RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the soil is of crucial importance to an understanding of the interactions between vegetation, soil and water. There is little information available about the hydraulic properties of Podzol soils found in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to present the soil morphology and hydraulic properties of a toposequence situated in a permanent plot at the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (Cananéia, SP, Brazil). Ultradetailed soil maps were used to define a toposequence inside the permanent plot. Five profiles, representing the main types of soil, were opened along the toposequence, in which Podzols are dominant. The levels of bulk density, sand content, porosity and permeability in these soils were all high. Consequently, these soils have a high level of hydraulic conductivity with low water retention. This behavior undergoes an alteration in the Bh and Bs horizons due to the accumulation of organic and metallic compounds and a changing structure that modifies the pore distribution. Furthermore, the characterization of the hydro-physical functioning of soils in natural environments is an important source of encouragement to further investigative study of soil water dynamics and its relationship to the native vegetation.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the soil is of crucial importance to an understanding of the interactions between vegetation, soil and water. There is little information available about the hydraulic properties of Podzol soils found in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to present the soil morphology and hydraulic properties of a toposequence situated in a permanent plot at the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (Cananéia, SP, Brazil). Ultradetailed soil maps were used to define a toposequence inside the permanent plot. Five profiles, representing the main types of soil, were opened along the toposequence, in which Podzols are dominant. The levels of bulk density, sand content, porosity and permeability in these soils were all high. Consequently, these soils have a high level of hydraulic conductivity with low water retention. This behavior undergoes an alteration in the Bh and Bs horizons due to the accumulation of organic and metallic compounds and a changing structure that modifies the pore distribution. Furthermore, the characterization of the hydro-physical functioning of soils in natural environments is an important source of encouragement to further investigative study of soil water dynamics and its relationship to the native vegetation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Studies of soil porosity through image analysis are important to an understanding of how the soil functions. However, the lack of a simplified methodology for the quantification of the shape, number, and size of soil pores has limited the use of information extracted from images. The present work proposes a software program for the quantification and characterization of soil porosity from data derived from 2-D images. The user-friendly software was developed in C++ and allows for the classification of pores in terms of size, shape, and combinations of size and shape. Using raw data generated by image analysis systems, the software calculates the following parameters for the characterization of soil porosity: total area of pore (Tap), number of pores, pore shape, pore shape and pore area, and pore shape and equivalent pore diameter (EqDiam). In this paper, the input file with the raw soil porosity data was generated using the Noesis Visilog 5.4 image analysis system; however other image analysis programs can be used, in which case, the input file requires a standard format to permit processing by this software. The software also shows the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance, and the coefficient of variation) of the parameters considering the total number of images evaluated. The results show that the software is a complementary tool to any analysis of soil porosity, allowing for a precise and quick analysis.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Studies of soil porosity through image analysis are important to an understanding of how the soil functions. However, the lack of a simplified methodology for the quantification of the shape, number, and size of soil pores has limited the use of information extracted from images. The present work proposes a software program for the quantification and characterization of soil porosity from data derived from 2-D images. The user-friendly software was developed in C++ and allows for the classification of pores in terms of size, shape, and combinations of size and shape. Using raw data generated by image analysis systems, the software calculates the following parameters for the characterization of soil porosity: total area of pore (Tap), number of pores, pore shape, pore shape and pore area, and pore shape and equivalent pore diameter (EqDiam). In this paper, the input file with the raw soil porosity data was generated using the Noesis Visilog 5.4 image analysis system; however other image analysis programs can be used, in which case, the input file requires a standard format to permit processing by this software. The software also shows the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance, and the coefficient of variation) of the parameters considering the total number of images evaluated. The results show that the software is a complementary tool to any analysis of soil porosity, allowing for a precise and quick analysis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O manejo agrícola interfere nas condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, na capacidade produtiva do sistema agrícola e na susceptibilidade do solo ao processo erosivo, não raramente acentuando-a. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, estudar a influência de dois sistemas de manejo sobre a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico da região de Campinas, SP, bem como seus efeitos tanto no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura do milho, quanto no controle das perdas de terra e de nutrientes por erosão. Foram comparados dois sistemas de manejo, sistema plantio direto (SPD) e sistema convencional com grade aradora (SC), aplicando-os em parcelas experimentais dotadas com sistemas coletores de enxurrada para avaliação das perdas de terra e de nutrientes por erosão. Também foram analisados atributos físicos e químicos do solo, bem como dados biométricos e de produtividade da cultura do milho. Os resultados evidenciam que o manejo agrícola influenciou a qualidade do solo, sendo que os indicadores físicos foram melhores no sistema convencional. No entanto, os indicadores biométricos, em especial altura de plantas, foram superiores no sistema plantio direto. Também houve influência do manejo sobre o controle da erosão, ocorrendo maiores perdas de solo e de nutrientes, em particular, de fósforo e de matéria orgânica nas parcelas sob SC.

Agricultural management influences the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil, affecting soil quality, the productivity capacity of the agricultural system and its vulnerability to erosion process, frequently increasing it. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of two agricultural management systems on physical soil quality of a Rhodic Hapludox occurring in Campinas, State of São Paulo, and their effects not only on corn crop development and yield, but also on soil and nutrient loss by erosion. Two management systems were compared, named direct drilling system (DDS) and conventional system (CS), by applying them in experimental plots having runoff collectors to assess soil and nutrient losses by erosion. Soil physical and chemical attributes were also analyzed, as well as biometrical and yield data of the corn crop. The results indicate that agricultural management has differently influenced soil quality, and that soil physical indicators were better under the conventional system (CS). However, biometrical indicators, especially plant height, were superior under direct drilling system (DDS). There was also influence of agricultural management on erosion control, occurring greater soil losses and particularly larger phosphorous and organic matter losses from plots under conventional system (CS).