RESUMO
This work aimed to describe the origin, distribution, and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater and to provide anatomical data which could explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information for other related works. For the present study, four specimens were used, prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde solution via the femoral artery, for conservation and dissection. The origin of the right and left ischiadicus nerves in the giant anteater from the ventral ramification of the third lumbar (L3) and the first (S1), second (S2), and third (S3) sacral spinal nerves. These nerves were symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred to the superficial, middle, and deep gluteal, gemelli, piriform, quadratus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, caudal crural abductor, cranial and caudal parts of the biceps femoris, adductor, semitendinous, and cranial and caudal parts of the semimembranous muscles. Based on the origins of the ischiadicus nerves, there is a caudal migration in the nerve location in animals in a more recent position on the evolutionary scale due to reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus, resulting from the increase in a number of lumbar vertebrae. There is no complete homology of the muscle innervation.(AU)
Objetivou-se descrever as origens, distribuições e ramificações dos nervos isquiáticos no tamanduá-bandeira, disponibilizando, assim, dados anatômicos que possam não só elucidar os aspectos evolutivos como também fornecer informações importantes para áreas afins. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes preparados por meio da perfusão de formaldeído 10% via artéria femoral, para conservação e dissecação. As origens dos nervos isquiáticos direito e esquerdo no tamanduá-bandeira foram provenientes dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais lombares três e sacrais um, dois e três, sendo simétricos em todos os animais estudados. As distribuições e ramificações ocorreram nos músculos glúteos superficial, médio e profundo; gêmeo; piriforme; quadrado femoral; tensor da fáscia lata; abdutor crural caudal; bíceps femoral parte cranial; bíceps femoral parte caudal; adutor; semitendíneo; semimembranáceo parte cranial e semimembranáceo parte caudal. Notou-se que houve uma migração caudal na localização deste nervo nos animais mais recentes na escala evolutiva, devido a uma reconfiguração do plexo lombossacral decorrente do aumento no número de vértebras lombares, não havendo uma homologia total quanto à inervação dos músculos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Nervo Isquiático/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Isquiático/irrigação sanguínea , Xenarthra/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
This work aimed to describe the origin, distribution, and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater and to provide anatomical data which could explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information for other related works. For the present study, four specimens were used, prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde solution via the femoral artery, for conservation and dissection. The origin of the right and left ischiadicus nerves in the giant anteater from the ventral ramification of the third lumbar (L3) and the first (S1), second (S2), and third (S3) sacral spinal nerves. These nerves were symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred to the superficial, middle, and deep gluteal, gemelli, piriform, quadratus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, caudal crural abductor, cranial and caudal parts of the biceps femoris, adductor, semitendinous, and cranial and caudal parts of the semimembranous muscles. Based on the origins of the ischiadicus nerves, there is a caudal migration in the nerve location in animals in a more recent position on the evolutionary scale due to reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus, resulting from the increase in a number of lumbar vertebrae. There is no complete homology of the muscle innervation.(AU)
Objetivou-se descrever as origens, distribuições e ramificações dos nervos isquiáticos no tamanduá-bandeira, disponibilizando, assim, dados anatômicos que possam não só elucidar os aspectos evolutivos como também fornecer informações importantes para áreas afins. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes preparados por meio da perfusão de formaldeído 10% via artéria femoral, para conservação e dissecação. As origens dos nervos isquiáticos direito e esquerdo no tamanduá-bandeira foram provenientes dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais lombares três e sacrais um, dois e três, sendo simétricos em todos os animais estudados. As distribuições e ramificações ocorreram nos músculos glúteos superficial, médio e profundo; gêmeo; piriforme; quadrado femoral; tensor da fáscia lata; abdutor crural caudal; bíceps femoral parte cranial; bíceps femoral parte caudal; adutor; semitendíneo; semimembranáceo parte cranial e semimembranáceo parte caudal. Notou-se que houve uma migração caudal na localização deste nervo nos animais mais recentes na escala evolutiva, devido a uma reconfiguração do plexo lombossacral decorrente do aumento no número de vértebras lombares, não havendo uma homologia total quanto à inervação dos músculos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Nervo Isquiático/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Isquiático/irrigação sanguínea , Xenarthra/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of the great vessels of the heart in capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) and to compare with those of other primates, including humans. The hearts were prepared through fixation in 10% formalin and subsequently dissected using standard techniques and instruments. The arterial and venous systems were perfused with colored latex solution via the femoral vessels. An ascending cylindrical branch with relatively great caliber was identified in the aorta artery, in addition to an aortic arch, from which three great arteries were originated, the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. After a course of variable extension, the pulmonary trunk divided into right and left pulmonary arteries. The caudal vena cava was morphologically similar to that of humans, except for its association with the cardiac lobe of the right lung, whereas the cranial vena cava was formed by the two braquiocephalic veins and received the azygos vein close to right atrium. The pulmonary veins, in number of six, ended at the posterior face of the left atrium, differently from both humans and other primates. In conclusion, the morphology of the great vessels of the heart in Cebus apella was similar to that of humans and other primates, although some differences are evidenced with regards to topography and number of anatomic structures, particularly the relationship of the caudal vena cava with the cardiac lobe of the right lung and the presence of six pulmonary veins in Cebus apella.
