RESUMO
Successful and safe Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) relies on proper horse training. Two inexperienced trainers applied Equine Learning Theory on three miniature horses destined for use in EAT, under the supervision of an experienced horse trainer. This six-month program included the following tasks: halter placement (catch) and corporal contact acceptation (brush), limb suspension for hoof cleaning (hoof), halter leading (lead), step back (back off), whip acceptation as an extension of the trainers arm (whip move), corporal and verbal cues for circular movement (lunging), and inhibition of the undesired behavior of biting (dont bite). At each training session, the horse was scored for each task, ranging from 0 (not able to perform) to 4 (ideal performance). Tasks taught exclusively based on negative reinforcement (lead, back off and whip move) responded well to training, while training of those behaviors taught by a combination of association with negative reinforcement (lunging) or with punishment (dont bite) was not effective. Negative reinforcement alone was not enough to maintain the desired behavior once it was performed in hoof. No significative improvements were achieved on tasks that were already accepted by all (brush) or most (catch) of the animals.(AU)
O sucesso e a segurança da Terapia Assistida por Equinos (TAE) dependemdo treinamento adequado dos animais envolvidos. Duas treinadoras inexperientes aplicaram, sob supervisão de um treinador experiente, a Teoria do Aprendizado Equino em três cavalos miniatura destinados ao uso em TAE. O protocolo de treinamento aplicado por 6 meses incluiu: colocação do cabresto (pegar), aceitação do contato corporal (escovar), suspensão dos membros para higiene (casco), condução pelo cabresto (condução), recuar (recuar), aceitação do chicote como uma extensão do braço da treinadora (chicote), comandos verbais e corporais para o movimento em círculos (guia) e inibição do comportamento indesejado de morder (não morder). A cada sessão, cada cavalo recebeu um escore pela realização de cada tarefa, variando entre 0 (não executou) e 4 (desempenho ideal). Tarefas cujo aprendizado dependeu exclusivamente de reforço negativo (condução, recuar e chicote) responderam ao treinamento, ao contrário daquelas que dependeram da combinação de associação com reforço negativo (guia) ou com punição (não morder). O reforço negativo por si só não foi suficiente para a manutenção do comportamento desejado em casco. Nenhuma melhora significativa foi obtida nas tarefas que já eram aceitas por todos (escovar) ou pela maioria (pegar) dos animais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Terapia Assistida por Cavalos/instrumentação , Terapia Assistida por Cavalos/métodos , Comportamento AnimalRESUMO
Successful and safe Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) relies on proper horse training. Two inexperienced trainers applied Equine Learning Theory on three miniature horses destined for use in EAT, under the supervision of an experienced horse trainer. This six-month program included the following tasks: halter placement (catch) and corporal contact acceptation (brush), limb suspension for hoof cleaning (hoof), halter leading (lead), step back (back off), whip acceptation as an extension of the trainers arm (whip move), corporal and verbal cues for circular movement (lunging), and inhibition of the undesired behavior of biting (dont bite). At each training session, the horse was scored for each task, ranging from 0 (not able to perform) to 4 (ideal performance). Tasks taught exclusively based on negative reinforcement (lead, back off and whip move) responded well to training, while training of those behaviors taught by a combination of association with negative reinforcement (lunging) or with punishment (dont bite) was not effective. Negative reinforcement alone was not enough to maintain the desired behavior once it was performed in hoof. No significative improvements were achieved on tasks that were already accepted by all (brush) or most (catch) of the animals.
O sucesso e a segurança da Terapia Assistida por Equinos (TAE) dependemdo treinamento adequado dos animais envolvidos. Duas treinadoras inexperientes aplicaram, sob supervisão de um treinador experiente, a Teoria do Aprendizado Equino em três cavalos miniatura destinados ao uso em TAE. O protocolo de treinamento aplicado por 6 meses incluiu: colocação do cabresto (pegar), aceitação do contato corporal (escovar), suspensão dos membros para higiene (casco), condução pelo cabresto (condução), recuar (recuar), aceitação do chicote como uma extensão do braço da treinadora (chicote), comandos verbais e corporais para o movimento em círculos (guia) e inibição do comportamento indesejado de morder (não morder). A cada sessão, cada cavalo recebeu um escore pela realização de cada tarefa, variando entre 0 (não executou) e 4 (desempenho ideal). Tarefas cujo aprendizado dependeu exclusivamente de reforço negativo (condução, recuar e chicote) responderam ao treinamento, ao contrário daquelas que dependeram da combinação de associação com reforço negativo (guia) ou com punição (não morder). O reforço negativo por si só não foi suficiente para a manutenção do comportamento desejado em casco. Nenhuma melhora significativa foi obtida nas tarefas que já eram aceitas por todos (escovar) ou pela maioria (pegar) dos animais.
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Comportamento Animal , Terapia Assistida por Cavalos/instrumentação , Terapia Assistida por Cavalos/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The assessment of nutritional intake before and after bariatric surgery assists in identifying eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies and weight loss/maintenance. The 7-day record is the gold standard for such an assessment and is interpreted using specialized software. This study sought to compare the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems in assessing nutrient intake in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: Nutritional intake was assessed in 10 obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and 3 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The 7-day record was used to assess food intake and then, the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems were used to calculate calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient intake based on validated food chemical composition databases. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01251016. RESULTS: During the preoperative period, deficits in the ingestion of total fiber and 15 out of 22 estimated micronutrients were observed when using the Virtual Nutri Plus®, compared to deficiencies in total fiber and 4 micronutrients when using the Dietpro 5i®. During the postoperative period, both the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® systems detected deficits in the ingestion of total fiber, carbohydrates and 19 micronutrients, but only the Virtual Nutri Plus® detected deficits in complex B vitamins (except B12) and minerals. CONCLUSION: Virtual Nutri Plus® was more sensitive than Dietpro 5i® for the identification of deficits in nutrient intake in obese, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Avaliação Nutricional , Software , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/cirurgia , Período Pós-Operatório , Período Pré-Operatório , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The assessment of nutritional intake before and after bariatric surgery assists in identifying eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies and weight loss/maintenance. The 7-day record is the gold standard for such an assessment and is interpreted using specialized software. This study sought to compare the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems in assessing nutrient intake in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: Nutritional intake was assessed in 10 obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and 3 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The 7-day record was used to assess food intake and then, the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems were used to calculate calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient intake based on validated food chemical composition databases. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01251016. RESULTS: During the preoperative period, deficits in the ingestion of total fiber and 15 out of 22 estimated micronutrients were observed when using the Virtual Nutri Plus®, compared to deficiencies in total fiber and 4 micronutrients when using the Dietpro 5i®. During the postoperative period, both the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® systems detected deficits in the ingestion of total fiber, carbohydrates and 19 micronutrients, but only the Virtual Nutri Plus® detected deficits in complex B vitamins (except B12) and minerals. CONCLUSION: Virtual Nutri Plus® was more sensitive than Dietpro 5i® for the identification of deficits in nutrient intake in obese, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. .