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This study evaluated litter performance, behavioral and physiological parameters, and milk characteristics of sows submitted to different thermal environments. Fifty sows were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: an evaporative cooling system (ECS) and a conventional system (CS). Sow and its litter were characterized as an experimental unit. The animals were weighed at equalization and weaning. Feed intake, milk production, and bromatological characteristics of milk were measured; the sows respiratory rate, rectal, and surface temperature were monitored. Litter uniformity was determined at equalization and weaning. Behaviors of the sows and litters were monitored for 24 h on the 7th and 15th day of lactation. Temperature and relative humidity inside the maternity was 25.00 to 28.00 °C and 26.00 to 32.55 °C and 30.00 to 70.00% and 70.00 to 88.00%, respectively, considering ECS and CS. Nutritional quality of the milk remained stable during lactation in both systems evaluated. ECS improved the average weight of the piglets, weaning weight, and daily milk production by 0.038, 0.699, and 2.31 kg/day, respectively. Sows housed in the ECS had a reduction in physiological parameters and, increase in inactive alert behavior (1.79 percentage points) and breastfeeding behavior. Piglets showed a decrease of 2.43% in the range of feedings at night and 0.15% during the day. ECS provided better comfort to the sows at the expense of the CS and, consequently, better litter performance.

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The objective was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic supplementation in the feed of lactating sows on the performance parameters of sows and suckling piglets. Ninety-three lactating sows of commercial lines (sows TN70) were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments adopted were a control diet without phytogenics (control) and a control diet with phytogenic supplementation in the feed. Performance parameters and the behaviors of sows and piglets were evaluated, in addition to milk composition and the biochemical parameters of the animals. The use of phytogenics did not affect the feed intake or tissue mobilization of the sows. However, it improved the production and quality of milk and reduced the possibility of light piglets at weaning by 22.16 percentage points. Regarding biochemical parameters, phytogenics improved animal recovery in the lactation period, as proven by an increase in the serum concentration of total protein and urea. Sows that received phytogenics exhibited increased behaviors of inactivity (3.16%), breastfeeding (1.15%), and water consumption (0.95%). In conclusion, using phytogenics in the feed of lactating sows improves the performance of the litters without affecting the body condition of the sows, with increased milk production and enhanced protein and lactose concentration.

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A biodiversidade da Região Nordeste Brasileira encontra-se ameaçada pela ação humana devido a atividades como o desmatamento e a retirada de espécies silvestres do seu ambiente de origem. Assim, objetiva-se, com esta pesquisa, realizar um levantamento descritivo acerca das ações de recebimento e destinação dos animais silvestres realizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) no estado de Sergipe. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados provenientes dos registros de captura realizados pelo IBAMA/SE entre os anos de 2016 e 2020. Os animais que compunham esse banco de dados foram classificados conforme sua classe taxonômica, sendo: aves, répteis ou mamíferos. A origem dos animais que chegaram ao IBAMA foi subdividida da seguinte forma: oriundos de apreensão, de resgate ou de entrega voluntária. Já a destinação desses animais foi classificada como: óbito, soltura, cativeiro ou outros (quando não se enquadravam nas classes anteriores). Foi elaborado um banco de dados utilizando o software Excel®, e os dados foram analisados de maneira descritiva. Dos 5.247 indivíduos apreendidos ao longo do período estudado, a maior parte pertencia à classe das aves (81,9%), seguida pela dos répteis (16,4%) e dos mamíferos (1,7%). A apreensão foi a origem mais comum dos animais recebidos pelo IBAMA/SE em todos os anos avaliados; em segundo e terceiro lugar estão a entrega voluntária e o resgate, respectivamente. Para todas as classes taxonômicas, a principal destinação dos animais foi a soltura, enquanto o envio para cativeiros foi a alternativa menos frequente em todos os anos.