Assuntos
Cebus/anatomia & histologia , Vasos Coronários/anatomia & histologia , Coração/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , Pulmão/anatomia & histologia , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A recombinant factor VIIa analog (NN1731; vatreptacog alfa [activated]) was developed to provide safe, rapid and sustained resolution of bleeds in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors. PATIENTS/METHODS: This global, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, dose-escalation trial evaluated and compared one to three doses of vatreptacog alfa at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 lg kg(-1) with one to three doses of recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) at 90 lg kg(-1) in the treatment of acute joint bleeds in hemophilia patients with inhibitors. The primary endpoint comprised adverse events; secondary endpoints were evaluations of immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 96 joint bleeds in 51 patients (> 12 years of age) were dosed. Vatreptacog alfa was well tolerated, with a low frequency of adverse events. No immunogenic or thrombotic events related to vatreptacog alfa were reported. A high efficacy rate of vatreptacog alfa in controlling acute joint bleeds was observed; 98% of bleeds were controlled within 9 h of the initial dose in a combined evaluation of 2080 lg kg(-1) vatreptacog alfa. The efficacy rate observed for rFVIIa (90%) is consistent with data from published clinical trials. The trial was not powered to compare efficacy, and further trials are needed to investigate the efficacy of vatreptacog alfa as compared with that of rFVIIa. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00486278).
Assuntos
Fator VIIa/uso terapêutico , Hemartrose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemofilia A/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Fator VIIa/farmacocinética , Hemofilia A/tratamento farmacológico , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Humanos , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacocinética , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of aging on people must be evaluated to adequate sanitary actions. AIM: To assess the characteristics of older subjects living in Antofagasta, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of 602 subjects without dementia, aged more than 60 years (55% females). A socioeconomic and medical history was obtained and Barthel, Lawton, Yesavage depression, Tromp fall risk and Folstein Mini mental scales were applied. RESULTS: Sixty eight percent of subjects had more than six years of studies. Forty six percent had hypertension, 28% had osteoarticular problems, 20% had hypercholesterolemia and 17% diabetes mellitus. Four percent had depression and falls were reported by 35%. Seventy four percent were independent in basic and instrumental activities. Ninety four percent had normal cognitive functions. Age was an important determinant of functional capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The main problems detected in this sample were the risk of falls and the presence of chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Avaliação Geriátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades Cotidianas , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Background: The effects of aging on people must be evaluated to adequate sanitary actions. Aim: To assess the characteristics of older subjects living in Antofagasta, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of 602 subjects without dementia, aged more than 60 years (55 percent females). A socioeconomic and medical history was obtained and Barthel, Lawton, Yesavage depression, Tromp fall risk and Folstein Mini mental scales were applied. Results: Sixty eight percent of subjects had more than six years of studies. Forty six percent had hypertension, 28 percent had osteoarticular problems, 20 percent had hypercholesterolemia and 17 percent diabetes mellitus. Four percent had depression and falls were reported by 35 percent. Seventy four percent were independent in basic and instrumental activities. Ninety four percent had normal cognitive functions. Age was an important determinant of functional capacity. Conclusions: The main problems detected in this sample were the risk of falls and the presence of chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Avaliação Geriátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades Cotidianas , Distribuição por Idade , Análise de Variância , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Nível de Saúde , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Petcoke is a remnant of the oil refining process that contains Ni and other heavy metals. Undesired human exposure to these compounds may result from petcoke combustion in plants located in the vicinity of the cities. AIM: To compare levels of urinary Ni in schoolchildren residing in cities exposed and not exposed to petcoke pollution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was done in schoolchildren aged 7 to 8 years old in two cities in northern Chile: Mejillones (n = 59), near to a petcoke plant, and Tocopilla (n = 56) as the reference city. First, morning urinary samples were collected and urinary Ni was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Socioeconomic and environmental exposure information of families was obtained applying a questionnaire to parents. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify other variables that may explain urinary Ni differences among the cities. RESULTS: Median level of Ni was higher in Mejillones (4.9 fig/L) than in Tocopilla (3.9 fig/L). Residing in the exposed city was the most important explaining factor (B = 0.26; IC 0.107 - 0.428). Additionally years of residency was associated with urinary Ni (B = 0.03; IC 0.004 - 0.060). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary Ni in schoolchildren is higher in the city exposed to petcoke emissions. The difference does not imply that there are concrete hazards for the population's health. However, it warns about the existence of a higher exposure in places where petcoke is used.
