 43 isolates belonging to 7 different Aspergillus species were recovered. Aspegillus fumigatus was the predominant species (27.9%), followed by A. niger (25.6%), and A. flavus (16.3%). Four other Aspergillus species were isolated. This study demonstrates that seabirds were exposed to pathogenic Aspergillus species in our rehabilitation centre, reinforcing the need for a strict microbiology control of the indoor air in the captivity environment.

Assuntos