The biodiversity of the Brazilian Northeast region is threatened by human action due to activities such as deforestation and the removal of wild species from their original environment. Thus, this research aims to carry out a descriptive survey about the actions of reception and destination of wild animals performed by the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources Brazilian Institute Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) in the State of Sergipe. For this, data from capture records carried out by IBAMA/SE between 2016 and 2020 were used. The animals that made up this database were classified according to their taxonomic class, being, Birds, Reptiles, or Mammals. The origin of animals that arrived at IBAMA was subdivided as follows: from seizure, rescue, or voluntary delivery. The destination of these animals was classified as: death, release, captivity, or others (when they did not fit into the previous classes). A database was created using Excel® software, and the data were analyzed descriptively. Of the 5247 individuals apprehended over the period studied, most belonged to the bird class (81.9%), followed by reptiles (16.4%) and mammals (1.7%). Seizure was the most common origin of animals received by IBAMA/SE in all evaluated years, in second and third place are voluntary delivery and rescue, respectively. For all taxonomic classes, the main destination of the animals was release, while sending to captivity was the least frequent alternative in all years.

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The aim was to evaluate the growth and meat production and some meat quality characteristics of domestic quail (Coturnix japonica) as a function of metabolizable energy (ME) levels in the diet and to adjust predicting equations in ratio to area pectoralis major muscle of the carcass through the ultrasound. Two hundred and seventy mixed sex quail from 7 to 49 days old were distributed in three treatments (7 to 21 days old, diets with 2700; 2900 and 3100 kcal ME/kg; from 21 to 49 days, diets with 2900, 3050 and 3200 kcal of ME/kg), with five replications per treatment. Ultrasonography was performed at 21; 35 and 49 days of age in the pectoralis major muscle to determine prediction equations through multiple linear regression. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were linearly influenced (P < 0.05) by energy levels in both phases evaluated. Regarding sensory analysis, there was no interference of ME levels on sensory attributes. The equation for predicting breast area was Y = 0.00271*ME + 0.25411*Age-9.58002, R2 = 74.25%. It is concluded that increasing the energy level of the feed from 2700 to 3100 kcal ME/kg reduces FI and improves the FE of quail. The increase in carcass fat from 35 days of age does not harm the physical and sensory characteristics of the meat. The ultrasonography in vivo of the M. pectoralis major, considering the age and energy level of the diet, made it possible to predict the pectoral muscle are a with higher reliability.

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This study was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) requirement for quails (Cortunix cortunix cortunix) from 28 to 42 days of age. Four hundred and twenty quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments (2950, 3000, 3050, 3100 and 3150 kcal of ME/kg of feed), 7 replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. Performance, relative weights of organs and viscera, carcass characteristics, meat quality, body composition and blood parameters of the birds were evaluated. There was a reduction in feed intake (ADFI) with the use of 3150 kcal ME/kg (p < 0.01), with a quadratic effect on feed efficiency (p < 0.01), estimating the energy requirement in the 3009.4 kcal ME/kg. The breast yield (BY) and the colour b* had an effect (p < 0.01), with better results for 2950 kcal ME/kg, while the meat texture reduced when the birds were fed with 3150 kcal ME/kg. HDL and LDL showed the quadratic effect (p < 0.01) when ME increased to 3111.6 and 3157.4 kcal/kg respectively. Very low density lipoprotein increased linearly (p < 0.01) in birds that received diets with 3000 kcal ME/kg. We conclude that the use of 3009.4 kcal of ME/kg for European quail meets the nutritional needs and provides an improvement in feed efficiency, without affecting the carcass parameters of the birds. Information regarding the nutritional requirements for European quails is still recent; therefore, it is essential to know the adequate levels of metabolizable energy, an important nutritional component for the maximum productive performance of birds.

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The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.

A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.

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The present research evaluated muscle activation degrees and relaxation of patrolling horses submitted to dynamic mobilization exercises, associated or not with acupuncture. Twelve mixed breed gelding, aged 10 ± 2.0 years, were distributed in three treatments. Treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises (longitudinal cervical flexion of head between hooves, between carpus and to up to chest); treatment with a single acupuncture session during 20 minutes, and treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises with acupuncture. Thermographic images were analyzed before and after applying treatments to the cervical, thoracic, dorsal, abdominal and pelvic regions. Animal behavior was assessed through five minutes filming, before and ten minutes after the end of each treatment application, in an uninterrupted way. Increase in animals body temperature at the end of the single session of functional exercises (P < 0.0001) at all animal regions were reported, being cervical and thoracic areas with highest final temperature values. There was no temperature variation for other treatments (P > 0.05). All treatments stimulated higher expression frequency (P < 0.05) of relaxation behaviors. A single dynamic mobilization exercises session is enough to promote intense muscular response in entire horse body; and with acupuncture, individually or associated, promoted muscle and mental relaxation, interfering positively in animal welfare.