Assuntos
Coque/toxicidade , Saúde Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Níquel/urina , Material Particulado/química , Criança , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Níquel/toxicidade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Background: Petcoke is a remmant of the oil refiningprocess that contains Ni and other heavy metáis. Undesired human exposure to these compounds may result from petcoke combustión in plants located in the vicinity ofthe cities. Aim: To compare levéis of urinary Ni in schoolchildren residing in cities exposed and not exposed to petcoke pollution. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was done in schoolchildren aged 7 to 8 years oíd in two cities in northern Chile: Mejillones (n = 59), near to a petcoke plant and Tocopilla (n = 56) as the reference city. First, morning urinary samples were collected and urinary Ni was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Socioeconomic and environmental exposure information of families was obtained applying a questionnaire to parents. Múltiple linear regression was performed to identify other variables that may explain urinary Ni differences among the cities. Results: Median level of Ni was higher in Mejillones (4.9 fig/L) than in Tocopilla (3.9 fig/L). Residing in the exposed city was the most important explaining factor (B = 0.26; IC 0.107 - 0.428). Additionally years of residency was associated with urinary Ni (B = 0.03; IC 0.004 - 0.060). Conclusions: Urinary Ni in schoolchildren is higher in the city exposed to petcoke emissions. The difference does not imply that there are concrete hazards for the population s health. However, it warns about the existence of a higher exposure in places where petcoke is used.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Coque/toxicidade , Saúde Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Níquel/urina , Material Particulado/química , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Níquel/toxicidade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Tuberculosis rates in Chile are higher than expected during the last years. This is directly related to the increase of immunodeficiency associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is the sixth in frequency of extra pulmonary localizations. We report an HIV(+) 55 year-old male, that presented with fever and epigastric pain. In an upper GI endoscopy small elevated lesions were described in the esophagus. Pathological study was suggestive of tuberculous infection. The definitive diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis was obtained by a PCR test of the biopsy sample. Antituberculous therapy was started and one year later there was a regression but not disappearance of esophageal lesions and granulomas in the pathological study.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Doenças do Esôfago/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Doenças do Esôfago/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Esôfago/microbiologia , Esofagoscopia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tuberculose Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Tuberculosis rates in Chile are higher than expected during the last years. This is directly related to the increase of immunodeficiency associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is the sixth in frequency of extra pulmonary localizations. We report an HIV(+) 55 year-old male, that presented with fever and epigastric pain. In an upper GI endoscopy small elevated lesions were described in the esophagus. Pathological study was suggestive of tuberculous infection. The definitive diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis was obtained by a PCR test of the biopsy sample. Antituberculous therapy was started and one year later there was a regression but not disappearance of esophageal lesions and granulomas in the pathological study.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Doenças do Esôfago/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Doenças do Esôfago/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Esôfago/microbiologia , Esofagoscopia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tuberculose Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
En este número de C&T iniciamos una serie de artículos dedicados al tema de regresión y correlación. En este artículo se definen y explican los conceptos básicos de regresión lineal y correlación. Se explica cómo opera y cómo aplicar un modelo de regresión lineal simple, así como la interpretación de la información obtenida. Se detallan los supuestos que deben chequearse y cumplirse para que el modelo sea válido y la importancia de evaluar los datos en forma gráfica, antes de cualquier análisis multivariado. Este artículo no pretende reemplazar libros especializados en el tema, pero sí dar una visión general que permita entender cómo operan estos modelos y cuáles son sus virtudes y debilidades.
Assuntos
Modelos Lineares , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
No es raro disponer de información que no proviene de una muestra estrictamente aleatoria y se nos plantea el dilema de si es procedente o no enunciar conclusiones referidas a la población de la cual se extrajo esa muestra. Se discuten algunas consideraciones referentesa la decisión de extrapolar o no de la muestra a la población.
