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Background: L-Glutamine (Gln), the most abundant free alpha amino acid in the body, plays a major role in the transport of nitrogen and carbon between tissues, and is an important source of respiratory energy for intestinal and immune system cells. Mares lose lean body mass during lactation, when plasma and milk Gln levels change significantly. However, supplementation with Gln combined with other amino acids may not alter equine plasma Gln levels. The work reported here was designed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a mixture of glutamine and glutamate (AminoGut) alters blood and milk free glutamine and glutamate levels in pasture-fed lactating mares.Materials, Methods & Results: This study involved 31 multiparous Quarter Horse mares, which were divided into three groups immediately postpartum, as follows: G-CON (n = 19); G-50 g supplemented with 50 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6); and G-100 g, supplemented with 100 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6). Blood and milk samples were collected on the day of parturition prior to supplementation, and monthly until weaning. The milk samples were used to analyze the Gln, Glu composition and levels, while the blood samples were used for further analysis of blood biomarkers. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and by Tukeys test and the P value was set at 5%. The G-CON group showed a significant reduction of 11-35% in the mean blood glutamine levels from the first month postpartum and throughout lactation. In contrast, blood glutamine levels in groups G-50 g and G-100 g did not change significantly from parturition through 5 months of lactation. The supplemented groups showed no significant differences in blood variables such as protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and minerals.[...](AU)

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Background: L-Glutamine (Gln), the most abundant free alpha amino acid in the body, plays a major role in the transport of nitrogen and carbon between tissues, and is an important source of respiratory energy for intestinal and immune system cells. Mares lose lean body mass during lactation, when plasma and milk Gln levels change significantly. However, supplementation with Gln combined with other amino acids may not alter equine plasma Gln levels. The work reported here was designed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a mixture of glutamine and glutamate (AminoGut) alters blood and milk free glutamine and glutamate levels in pasture-fed lactating mares.Materials, Methods & Results: This study involved 31 multiparous Quarter Horse mares, which were divided into three groups immediately postpartum, as follows: G-CON (n = 19); G-50 g supplemented with 50 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6); and G-100 g, supplemented with 100 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6). Blood and milk samples were collected on the day of parturition prior to supplementation, and monthly until weaning. The milk samples were used to analyze the Gln, Glu composition and levels, while the blood samples were used for further analysis of blood biomarkers. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and by Tukey’s test and the P value was set at 5%. The G-CON group showed a significant reduction of 11-35% in the mean blood glutamine levels from the first month postpartum and throughout lactation. In contrast, blood glutamine levels in groups G-50 g and G-100 g did not change significantly from parturition through 5 months of lactation. The supplemented groups showed no significant differences in blood variables such as protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and minerals.[...]

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Background: Several reproductive biotechnologies are used in horses and embryo transfer (ET) is one of the most frequent in countries like Brazil and the USA. It has been shown that animals originated by new reproductive technology can have compromised growth in extreme conditions, however there are still only a few researches on the influence of embryo transfer over lactating foals under different raising methods. Due to the lack of studies on ET products development and the need to understand the process and its relate with lactating foals growth, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the embryo transfer and natural mate over the newborn foals. Materials, Methods & Results: From a group of 20 mares, 20 Quarter Horse lactating foals were used (10 natural matting + 10 embryo transfer). The mares werent given any concentrate feed during whole gestation and lactation. Foals were kept with the mare, however was used creep feeding to give commercial feed ad libitum. The foals biometric evaluation were made at the day of birth (day 0) and at 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day (weaning) for the following parameters: body mass (BM), height at the withers (H), heart girth (HG), cannon bone girth (CBG) and fat mass percentage (FMP). The fat thickness percentage at rump it was determined by ultrasound device. All statistics were considered significant when a [...](AU)

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Background: Several reproductive biotechnologies are used in horses and embryo transfer (ET) is one of the most frequent in countries like Brazil and the USA. It has been shown that animals originated by new reproductive technology can have compromised growth in extreme conditions, however there are still only a few researches on the influence of embryo transfer over lactating foals under different raising methods. Due to the lack of studies on ET products development and the need to understand the process and its relate with lactating foals growth, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the embryo transfer and natural mate over the newborn foals. Materials, Methods & Results: From a group of 20 mares, 20 Quarter Horse lactating foals were used (10 natural matting + 10 embryo transfer). The mares werent given any concentrate feed during whole gestation and lactation. Foals were kept with the mare, however was used creep feeding to give commercial feed ad libitum. The foals biometric evaluation were made at the day of birth (day 0) and at 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day (weaning) for the following parameters: body mass (BM), height at the withers (H), heart girth (HG), cannon bone girth (CBG) and fat mass percentage (FMP). The fat thickness percentage at rump it was determined by ultrasound device. All statistics were considered significant when a [...]

