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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease characterized by reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and a respiratory disease in pigs of any age. Brazil is the fourth largest pork producer and exporter globally, and PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection has never been reported in the country. This study aimed to investigate the status of porcine biological samples from commercial swine herds, quarantined imported boars, wild boars and feral pigs to update PRRS information in Brazil. A total of 14,382 samples were collected from 2008 to 2020, including sera (n = 12,841), plasma (n = 1,000) and oral fluids (n = 541), comprehending 137 herds and free-living pigs in eight Brazilian states. One out of 1,000 (0.1%) plasma and 15 out of 12,841 (0.11%) serum samples tested positive for PRRSV antibodies through ELISA. Upon ELISA retesting, only the plasma sample, from one 8-day-old piglet remained positive. All sixteen previously PRRSV antibody-positive samples were tested through RT-PCR and found to be negative. The presence of false-positive or singleton reactors are quite expected. Thus, the use of different/alternative diagnostic tests is indicated for an efficient PRRSV detection. Taken together, our findings demonstrated no conclusive evidence of PRRSV infection in the tested pigs, highlighting the importance to reinforce the surveillance program to prevent the introduction and eventual dissemination of PRRSV in Brazil.

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This is the first study conducted in Paraná, Brazil, to investigate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) infection in free-living wild boars. Eighty-eight wild boars were managed by authorized controllers between 2017 and 2019 in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. Management georeferencing, sex, and weight were recorded for each animal. The presence of Mhyo antibodies in wild boar serum samples was evaluated using a commercial indirect ELISA kit. The presence of enzootic pneumonia-like gross lesions was evaluated, and the observed macroscopic lesions were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Chi-square test and the intensity of the association with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the differences in the qualitative variables between groups (sex and municipality). Juvenile wild boars exhibited a higher seroprevalence than older ones (p = 0.005). The Teixeira Soares municipality differed in Mhyo seroprevalence in comparison with Castro (p < 0.001), Ponta Grossa (p = 0.004), and Carambeí (p < 0.001). Females were 6.79 times more likely to present consolidation lesions than males (p = 0.004). Among the evaluated lung samples with injuries, 57.1% (8/14) and 53.8% (7/13) were Mhyo positive by IHC in Castro and Ponta Grossa, respectively, confirming that the identified macroscopic lesions were caused by Mhyo. This study demonstrates the circulation of Mhyo in free-living wild boars, which raises concerns regarding the epidemiological role of this animal species for the spread of the pathogen.

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Wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of Santa Catarina (SC), south of Brazil. For this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from October 2017 to November 2018. All 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the following seroprevalence: 52.4% for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2); 21.3% for Leptospira spp.; 19.7% for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; 13.1% for hepatitis E virus (HEV); and 9.8% for influenza A virus (IAV). No seroreaction was observed for Brucella spp. and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). At necropsy, the main lesions observed were evidence of pulmonary metastrongylid parasites, haemorrhagic lymph nodes and white-spotted liver. Histopathological analyses mainly showed interstitial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia. There was a significant association between metastrongylid parasitism and BALT hyperplasia in lungs. Pathological findings of wild boars indicate that the assessed individuals were not exposed to notifiable diseases, such as CSFV, African swine fever virus and foot-and-mouth disease, which cause economic damage by non-tariff trade barriers. However, the detection of antibodies against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, pathogens that impact commercial production, indicates the circulation of these agents, with frequency variation in wild populations. This shows the potential risk of pathogen transmission among domestic swine populations and free-living ones. The detection of antibodies against zoonotic agents such as HEV, IAV and Leptospira spp., other than characterizing the pathogens' circulation in these populations, suggests a potential risk to public health and pig farming, depending on the interactions established with the environment, humans and domestic swine.

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The vast capacity for maintenance and dissemination in the environment are major challenges for the control of Salmonella spp. in poultry farms. The aim of this study was to assess environmental contamination by non-typhoidal Salmonella in successive broiler flocks in nine commercial broiler farms integrated with three companies in the south of Brazil, for a twelve-month production period. Recycled broiler litter, feed and swabs from the evaporative cooling system pads were analyzed, and the total enterobacteria count in the litter samples was ascertained. Positive broiler houses were identified in two of the three broiler companies studied, in which non-typhoidal Salmonella were detected for the first time in the first or second flock, and recurred in the recycled litter of subsequent flocks. Feed and evaporative cooling pad swab samples were also positive in at least one of the assessed flocks. The majority of the isolates (87.5%) originating from different flocks, broiler houses and companies that were sampled were identified as S. Heidelberg, with the prevalence of one single genotype. The total enterobacteria levels in the litter diminished as the flocks progressed, but the presence of Salmonella spp. was constant over the course of time, indicating that the litter management procedures were not capable of interrupting the cycle of residual contamination. The predominance of S. Heidelberg highlights its emergence and dissemination in this region, as well as its resistance and maintenance in the environment, and reinforces the need to improve prevention and recycled litter management measures.