Assuntos
Projetos de Pesquisa Epidemiológica , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzed the effects of acute amphetamine (AMPH) treatment on immune-mediated lung inflammatory response in rats. METHODS: There were four experiments. In the first and second experiments, rats were treated with AMPH (1 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl, and locomotor activity (experiment 1) and serum AMPH concentrations (experiment 2) were measured 1 or 12 h after treatment. In the third experiment, rats which were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were treated 14 days later with 0.9% NaCl or AMPH (1 mg/kg). Twelve hours after these treatments, all animals were submitted to challenge by 1% OVA inhalation being analyzed afterwards for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), peripheral blood and bone marrow cellularity. In the fourth and final experiment, rats were treated and studied as for experiment 3, except that half of the animals within each group were previously treated with metyrapone prior to the OVA challenge. RESULTS: In the non-immunized rats, AMPH treatment induced an increase in locomotor activity synchronized to high serum AMPH concentrations 1 h after, but not 12 h after treatment. In OVA-challenged rats, AMPH treatment decreased the total number of inflammatory cells, recovered in both BAL and peripheral blood and increased the total number of bone marrow cells. These effects, observed 1 day after OVA challenge, were abrogated by previous metyrapone treatment. CONCLUSION: AMPH treatment changed HPA-axis responsiveness to the stress condition imposed by the OVA challenge decreasing lung and blood leukocytes cellularity most probably via corticosterone actions on bone marrow activity.
Assuntos
Anfetamina/farmacologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos dos fármacos , Mielopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroimunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Pneumonia/imunologia , Anfetamina/sangue , Animais , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/imunologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/imunologia , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/imunologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/farmacologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Leucócitos/citologia , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Metirapona/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Mielopoese/imunologia , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Ovalbumina/farmacologia , Pneumonia/induzido quimicamente , Pneumonia/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and determine serologically enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains in E. coli isolates obtained from milk samples. METHODS: Ninety samples of pasteurized milk - types B and C - of three different commercial brands, purchased in supermarkets and bakeries in Rio de Janeiro, were examined. The amount of total and fecal coliform bacteria was estimated using the Most Probable Number technique. Mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and thermoduric microorganism counts were determined by the Standard Plate Count technique. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using conventional physiological tests. Commercial antisera were used for serological characterization of EPEC. RESULTS: The three milk brands analyzed revealed bacterial counts above the regulated values of the Brazilian government. It was found that among 208 strains of E. coli isolated, 46 (22.1%) were serologically classified as EPEC. The most common EPEC serogroup was O55 (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Though recent studies on virulence factors indicate that not all strains serologically classified as EPEC are able to attaching/effacing lesion, it is believed that the isolation of EPEC serogroups from pasteurized milk represent a potential risk for children, as well as an indicative of the presence of other enteropathogens.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Leite/microbiologia , Sorotipagem , Animais , Brasil , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Escherichia coli/classificação , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
We investigated the presence of PAF receptor subtypes in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, airways, blood vessels and in murine macrophages. For this purpose we have used a competitive PAF receptor antagonist, yangambin (YAN), extracted from the Brazilian plant "louro de cheiro" (Ocotea duckei Vattimo). Rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, stomach fundus, trachea and bronchia were removed and 1.5-2 cm muscle segments from those regions were mounted in a 10 ml organ bath with aerated physiological solution at 37 degrees C. PAF evoked a contraction of the rat jejunum, ileum, colon and stomach fundus. The contraction was slow and resistant to wash and was followed by desensitization to further doses of PAF. Contractions induced by PAF (10(-6) M) were inhibited by YAN (10(-7) to M-2 x 10(-5) M) and WEB 2086 (10(-6) m to M-5 M) in rat jejunum, ileum and colon but not in the stomach fundus. In the rat stomach fundus only WEB 2086 (5 x 10(-6) M) was able to block PAF-induced contraction. The contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and vasopressin were not inhibited by prior administration of YAN. Yangambin also significantly inhibited PAF-induced vascular permeability in rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and mesentery. Yangambin significantly inhibited PAF-induced lipid body formation in mice peritoneal macrophages. We suggest that YAN is a selective PAF antagonist which is able to discriminate putative PAF receptors subtypes present in the stomach fundus.