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Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animals demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animals body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results: Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following [...](AU)

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Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animals demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animals body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results: Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following [...]

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A crescente importância conferida pela sociedade aos animais de companhia faz com que grande atenção seja dispensada à sanidade desses animais. Dentre as doenças que podem causar problemas reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas, destaca-se a brucelose canina, zoonose que acarreta grandes prejuízos aos criadores de cães. Os sintomas mais significativos são o abortamento nas fêmeas, orquites e epididimites nos machos e infertilidades em ambos os sexos. Os testes sorológicos são os métodos diagnósticos mais frequentemente utilizados no diagnóstico. Estes testes podem resultar em resultados falso positivos e em casos crônicos em falso negativos havendo a necessidade do isolamento bacteriano para firmar diagnóstico definitivo da doença. O tratamento consiste de antibioticoterapia, a qual não obtém resultado muito satisfatório devido à persistência intracelular do agente. O homem apresenta certa resistência ao agente, no entanto muitos casos já foram relatados em humanos, ficando o alerta para os profissionais de saúde quanto ao caráter zoonótico desta doença. Portanto, é importante ter um maior conhecimento sobre a doença, possibilitando aos Clínicos Veterinários a diagnosticar e instituir um plano de controle e profilaxia adequados.(AU)

Modern society is giving increasing importance to pets, so that great attention should be paid to the health of these animals. Among the diseases that can cause reproductive problems in males and females, there is the canine brucellosis, a zoonosis that causes great losses to dog breeders. The most signif­icant injuries are abortion in females, orchitis and epididymitis in males and infertility in both sexes. Serological tests are the most often used methods in the diagnosis. These tests can result in false positives and false negatives in chronic cases so it is necessary to accomplish bacterial isolation as a definitive diagnosis. Treatment consists of antibiotics, which did not get very satisfactory results due to the intracellular persistence of the agent. Man presents a certain resistance to the bacteria, however many cases have been reported in humans, and healthcare professionals should be alert regarding this zoonotic disease. Therefore, it is important to have a greater knowledge of the disease, enabling Veterinarians diagnose and establish a plan of appropriate control and preventive measures.(AU)

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A crescente importância conferida pela sociedade aos animais de companhia faz com que grande atenção seja dispensada à sanidade desses animais. Dentre as doenças que podem causar problemas reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas, destaca-se a brucelose canina, zoonose que acarreta grandes prejuízos aos criadores de cães. Os sintomas mais significativos são o abortamento nas fêmeas, orquites e epididimites nos machos e infertilidades em ambos os sexos. Os testes sorológicos são os métodos diagnósticos mais frequentemente utilizados no diagnóstico. Estes testes podem resultar em resultados falso positivos e em casos crônicos em falso negativos havendo a necessidade do isolamento bacteriano para firmar diagnóstico definitivo da doença. O tratamento consiste de antibioticoterapia, a qual não obtém resultado muito satisfatório devido à persistência intracelular do agente. O homem apresenta certa resistência ao agente, no entanto muitos casos já foram relatados em humanos, ficando o alerta para os profissionais de saúde quanto ao caráter zoonótico desta doença. Portanto, é importante ter um maior conhecimento sobre a doença, possibilitando aos Clínicos Veterinários a diagnosticar e instituir um plano de controle e profilaxia adequados.

Modern society is giving increasing importance to pets, so that great attention should be paid to the health of these animals. Among the diseases that can cause reproductive problems in males and females, there is the canine brucellosis, a zoonosis that causes great losses to dog breeders. The most signif­icant injuries are abortion in females, orchitis and epididymitis in males and infertility in both sexes. Serological tests are the most often used methods in the diagnosis. These tests can result in false positives and false negatives in chronic cases so it is necessary to accomplish bacterial isolation as a definitive diagnosis. Treatment consists of antibiotics, which did not get very satisfactory results due to the intracellular persistence of the agent. Man presents a certain resistance to the bacteria, however many cases have been reported in humans, and healthcare professionals should be alert regarding this zoonotic disease. Therefore, it is important to have a greater knowledge of the disease, enabling Veterinarians diagnose and establish a plan of appropriate control and preventive measures.