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Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have become an important invasive species in all Brazilian regions. Increase in their population causes damage to rural properties, as they invade and destroy crops. To protect their crops and farm animals, producers hunt wild boars and often consume the product without any sanitary control, becoming exposed to various types of pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii. Sanitary evaluations of these animals are scarce, especially in relation to the protozoan T. gondii. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of this pathogen in wild boars in Brazil. We analyzed 122 blood samples from wild boars (blood clots and serum), collected between 2014 and 2016 in five Brazilian states, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect hemagglutination (IH) techniques. In total, 33 (27%) samples were positive by at least one test, 16 (13.1%) were positive by PCR, 19 (15.6%) were positive by IH, and only 2 (1.6%) were positive by both tests. The lack of sanitary management of feral animals increases the incidence of infections, and the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat may become a potential source of infection for humans in Brazil.(AU)

Os javalis (Sus scrofa) tornaram-se uma importante espécie invasora em todas as regiões do Brasil. Com o aumento de sua população causam danos em propriedades rurais, invadindo e destruindo lavouras. Como alternativa para proteger suas culturas e criações, os produtores os caçam e muitas vezes consomem o produto sem qualquer tipo de controle sanitário, expondo esses consumidores a diversos tipos de patógenos, entre eles o Toxoplasma gondii. Avaliações sanitárias destes animais são escassas, principalmente, em relação ao protozoário T. gondii. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência deste patógeno em javalis de vida livre no Brasil. Foram analisadas 122 amostras de sangue de javalis (coágulos sanguíneos e soro), coletadas entre os anos de 2014 a 2016, de cinco estados do Brasil, através da técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e da técnica de hemaglutinação indireta (HI). No total, 33 (27%) amostras foram positivas em pelo menos um teste, sendo 16 (13,1%) na PCR e 19 (15,6%) na IH e apenas 2 (1,6%) em ambos os testes. A falta de manejo sanitário dos animais ferais aumenta a incidência de possíveis infecções e o consumo da carne crua ou sem cocção adequada pode vir a ser potencial fonte de infecção para humanos.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have become an important invasive species in all Brazilian regions. Increase in their population causes damage to rural properties, as they invade and destroy crops. To protect their crops and farm animals, producers hunt wild boars and often consume the product without any sanitary control, becoming exposed to various types of pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii. Sanitary evaluations of these animals are scarce, especially in relation to the protozoan T. gondii. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of this pathogen in wild boars in Brazil. We analyzed 122 blood samples from wild boars (blood clots and serum), collected between 2014 and 2016 in five Brazilian states, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect hemagglutination (IH) techniques. In total, 33 (27%) samples were positive by at least one test, 16 (13.1%) were positive by PCR, 19 (15.6%) were positive by IH, and only 2 (1.6%) were positive by both tests. The lack of sanitary management of feral animals increases the incidence of infections, and the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat may become a potential source of infection for humans in Brazil.

RESUMO: Os javalis (Sus scrofa) tornaram-se uma importante espécie invasora em todas as regiões do Brasil. Com o aumento de sua população causam danos em propriedades rurais, invadindo e destruindo lavouras. Como alternativa para proteger suas culturas e criações, os produtores os caçam e muitas vezes consomem o produto sem qualquer tipo de controle sanitário, expondo esses consumidores a diversos tipos de patógenos, entre eles o Toxoplasma gondii. Avaliações sanitárias destes animais são escassas, principalmente, em relação ao protozoário T. gondii. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência deste patógeno em javalis de vida livre no Brasil. Foram analisadas 122 amostras de sangue de javalis (coágulos sanguíneos e soro), coletadas entre os anos de 2014 a 2016, de cinco estados do Brasil, através da técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e da técnica de hemaglutinação indireta (HI). No total, 33 (27%) amostras foram positivas em pelo menos um teste, sendo 16 (13,1%) na PCR e 19 (15,6%) na IH e apenas 2 (1,6%) em ambos os testes. A falta de manejo sanitário dos animais ferais aumenta a incidência de possíveis infecções e o consumo da carne crua ou sem cocção adequada pode vir a ser potencial fonte de infecção para humanos.