Objetivou-se avaliar o grau de ativação e relaxamento muscular de equinos de patrulhamento submetidos à exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados ou não à acupuntura. Doze cavalos castrados, sem raça definida, com idade de 10 ± 2,0 anos, foram distribuídos em três tratamentos: tratamento com uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica (flexão cervical longitudinal da cabeça entre os cascos, entre os carpos e até o peito); tratamento com sessão única de acupuntura (20 minutos); e tratamento com sessão única composta por exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados a acupuntura. Foram analisadas imagens termográficas antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos das regiões cervical, torácica, dorsal, abdominal e pélvica. A avaliação comportamental foi obtida por meio de filmagens 5 minutos antes e 10 minutos após o término da aplicação dos tratamentos, de maneira ininterrupta. Houve aumento (P < 0,0001) na temperatura corporal dos animais ao final da sessão única de exercícios funcionais para todas as regiões estudadas, sendo a cervical e torácica aquelas com maior valor de temperatura final. Não houve variação da temperatura nos demais tratamentos (P > 0,05). Todos os tratamentos geraram maior frequência (P < 0,05) na expressão de comportamentos relacionados ao relaxamento. A realização de uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica é suficiente para promover uma intensa resposta muscular em todo o corpo do equino, e tanto os exercícios funcionais quanto a acupuntura, de maneira individual ou associada, foram capazes de promover relaxamento muscular e mental, interferindo de maneira positiva no bem-estar dos animais.

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Forage palm is extremely suitable as animal fodder due to its high tolerance to the climatic rigors of the semiarid region and its ability to withstand the harsh physical-chemical limitations of poor soils. Thus, in this study, the effects of the partial replacement (0 %, 5 %, 10 % and 15 % replacement) of a molasses- or oat-based commercial concentrate with forage palm bran (FPB) on the acceptability, apparent digestibility and glycemic response of horses at maintenance were evaluated. The ratio of concentrate to roughage (Tifton 85 hay) was 30 : 70 , and the dry matter (DM) intake was 2 % of body weight (BW). For the preference test, 10 barren Mangalarga Marchador mares were used. The experimental diets were offered simultaneously to determine the consumption preference and the intake ratio. For the digestibility test, four mixed-breed geldings were used and were distributed in a Latin square experimental design ( 4 × 4 ). For the glycemic response, blood samples were collected 30 min before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after supplying the feed. The preference test indicated that feed containing 0 % and 5 % FPB was preferred by the animals. Nutrient digestibility coefficients did not differ among the experimental diets. Blood glucose was lower at 180 min in the 7.42 % FPB inclusion diet ( R 2 = 0.97 ); this was estimated using the following equation: Y = 115.05 - 2.75 x + 0.19 x 2 . It is concluded that the incorporation of up to 15 % of forage palm bran as a substitute for concentrate in the maintenance diet tested did not negatively influence feed intake, nutrient digestibility or glycemic index; however, inclusion values above 5 % reduced diet acceptability.

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Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o padrão de fermentação e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM), de milho cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® e de milho doce Tropical Syngenta®, com ou sem inoculação microbiana, para leitões. Para os experimentos, foi utilizado um delineamento em esquema fatorial 2*2 (duas variedades de milho e com ou sem inoculação). Para o experimento de ensilagem foram fabricados três silos para cada tratamento. A abertura dos silos e as análises (matéria seca - MS, matéria orgânica - MO, proteína bruta PB e Acidez titulável - AT) foram realizadas aos 45 dias pós-ensilagem. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 20 leitões machos castrados (um animal por unidade experimental), com peso inicial médio de 10,9±1,1kg, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo adicionalmente elaborado um tratamento referência (dieta sem inclusão de silagens) para permitir, via coeficiente angular, estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das silagens. Houve interação da inoculação com a variedade de milho (p<0,05) para AT e o tratamento sem inoculação apresentou os maiores valores de AT para o milho doce Tropical e para o milho Fortuna maior AT quando inoculado. A SGUM de milho Fortuna apresentou melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade e energia da MS do que as silagens fabricadas com milho doce Tropical. Corrigidos para 88% de MS o milho Fortuna apresentou 3,45 Mcal de EM/kg e o milho doce Tropical 3,41 Mcal de EM/kg. A inoculação bacteriana não influenciou a composição química das silagens e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolização.(AU)

