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Salivary gland small cell carcinoma is a rare neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of salivary gland tumours. Little is known about the epidemiologic factors and treatment of this lesion. The authors report two cases and perform a systematic literature search from 1960 to 2011 for articles on salivary gland small cell carcinoma. Once the papers were reviewed, a database was generated to analyse clinical and pathological features, treatments and outcomes, and an attempt was made to identify prognostic factors. Available data were retrieved for 44 cases which fully satisfied the inclusion criteria; the median age was 64.25 years and the male:female ratio was 2.4:1. The parotid gland was the most common site (79.6%). The overall 1-, 2- and 5-year survival rates were 75.3%, 56.4% and 36.6%, respectively. According to the present review, patient age, tumour size, distant metastasis and cytokeratin-20 positive immunostaining were all significant prognostic factors in a univariate analysis. No particular treatment approach appeared to improve survival. This work reinforces knowledge about salivary gland small cell carcinoma's epidemiologic features, and identifies new prognostic markers. The optimal management of this lesion remains controversial.

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The noise caused by the movement of users on their chairs in the work environment may indicate structural weaknesses and risk, and still significantly reduce productivity by increasing employees stress level. By understanding the activities to be developed in a work place one may understand what should be necessary to a good development, thereafter a search for improvement of labor activity with the aim of better use of resources in the operation of product use may be done. The analysis of the incremental variation of noise in professional chairs aims to identify its origin and the time the emission of noise starts during the period of use, its development and the major causative agents. Determining the characteristics of the sound of different materials and adjustments mechanisms of the chair can determine how different materials interact with each other. The measurement of these noises in an acoustic isolated room using directional microphones, if recorded and analyzed properly makes it possible to investigate and orientate to suspect elements in order to propose solutions and identify the quality of other similar chairs. Based on the results recommendations can be established for the orientation of users, managers and people responsible for the acquisition of the products, inducing them to review the employment of materials and the choice of the processes of production. These aspects are not covered in the Brazilian ergonomics norms and standards in the use of chairs.

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Foram utilizados 55 ratos machos da espécie Rattus novergicus, variedade Wistar, com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental de trauma medular produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado, capaz de reproduzir clinicamente lesões medulares padronizadas. Após realização de laminectomia dorsal de T13, utilizou-se peso compressivo de 50,5g (25 animais - grupo I) ou 70,5g (30 animais - grupo II), durante cinco minutos, comprimindo a medula espinhal. Os animais foram assistidos durante oito dias, por meio de testes comportamentais para avaliar a sensibilidade dolorosa, a capacidade motora, o posicionamento tátil e proprioceptivo e a capacidade de manter-se em plano inclinado. No grupo I, observaram-se déficits neurológicos moderados e transitórios, que variaram entre os animais. No grupo II, foi possível obter um trauma padronizado, caracterizado por paraplegia bilateral e simétrica dos membros posteriores, perda de propriocepção e da sensibilidade dolorosa de todos os animais. A utilização do aparelho estereotáxico desenvolvido permite reproduzir clinicamente trauma medular padronizado em ratos, de maneira simples, econômica e satisfatória, o que poderá proporcionar avanços nas investigações terapêuticas, abrangendo doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso do trauma medular agudo.

Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.

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Foram utilizados 55 ratos machos da espécie Rattus novergicus, variedade Wistar, com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental de trauma medular produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado, capaz de reproduzir clinicamente lesões medulares padronizadas. Após realização de laminectomia dorsal de T13, utilizou-se peso compressivo de 50,5g (25 animais - grupo I) ou 70,5g (30 animais - grupo II), durante cinco minutos, comprimindo a medula espinhal. Os animais foram assistidos durante oito dias, por meio de testes comportamentais para avaliar a sensibilidade dolorosa, a capacidade motora, o posicionamento tátil e proprioceptivo e a capacidade de manter-se em plano inclinado. No grupo I, observaram-se déficits neurológicos moderados e transitórios, que variaram entre os animais. No grupo II, foi possível obter um trauma padronizado, caracterizado por paraplegia bilateral e simétrica dos membros posteriores, perda de propriocepção e da sensibilidade dolorosa de todos os animais. A utilização do aparelho estereotáxico desenvolvido permite reproduzir clinicamente trauma medular padronizado em ratos, de maneira simples, econômica e satisfatória, o que poderá proporcionar avanços nas investigações terapêuticas, abrangendo doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso do trauma medular agudo.(AU)

Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.(AU)

