RESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine pH and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) in the mammary gland secretion in pre-foaling Mangalarga Marchador (MM) mares to determine the best method to predict parturition in the breed. Forty-two pregnant MM mares were evaluated once daily from 310 days of gestation until parturition. Mammary gland secretion pH, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- levels significantly changed during the last 10 days prior to parturition (p<0.05). The lowest pH mean value (pH meter=6.67±0.42; pH strip=6.23±0.53) and significantly higher mean concentrations of Ca2+ (12.6±5.8mmol/L) and Mg2+ (10.93±3.66mmol/L) were obtained 24 hours prior to foaling (p<0.0001). Chloride levels reduced significantly 8 days prior to parturition (p<0.0001) but remained unchanged until the due date. Mammary gland pH secretion, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, was effective to predict parturition. Quantitative pH values obtained with the pH meter had a greater accuracy in comparison to pH paper strips, but a strong correlation was found between both methods. Calcium and magnesium were the only electrolytes that changed in concentration immediately prior to parturition and are better indicators of when not to expect foaling.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o pH e as concentrações de cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), cloro (Cl-), sódio (Na+) e potássio (K+) na secreção da glândula mamária de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no período pré-parto, a fim de determinar o melhor método para predizer proximidade do parto na raça. Quarenta e duas éguas MM foram avaliadas diariamente a partir dos 310 dias de gestação até o parto. O pH, aferido pelo pHmetro e por fitas reagentes, e os eletrólitos Ca2+, Mg2+ e Cl- apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas concentrações nos últimos 10 dias pré-parto (P<0,05). A diminuição significativa dos valores médios de pH (pHmetro= 6,67±0,42; fitas reagentes= 6,23±0,53) e o aumento significativo nas concentrações médias de Ca2+ (12,6±5,8mmol/L) e Mg2+ (10,93±3,66mmol/L) foram observados 24 horas pré-parto (P<0,0001). As concentrações de cloro diminuíram significativamente oito dias antes do parto (P<0,0001), porém continuaram sem alteração até o momento da parição. O pH da secreção foi eficaz para predizer o momento do parto. Valores quantitativos obtidos por meio do pHmetro apresentaram maior acurácia em comparação às fitas de pH, porém obteve-se forte correlação entre os dois métodos. Cálcio e magnésio foram os únicos eletrólitos que apresentaram alterações significativas no pré-parto imediato e são indicadores mais precisos de quando não esperar o parto.
Assuntos
Animais , Secreções Corporais , Parto , Eletrólitos , CavalosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The infant's own mother's milk, fortified with proteins, minerals, and vitamins, is considered the best food for low-birth-weight infants. This paper describes the process to obtain a liquid human milk fortifier. METHODS: The fortifier comprises a protein concentrate, calcium, phosphate, and zinc salts, as well as vitamins A and D. A powdered whey protein extracted from bovine milk was concentrated from 31.5-76.8 g/100 g using repetitive dialysis. The protein concentrate was dissolved in a 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and mixed with calcium-glycerophosphate and calcium-gluconate, vitamins A and D, folic acid, and zinc. Each 10 mL of this liquid fortifier has 0.78 g protein, 53 mg calcium, 36 mg phosphate, and 0.93 mg zinc. RESULTS: Repetitive dialysis did not modify the protein structure as demonstrated by electrophoresis. A total of 95% of lactose content was discarded. Enriching human milk using this human milk fortifier increased the concentration per deciliter of all added nutrients; proteins increased from 1.68-2.35 g, calcium from 26-90 mg, and phosphorus, from 15-51 mg. CONCLUSIONS: A liquid human milk fortifier was successfully manufactured using a noncomplex procedure. An intake of 180-200 mL/kg/day of the fortified human milk by the premature infant would satisfy the infant's nutritional requirements and achieve expected growth and development.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Fortificados , Glicerofosfatos/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Leite Humano , Vitamina A/análogos & derivados , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Gluconato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Colecalciferol/administração & dosagem , Diálise , Diterpenos , Feminino , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Necessidades Nutricionais , Fosfatos/administração & dosagem , Ésteres de Retinil , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Sulfato de Zinco/administração & dosagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish a mother-baby's rooming-in program (RI) in a hospital that provides a tertiary level of care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Babies born to healthy mothers were included, both delivered vaginally (P) and by cesarean section (C). Information was gathered on the cause for RI suspension, the type of infant's feeding and the mother's opinion about the program. RESULTS: Sixty-eight per cent of P infants and 98% of C infants participated in the program. The time from delivery to RI was uncovered; for P babies it was 5.8 hours and for C babies it was 17 hours. The RI was suspended in 1% of P and 6.7% of C infants, but with no justifiable medical reason in the infants. The mother's opinion about RI was very favorable. Only 50% of the infants started breast feeding within the first 6 hours after birth; however, all of them were breastfed at the time of discharge. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to establish RI and initiate breast feeding in a tertiary care hospital, even in mothers with cesarean section.
PIP: The objective of this study was to establish a mother-baby rooming-in program (RI) in a hospital that provides a tertiary level of care. Babies born to healthy mothers were included, both delivered vaginally (P) and by cesarean section (C). Information was gathered on the cause for RI suspension, the type of infant feeding, and the mother's opinion about the program. 68% of P infants and 98% of C infants participated in the program. The time from delivery to RI was determined; for P babies it was 5.8 hours and for C babies it was 17 hours. The RI was suspended in 1% of P and 6.7% of C infants, but with no justifiable medical reason. The mothers' opinion about RI was very favorable. Only 50% of the infants started breast feeding within the first 6 hours after birth; however, all of them were breast feeding at the time of discharge. The authors conclude that it is possible to establish RI and initiate breast feeding in a tertiary care hospital, even in mothers who had a cesarean section.