Assuntos
Sistema Digestório/efeitos dos fármacos , Furanos/farmacologia , Lauraceae/química , Lignanas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Animais , Azepinas/farmacologia , Sistema Digestório/metabolismo , Feminino , Furanos/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Lignanas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/classificação , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
No momento de relacionar um sistema resinoso com vistas a sua correta utilizaçäo clínica, é importante saber sua composiçäo e para isto se realizou o presente trabalho, com o objetivo de conhecer a porcentagem em peso, da fase inorgânica de 16 sistemas resinosos e compômeros. Com esse propósito se separou uma porçäo de cada material que foi pesada, levada a temperatura de volatizaçäo total da fase orgânica e novamente pesada, obtendo-se o valor, em peso, da carga inorgânica. As resinas Aeilite Flow e Revolution foram as que apresentaram menor proporçäo de carga. Valores intermediários se registraram com Tetric Flow e Solitaire e valores com maior proporçäo de carga inorgânica no restante dos materiais analisados
Assuntos
Termogravimetria , Resinas Compostas , CompômerosRESUMO
The effect of lipids administration by gavage (0.4% body weight) given daily during four weeks on the hypersensitivity reaction in trachea, upper and lower bronchi, liver, kidney, mesentery, and pancreas was investigated in male rats. The plasma exudation was assessed by using Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation method. There was a significant difference in the permeability of the organs in nonimmunized rats. The immunization increased the vascular permeability and the response with the organs varied greatly. The effect of lipids on anaphylactic reaction was compared to those of untreated rats (control group). The EB extravasation was significantly increased in the trachea obtained from rats treated with cocoa butter and soybean oil. In the upper bronchi of rats treated with soybean oil, the EB extravasation was increased. However, in the lower bronchi, none of the treatments with lipids changed the extravasation of EB. The same was observed in the liver and kidney. The animals treated with lipids by gavage did not present differences in EB extravasation in the mesentery. However, in the pancreas and duodenum, the treatment with fish and soybean oils and cocoa butter markedly lowered EB extravasation.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/induzido quimicamente , Permeabilidade Capilar/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras na Dieta , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas , Administração Oral , Animais , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Azul Evans , Imunização , Masculino , Ovalbumina/imunologia , RatosRESUMO
The present work demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) modulates Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the proximal rat trachea. Sodium nitroprusside induced concentration-dependent (10-100 microM) stimulation in proximal trachea Na+, K+-ATPase activity. The effect was specific for Na+, K+-ATPase since Mg-ATPase activity was unaffected. This NO-donor changed neither Na+, K+-ATPase nor Mg-ATPase activity in the distal segment. The modulatory action on Na+, K+-ATPase induced by sodium nitroprusside was linked to an increase in nitrates/nitrites and cyclic GMP levels in proximal segments. Modulation of proximal Na+, K+-ATPase activity by sodium nitroprusside was mimicked by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (100 microM) and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (100 microM). Both sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP effects on Na+, K+-ATPase activity of proximal segments of trachea were blocked by 2 microM of KT 5823 (a cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor), but not by 0.5 microM of KT 5720 (a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor). Both kinase inhibitors decreased proximal Na+, K+-ATPase activity, but did not change Mg-ATPase activity. Okadaic acid (1 microM), a phosphatase-1 inhibitor, increased proximal Na+, K+-ATPase but not Mg-ATPase activity. The effect of okadaic acid was non-additive with that of 8-bromo-cGMP on Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Our results suggest that NO modulates proximal rat trachea Na+, K+-ATPase activity through cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.
Assuntos
Broncodilatadores/farmacologia , GMP Cíclico/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Traqueia/fisiologia , Animais , ATPase de Ca(2+) e Mg(2+)/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Proteínas Quinases/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatadores/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background: We have shown numeric alterations such as hyperploidy and hypoploidy with loss of chromosome 17 in primary gastric cancer. This chromosome maps p53 suppressor gene that induces the transcription of genes related to cellular cycle control, DNA synthesis and repair, cellular differentiation and apoptosis. Aim: To analyze, at a molecular level, the possible alterations of p53 suppressor gene in samples of gastric cancer and non tumoral mucosa. Material and methods: Tissue samples of gastric carcinoma and non tumoral gastric mucosa coming from 26 patients subjected to a total gastrectomy were analyzed. The mutation of p53 suppressor gene exons 7 to 9 were determined using a conformational polymorphism analysis in single strands of the gene and indirect sequencing in some cases. Results: Alterations in p53 gene were found in 77 percent of tumoral and 19 percent of non tumoral samples. T insertions in codons 260, 317 and 321, G insertion in codon 328 and G-T transvertion in codon 302 were found. Aminoacid sequence analysis of p53 protein obtained with sequencing data showed that T insertion in codon 260 could translate three erroneous aminoacids after the mutation and produce a truncated protein due to the creation of a stop codon. No associations between alterations of p53 gene and clinical or pathological variables such as age, sex, tumor localization, histological type and presence of Iymph node metastases were observed