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Ebselen (2-phenyl- 1,2-benzisoselenazole-3 (2H)-one) is a seleno-organic compound with antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory actions. Recently, ebselen improved the outcome of acute ischemic stroke in humans. In the present study, the potential antioxidant capacity of organochalcogenide compounds diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)2, diphenyl disulfide (PhS)2, p-Cl-diphenyl diselenide (pCl-PhSe)2, bis-[S-4-isopropyl 2-phenyl oxazoline] diselenide (AA-Se)2, bis-[S-4-isopropyl 2-phenyl oxazoline] ditelluride (AA-Te)2 and bis-[S-4-isopropyl 2-phenyl oxazoline] disulfide (AA-S)2 was compared with that of ebselen (a classical antioxidant). Spontaneous and quinolinic acid (QA)- (2 mM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)- (5 microM)-induced thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS) production by rat brain homogenates was determined colorimetrically. TBARS formation was reduced by ebselen, (PhSe)2, (PhTe)2, (AA-Se)2, (AA-S)2 and (pCl- PhSe)2 to basal rates. The concentrations of these compounds needed to inhibit TBARS formation by 50% (IC50) are 1.71 microM, 3.73 microM, 1.63 microM, 9.85 microM, >33.3 microM, 23.2 microM and 4.83 microM, respectively for QA. For TBARS production induced by SNP the IC50 was 2.02 microM, 12.5 microM, 2.80 microM, >33.3 microM, 24.5 microM and 7.55 microM, respectively. The compounds (AA-Te)2 and (PhS)2 have no antioxidant activity and pro-oxidant activity, respectively. These results suggest that (AA-Se)2 and (AA-S)2 can be considered as potential pharmaceutical antioxidant agents.

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A identificaçao de nódulos tiroidianos malignos, entre um grande número de bócios inocentes pelos métodos usuais de exploraçao, é cara, pouco sensível e inespecífica. A punçao biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina, reconhecida em outros países, está começando a ser melhor aceita em nosso meio. OBJETIVO. Avaliar a eficiência diagnóstica de 915 punçoes biópsias aspirativas (PBA) com agulha fina, em pacientes com nódulos tiroidianos, em dez anos de atendimento num hospital-escola de 400 leitos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO. 915 exames citológicos e comparaçao de 126 destes aos exames histológicos das mesmas pacientes. RESULTADOS. Sensibilidade de 91,2 por cento, especificidade de 90,5 por cento, precisao de 90,9 por cento, falsos negativos de 5,5 por cento e falsos positivos de 3,3 por cento. A proporçao de neoplasias encontrada nas ressecçoes cirúrgicas destas glândulas foi de 20 por cento quando a PBA nao era ainda disponível e de 48 por cento após introduçao deste exame no serviço. A aceitaçao dos pacientes foi boa e as complicaçoes raras e sem gravidade. CONCLUSAO. Nossos resultados indicam que a PBA da tiróide é eficiente, segura, bem tolerada e facilmente aplicada, mesmo num hospital com pequeno movimento, mas suas limitaçoes devem ser levadas em conta, principalmente ao se analizar o resultado negativo.

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UNLABELLED: The malign thyroid nodules identification, in the middle of a large number of innocent ones, by usual methods of exploration, is expensive, inespecific and of low accuracy. The fine needle aspiration biopsy, accepted in other places, is beginning to be used in our country. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of 915 fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of patients with thyroid nodules in a period of 10 years at a 400 bed general teaching hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 915 cytologic examinations and comparison of 126 of them with the histologic ones. RESULTS: Sensitivity, 91.2%; specificity, 47%; accuracy, 90.9%; false-positive, 3.6%; false negative, 5.5%. The proportion of neoplasms found in thyroidectomies was 20% when FNAB was not available yet and 48% after the introduction of this procedure. Patient acceptance was quite good, complications were infrequent and with no gravity. CONCLUSIONS: FNAB of the thyroid is efficient, safe, well tolerated and easily applied even in a small hospital, but its limitations must be emphasized, mainly when we analyse the negative results.

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From 13,196 faecal cultures made in Recife-Pernambuco during the period from 1978 to 1980, 1,720 strains of Salmonella were isolated. Serological typing on 1,387 of the isolates recognized 63 serotypes, 73.18% of which belonged to group B. The prevalent serotypes adding up to 1,231 strains (88.75% of the total of the isolates) were: S. typhimurium, S. saint-paul, S. poona, S. derby, S. agona, S. newport, S. oranienburg, S. infantis, S. tshiongwe and S. ndolo.

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