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Background: Broilers are a reservoir of Campylobacter (C.), an important causal agent of gastroenteritis mostly associated to handling and consumption of broiler meat. The majority of broiler flocks are colonized by thermophilic Campylobacter at the slaughter age, and carcasses might be contaminated throughout the processing line. Since surveillance is crucial to evaluate and improve approaches to reduce Campylobacter spread during broiler processing, a cross-sectional study was carried out to detect the level of Campylobacter contamination in a broiler at slaughter. Materials, Methods & Results: Cloacal swabs, caeca and whole carcasses were taken from a broiler flock slaughtered in Southern Brazil. Samples were individually inoculated in Bolton Broth (BB) and incubated at 41.5°C in a microaerobic atmosphere for 44 h, when the enriched culture was inoculated onto modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA) and Campy-Cefex Agar (CCA) plates. All plates were incubated at 41.5°C in the microaerobic atmosphere for 44 h. Aliquots of each enriched BB were collected and submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while the genetic relatedness of isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 3 (9.4%) cloacal swabs were positive for C. jejuni. No Campylobacter was isolated from any of the caecal contents or broiler carcasses analyzed. In addition, negative mCCDA and CCA plates showed an abundant growth of contaminant cells. The PCR assay detected all thermophilic Campylobacter reference strains tested and also the Arcobacter species. No amplified product was obtained from the non-related bacterial species analyzed. It was possible to identify 29 (90.6%) cloacal swabs, 32 (97.0%) caecal contents and 31 (100%) broiler carcasses Campylobacter-positive by PCR analysis. PFGE typing of the C. jejuni isolated resulted in two clearly distinguished genotypes which were grouped into different clusters. Discussion: The detection of C. jejuni in only few cloacal swabs sampled contrasts with higher frequencies of Campylobacter previously described in broilers. However, the enrichment culture of fecal samples might be compromised by the many competing non-target bacteria present, which may have prevented the detection of Campylobacter-positive samples. In addition, the BB and selective media containing cefoperazone might have allowed the growth of cefoperazone-resistant contaminant cells from fecal and carcasses samples, which masked Campylobacter cells onto mCCDA and CCA. To improve the detection of Campylobacter in broiler samples, alternative antimicrobial supplements or reduction of the time of enrichment has already been suggested. PCR showed a higher number of positive samples, which might reflect the increased ability of the PCR assay to detect either injured cells in conventional enrichment culture or Campylobacter that were masked by the proliferation of competing cells onto selective media used. The PCR assay was able to detect all the reference strains of thermophilic Campylobacter, but also the related Arcobacter species. However, the temperature of incubation of the enriched cultures associated to the selective pressure of the antimicrobials present in the BB restricts the growth of Arcobacter and the false-positive results observed using PCR. The subtypes of the C. jejuni strains isolated showed that the target broiler flock was simultaneously colonized by more than one C. jejuni strain which might be the result of introduction of Campylobacter from different sources at farm. PCR analysis showed high Campylobacter contamination level of the target flock at slaughter, pointing to the need for additional studies to investigate Campylobacter sources at broiler processing.

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Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico em 60 unidades de terminação de suínos (UT), pertencentes a produtores integrados às principais agroindústrias dos Estados de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Esses produtores foram selecionados em função da ocorrência de linfadenite em lotes de suínos abatidos. O tamanho dos lotes acompanhados em cada UT variou de 22 a 960 suínos. Os animais foram considerados positivos ou negativos para linfadenite, pela avaliação de rotina do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no abate. Para coleta dos dados nas UT, foi aplicado um questionário com 156 variáveis em uma única visita às granjas. Nos lotes das 60 UT estudadas, a percentagem de animais positivos para linfadenite foi de 10,37 por cento. Do conjunto de variáveis analisadas foram identificados nove fatores de risco (variáveis explicativas) associados à ocorrência de linfadenite (variável objetiva), os quais são: a má higiene dos comedouros e bebedouros, a água não tratada, a má conservação das instalações, o transporte de ração e animais com o mesmo caminhão, a produção de ração na propriedade, o acesso de outros animais à fabrica de ração, a estocagem de ração pronta em caixas ou sacos e o manejo na produção de animais em sistema contínuo. (AU)

An epidemiological study in 60 units of swine termination (UT), pertaining to producers integrated with the main Agribusiness of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. These units had been selected due to the occurrence of lymphadenitis in slaughtered pigs. The batch size studied in each UT varied from 22 to 960 pigs. The animals were considered positive or negative for lymphadenitis, following the evaluation routine of the Service of Federal Inspection (SIF) at slaughter. For data collection at the UTs, a questionnaire with 156 variables was applied at a single visit to the farms. In the 60 UT studied, the percentage of positive animals for lymphadenitis was 10.37%. Among the variables analyzed, nine risk factors were identified (explicative variables) and associated with the occurrence of lymphadenitis (objective variables). The explicative variables were: bad hygiene of the feeders and drinking fountains, untreated drinking water, bad conservation of the facilities, use of the same truck for ration and animal transportation, production of ration inside the farm, free access of other animals to the ingredients of ration, storage of ready usable ration in boxes or bags and handling of the production of animals in an continuous system.(AU)

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Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico em 60 unidades de terminação de suínos (UT), pertencentes a produtores integrados às principais agroindústrias dos Estados de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Esses produtores foram selecionados em função da ocorrência de linfadenite em lotes de suínos abatidos. O tamanho dos lotes acompanhados em cada UT variou de 22 a 960 suínos. Os animais foram considerados positivos ou negativos para linfadenite, pela avaliação de rotina do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no abate. Para coleta dos dados nas UT, foi aplicado um questionário com 156 variáveis em uma única visita às granjas. Nos lotes das 60 UT estudadas, a percentagem de animais positivos para linfadenite foi de 10,37 por cento. Do conjunto de variáveis analisadas foram identificados nove fatores de risco (variáveis explicativas) associados à ocorrência de linfadenite (variável objetiva), os quais são: a má higiene dos comedouros e bebedouros, a água não tratada, a má conservação das instalações, o transporte de ração e animais com o mesmo caminhão, a produção de ração na propriedade, o acesso de outros animais à fabrica de ração, a estocagem de ração pronta em caixas ou sacos e o manejo na produção de animais em sistema contínuo.

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