RESUMO

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of patents related to products and/or processes from aquatic organisms. Therefore, this paper aims to identify patent documents related to fishery resources available in the Brazilian patent system of the National Institute of Industrial Property. The research involved patents deposited/provided between 1999 and 2019, with the search in the system occurring through the descriptors: fish(s), mollusk(s), crustacean(s), and algae(s). A total of 363 records were found, where the group of fish presented the highest representation (40%), followed by algae (35%), crustaceans (14%), and mollusks (10%). The apex of 34 patent applications was found in the year 2011. Moreover, the results showed that the inventions registered are directed mainly to food, drugs, biocides, cosmetics, cultivation, processing and beneficiation, water treatment, patents for sustainable technologies (green patents), and biotechnology. Brazil holds most patent applications, followed by the United States of America (USA), which focuses its patent applications mainly on algae and fish. Considering the Brazilian biodiversity and the country's technological development in recent years, Brazil needs to expand its technological autonomy and competitive capacity in the aquaculture and fisheries sector, mainly through the strengthening of R&D and innovation activities.

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Zinc is an important element for bone structure and metabolism. Its interaction with hydroxyapatite has been investigated for the improvement of bone repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biological response to nanostructured calcium alginate-hydroxyapatite (HA) and zinc-containing HA (ZnHA). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by applying PrestoBlue reagent after exposing murine pre-osteoblast cells to extracts of each biomaterial microspheres. After physical and chemical characterization, the biomaterial microspheres were implanted in a critical size calvaria defect (8 mm) in Wistar rats (n = 30) that were randomly divided into the HA and ZnHA groups. Tissue samples were evaluated through histological and histomorphometric analyses after 1, 3, and 6 months (n = 5). The results showed cellular viability for both groups compared to the negative control, and no differences in metabolic activity were observed. The HA group presented a significant reduction of biomaterial compared with the ZnHA group in all experimental periods; however, a considerable amount of new bone formation was observed surrounding the ZnHA spheres at the 6-month time point compared with the HA group (p < .05). Both biomaterials were biocompatible, and the combination of zinc with hydroxyapatite was shown to improve bone repair.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of equal-volume resistance training (RT) performed with different training frequencies on muscle size and strength in trained young men. METHODS: Sixteen men with at least one year of RT experience were divided into two groups, G1 and G2, that trained each muscle group once and twice a week, respectively, for 10 weeks. Elbow flexor muscle thickness (MT) was measured using a B-Mode ultrasound and concentric peak torque of elbow extensors and flexors were assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: ANOVA did not reveal group by time interactions for any variable, indicating no difference between groups for the changes in MT or PT of elbow flexors and extensors. Notwithstanding, MT of elbow flexors increased significantly (3.1%, P < 0.05) only in G1. PT of elbow flexors and extensors did not increase significantly for any group. DISCUSSION: The present study suggest that there were no differences in the results promoted by equal-volume resistance training performed once or twice a week on upper body muscle strength in trained men. Only the group performing one session per week significantly increased the MT of their elbow flexors. However, with either once or twice a week training, adaptations appear largely minimal in previously trained males.

RESUMO

The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.(AU)

A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.

A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.

RESUMO: A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.

RESUMO

Crystalline properties of synthetic nanostructured hydroxyapatite (n-HA) were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The focal-series-restoration technique, obtaining exit-plane wavefunction and spherical aberration-corrected images, was successfully applied for the first time in this electron-beam-susceptible material. Multislice simulations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were also employed to determine unequivocally that n-HA particles of different size preserve stoichiometric HA-like crystal structure. n-HA particles with sizes of twice the HA lattice parameter were found. These results can be used to optimize n-HA sinterization parameters to improve bioactivity.

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The in vitro response of primary human osteoblast-like (HOB) cells to a novel hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium substrate, produced by a low temperature electrochemical method, was compared to three different titanium surfaces: as-machined, Al(2)O(3)-blasted, plasma-sprayed with titanium particles. HOB cells were cultured on different surfaces for 3, 7 and 14 days at 37 degrees C. The cell morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell growth and proliferation were assessed by the measurement of total cellular DNA and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production was used as an indicator of the phenotype of the cultured HOB cells. After three days incubation, the electrochemically coated HA surface produced the highest level of cell proliferation, and the Al(2)O(3)-blasted surface the lowest. Interestingly, as the incubation time was increased to 7 days all surfaces produced a large drop in tritiated thymidine incorporation apart from the Al(2)O(3)-blasted surface, which showed a small increase. Cells cultured on all four surfaces showed an increased expression of ALP with increased incubation time, although there was not a statistically significant difference between surfaces at each time point. Typical osteoblast morphology was observed for cells cultured on all samples. The HA coated sample showed evidence of a deposited phase after three days of incubation, which was not observed on any other surface. Cells incubated on the HA coated substrate appeared to exhibit the highest number of cell processes attaching to the surface, which was indicative of optimal cell attachment. The crystalline HA coating, produced by a low temperature route, appeared to result in a more bioactive surface on the c.p. Ti substrate than was observed for the other three different Ti surfaces.