RESUMO
The present work aimed to investigate the microbial dynamics during the anaerobic treatment of the azo dye blue HRFL in bench scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor operated at ambient temperature. Sludge samples were collected under distinct operational phases, when the reactor were stable (low variation of color removal), to assess the effect of glucose and yeast extract as source of carbon and redox mediators, respectively. Reactors performance was evaluated based on COD (chemical oxygen demand) and color removal. The microbial dynamics were investigated by PCR-DGGE (Polimerase Chain Reaction - Denaturing Gradient of Gel Electrophoresis) technique by comparing the 16S rDNA profiles among samples. The results suggest that the composition of microorganisms changed from the beginning to the end of the reactor operation, probably in response to the presence of azo dye and/or its degradation byproducts. Despite the highest efficiency of color removal was observed in the presence of 500 mg/L of yeast extract (up to 93%), there were no differences regarding the microbial profiles that could indicate a microbial selection by the yeast extract addition. On the other hand Methosarcina barkeri was detected only in the end of operation when the best efficiencies on color removal occurred. Nevertheless the biomass selection observed in the last stages of UASB operation is probably a result of the washout of the sludge in response of accumulation of aromatic amines which led to tolerant and very active biomass that contributed to high efficiencies on color removal.
Assuntos
Compostos Azo/metabolismo , Biota , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio , Biotransformação , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Cor , Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , /genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Esgotos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de analisar as alterações na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi quando cultivadas em ambientes de sombra moderada ou densa, simulando as condições naturais encontradas em sistemas agroflorestais tradicionais do sul da Bahia, Brasil. Plantas das duas espécies, com aproximadamente um ano de idade, foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob quatro níveis de sombreamento (25%, 17%, 10% e 5%). Estudos anatômicos do limbo foliar foram realizados a partir de material incluído em parafina e seccionado em micrótomo rotativo. Os diferentes níveis de sombreamento ocasionaram alterações na estrutura do mesofilo de ambas as espécies, com diferenças significativas na espessura do parênquima paliçádico, limbo foliar, e densidade estomática. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado os resultados obtidos indicaram que G. integrifolia apresenta maior capacidade de aclimatação a ambientes de sombra moderada e densa do que S. terebinthifolius, sendo mais indicada para o cultivo em sistemas agroflorestais pré-estabelecidos.
This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the changes in the leaf anatomy of Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms and Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi when grown in environments with moderate to dense shade, simulating the natural conditions found in traditional agroforestry systems in southern Bahia, Brazil. Plants of both species, being approximately one year-old, were grown at four irradiance levels (25%, 17%, 10% and 5%) in a greenhouse. Leaf anatomical studies were made from material embedded in paraffin and sectioned on a rotary microtome. The different irradiance levels caused a shift in the mesophyll anatomy of both species, with significant differences in palisade parenchyma thickness and leaf stomatal density. In the conditions of this experiment, the results indicated that G. integrifolia has a higher capacity for acclimatization to moderate to dense shade than S. terebinthifolius, and it is thus more suitable for cultivation in pre-established agroforestry systems.
Assuntos
Técnica Histológica de Sombreamento , Anacardiaceae/classificação , Phytolaccaceae/classificação , Produção Agrícola , Células do MesofiloRESUMO
A study of frequency and asymmetry of hip dysplasia was carried out using 181 X-rays plates of German Shepherd dogs, both males and females, from June 1986 to March 1993. The X-ray plates were taken with the animals on the ventrodorsal position, with the limbs parallel and the pelvis symmetric. The average age of the dogs was 16.6 months. Results showed 72.4% of dysplastic dogs, being 5.3% unilateral, 89.4% bilateral simmetric and 5.3% bilateral asymmetric.
Avaliaram-se a freqüência e a assimetria da displasia coxofemoral em 181 radiografias de cães da raça Pastor-Alemão, de ambos os sexos, no período de junho de 1986 a março de 1993. As radiografias foram feitas na posição ventrodorsal, com os membros paralelos e a pélvis simétrica. A idade média dos animais era de 16,6 meses. Observaram-se 72,4% de cães displásicos, sendo 5,3% unilateral, 89,4% bilateral simétrica e 5,3% bilateral assimétrica em graus diferentes.