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate fermentation and digestibility patterns of nutrients from moist corn grain silages (MCGS), corn cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® and Tropical Syngenta® sweet corn, with or without microbial inoculation for piglets. For the experiments, a factorial design of 2*2 was used (two types of corn and with or without inoculation). For the silage experiment, three silos were built for each treatment. The opening of silos and analyzes (dry matter - DM, organic matter - OM, crude protein - CP and titratable acidity - TA) were performed 45 days after ensiling. For the digestibility test, 20 castrated male piglets (one pig per experimental unit) with an average initial weight of 10.9±1.1kg, with four replicates per treatment, with an additional reference treatment (diet without silages) permitted by angular coefficient to estimate the nutrients digestibility coefficients of grain silages. There was interaction of inoculation with the corn variety (p<0.05) for TA and the treatment without inoculation showed the highest TA values for Tropical sweet corn and higher TA when inoculated for the Fortuna. Fortuna MCGS showed better DM and energy digestibility coefficients than silages made with Tropical sweet corn. Corrected for 88% of DM, Fortuna corn presented 3.45 Mcal of ME/kg, and Tropical sweet corn 3.41 Mcal of ME/kg. Bacterial inoculation did not influence the chemical composition of the silages, digestibility or metabolization coefficients.(AU)

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Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o padrão de fermentação e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM), de milho cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® e de milho doce Tropical Syngenta®, com ou sem inoculação microbiana, para leitões. Para os experimentos, foi utilizado um delineamento em esquema fatorial 2*2 (duas variedades de milho e com ou sem inoculação). Para o experimento de ensilagem foram fabricados três silos para cada tratamento. A abertura dos silos e as análises (matéria seca - MS, matéria orgânica - MO, proteína bruta – PB e Acidez titulável - AT) foram realizadas aos 45 dias pós-ensilagem. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 20 leitões machos castrados (um animal por unidade experimental), com peso inicial médio de 10,9±1,1kg, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo adicionalmente elaborado um tratamento referência (dieta sem inclusão de silagens) para permitir, via coeficiente angular, estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das silagens. Houve interação da inoculação com a variedade de milho (p<0,05) para AT e o tratamento sem inoculação apresentou os maiores valores de AT para o milho doce Tropical e para o milho Fortuna maior AT quando inoculado. A SGUM de milho Fortuna apresentou melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade e energia da MS do que as silagens fabricadas com milho doce Tropical. Corrigidos para 88% de MS o milho Fortuna apresentou 3,45 Mcal de EM/kg e o milho doce Tropical 3,41 Mcal de EM/kg. A inoculação bacteriana não influenciou a composição química das silagens e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolização.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate fermentation and digestibility patterns of nutrients from moist corn grain silages (MCGS), corn cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® and Tropical Syngenta® sweet corn, with or without microbial inoculation for piglets. For the experiments, a factorial design of 2*2 was used (two types of corn and with or without inoculation). For the silage experiment, three silos were built for each treatment. The opening of silos and analyzes (dry matter - DM, organic matter - OM, crude protein - CP and titratable acidity - TA) were performed 45 days after ensiling. For the digestibility test, 20 castrated male piglets (one pig per experimental unit) with an average initial weight of 10.9±1.1kg, with four replicates per treatment, with an additional reference treatment (diet without silages) permitted by angular coefficient to estimate the nutrients digestibility coefficients of grain silages. There was interaction of inoculation with the corn variety (p<0.05) for TA and the treatment without inoculation showed the highest TA values for Tropical sweet corn and higher TA when inoculated for the Fortuna. Fortuna MCGS showed better DM and energy digestibility coefficients than silages made with Tropical sweet corn. Corrected for 88% of DM, Fortuna corn presented 3.45 Mcal of ME/kg, and Tropical sweet corn 3.41 Mcal of ME/kg. Bacterial inoculation did not influence the chemical composition of the silages, digestibility or metabolization coefficients.