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Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a viabilidade técnica do uso da Gipsita, cloreto de sódio e resíduo de gesso como fonte mineral para cabritos em crescimento, e ainda estudar os aspectos clínico-nutricionais do seu uso. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade técnico-econômica das matérias-primas utilizadas como suplemento mineral para caprinos em crescimento da raça Anglo Nubiana . Esta pesquisa auxilia na geração de dados científicos que possibilita m futuras pesquisas envolvendo a gipsita, cloreto de sódio e resíduo de gesso como fonte de minerais na suplementação de ração animal aproveitando a gipsita local e o resíduo de gesso para outros fins que não só o da construção civil. Foram utilizados 18 cabritos da raça Anglo Nubiana, com idade de 60 dias , separados em seis grupos experimentais, de acordo com a mineralização a ser recebida: Resíduo de gesso (G1) ; Gipsita ( G2 ) ; Cloreto de sódio ( G3 ) ; Resíduo de gesso associado ao Cloreto de Sódio ( G4 ) ; Gipsita associada ao Cloreto de Sódio ( G5 ); G rupo controle que não recebeu mineralização ( G6 ) . Os animais receberam este tratamento por 120 dias e foram reavaliados periodicamente através de exames clínicos, radiográficos e laboratoriais, incluindo exames hematológicos, coproparasitológicos e séricos para análise bioquímica de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, uréia, creatinina e exames bromatológicos nas dietas. Na análise do s dados foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística descritiva: distribuições absolutas, percentuais, das medidas estatísticas: média e desvio padrão e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e técnicas de estatística inferencial através dos testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e para a hipótese de correlação nula. Os testes estatísticos foram realizados com margem de erro de 5,0%. Diante das diversas observações realizadas durante o estudo somando-se a interpretação dos resultados da analise estatística, concluiu-se que, no rebanho estudado alguns fatores como grau de parasitose alto e ausência de mineralização nas dietas podem diminuir o ganho de peso vivo em cabritos em crescimento; as médias do peso em cada grupo aumentaram com o tempo de avaliação; as médias do peso do G6 foram correspondentemente menores dos demais grupos mineralizados; observou-se maior ganho de peso no G4 e bom rendimento na mineralização óssea do G2. Todas as metas alcançadas através dos resultados desta pesquisa estão diretamente envolvidas com a cadeia produtiva da caprinocultura em várias etapas, por estar a mineralização envolvida estreitamente com inúmeros aspectos do desenvolvimento produtivo dos ruminantes.

The aim of this work w as to evaluate the technical feasibility of the use of gypsum, sodium chloride and plaster residue as a source of mineral for growing kid goats , and still study the clinical and nutritional aspects of their use. The results aimed at the technical and economic feasibility of raw materials and mineral supplement for goats. Such research helped in the generation of scientific data to enable future research involving gypsum , sodium chloride and plaster residue as a source of mineral supplementation in animal feed taking advantage of local gypsum and plaster residue for other purposes not only the construction. S ix experimental groups of three Anglo Nubian breed goats were used aged 60 days. The animals were divide d in accordance with the mineralization to be received : plaster residue ( G1 ) , Gypsum ( G2 ) , sodium chloride ( G3 ) , plaster residue associated with sodium chloride ( G4 ) , Gypsum associated with sodium chloride ( G5 ) , the control group that received no mineralization ( G6 ) . The animals received this treatment for 120 days and were periodically assessed by clinical examination, radiographic and laboratory tests , including blood tests , fecal tests and serum for biochemical analysis of calcium, phosphorus , magnesium, urea, creatinine and examinations bromatological diets . In the data analysis techniques were used descriptive statistics: absolute distributions, percentages, the statistical measures: mean and standard deviation and correlation coefficient of Spearman an d inferential statistical techniques via statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis test and the null hypothesis of correlation. Statistical tests were performed with an error margin of 5.0%. Given the various observations made during the study adding to the interpretation of the results of statistical analysis, concluded that, in the herd studied factors such as high degree of parasitism and the lack of mineralization in the diet can reduce body weight gain in kids in growth; the average weight in each group increased with time evaluation , the mean weight of G6 were correspondingly smaller groups of other mineralized , there was greater weight gain in G4 and good yield in bone mineralization . All the goals pursued by the results of this research are directly involv ed in the production of goat in several stages, the mineralization to be closely involved with many aspects of the productive development of ruminants.

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