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This study was conducted to evaluate different nutritional plans of net energy (NE) with a constant calorie:nutrient ratio on the performance of piglets from 7 to 30 kg. Sixty barrows with an initial weight of 7.11±0.89 kg were distributed among five nutritional plans: two NE-decreasing plans (A and B, starting from NE concentrations of 2.47 and 2.52 Mcal kg−1, respectively, and ending both at 2.37 Mcal kg−1) and three NE-constant plans (C, 2.37 Mcal kg−1; D, 2.42 Mcal kg−1; and E, 2.47 Mcal kg−1). The nutritional plans were composed of two decreasing plans: A, 2.47-2.42-2.37- 2.37-2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; B, 2.52-2.47-2.42-2.37-2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; and three constant plans: C, 2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; D, 2.42 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; E, 2.47 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed, from 7 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, and 25 to 30 kg, respectively, with six replicates per treatment and two animals per experimental unit. Animal performance was evaluated through the following measurements: average daily feed intake (ADFI), NE intake, standardized ileal digestible lysine intake (SID Lys intake), average daily gain (ADG), feed:gain ratio (F:G), final weight (FW), feed cost per kg of weight gain (CWG), economic efficiency index (EEI), and fecal score. Piglets' final weight was 32.95±3.30 kg. Considering the total experimental period, there was no effect of the nutritional plan on ADG, F:G, CWG, and EEI. The final weight of piglets under plan D was higher than that recorded for those allocated to plan C, not differing from the other nutritional plans. Piglets fed under nutritional plans A and D presented higher ADFI compared with those subjected to other plans. Net energy and SID Lys intakes were significantly higher in piglets subjected to plans A, D, and E compared with those under plans B and C. Net energy nutritional plans did not influence the fecal score and the occurrence of diarrhea of the piglets. Based on our analysis, a nutritional plan containing a constant NE level of 2.42 Mcal kg−1 of feed may be recommended for piglets from 7 to 30 kg.

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This study aimed to evaluate different periods of chromium yeast (CrY) supplementation on growth performance and quantitative carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. We used eighty barrows (Duroc/Pietran × Large White/ Landrace) with an initial body weight of 24.5±2.4 kg. A completely randomized block design was used within four periods of dietary CrY supplementation (control diet: CrY-free, from 25 to 110 kg; Cr25-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 25 to 110 kg; Cr50-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 50 to 110 kg; and Cr70-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 70 to 110 kg), with ten replicates and two animals each. The CrY supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) either the grow performance or the carcass characteristics evaluated. The dietary supplementation of 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY for growing-finishing pigs (25 to 110 kg) does not alter the performance neither the quantitative carcass characteristics.

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A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the recommended levels of digestible lysine and its influence on the productive performance of primiparous lactating sows. The database consisted of 26 publications, 138 diets and 3,820 sows was developed from articles on the association between, lysine, crude protein and lactating primiparous sows. The digestible lysine levels of the studies ranged from 0.22 to 1.43% with average values of 0.85% digestible lysine in the diet, with consumption of 41.25 g day-1. The digestible lysine intake of sows was positively correlated (P 0.05) with feed intake, essential amino acids, crude protein, metabolizable energy, body weight loss sows, milk production, number and weight of piglets at weaning. Digestible lysine intake showed negative correlation (P 0.05) with backfat thickness at weaning and weaning to oestrus interval. It was observed a quadratic effect (P 0.01) of body weight loss sow and daily weight gain of piglets and a quadratic effect (P 0.01) in the weight of piglets at weaning due to increased dietary lysine level. The level of 1.04% of digestible lysine indicates less weight loss sows. The greater weight of piglets at weaning and increased daily weight gain of piglets was verified with the addition of 1.30 and 1.07% digestible lysine in the diet, respectively.(AU)

Realizou-se a meta-análise com o objetivo de determinar o nível recomendado de lisina digestível e sua influência sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas primíparas lactantes. A base de dados composta por 26 publicações, 138 dietas e 3.820 fêmeas foi desenvolvida a partir de artigos sobre a associação entre, lisina, proteína bruta e porcas primíparas lactantes. Os níveis de lisina digestível dos estudos variaram de 0,22 a 1,43% com valores médios de 0,85% de lisina digestível nas dietas, com consumo de 41,25 g dia-1. O consumo de lisina digestível das porcas apresentou correlação positiva (P 0,05) com o consumo de ração, aminoácidos essenciais, proteína bruta, energia metabolizável, perda de peso corporal da porca, produção de leite, número e peso de leitões ao desmame. O consumo de lisina indicou correlação negativa (P 0,05) para espessura de toucinho ao desmame e intervalo desmame-cio. Observou-se efeito quadrático (P 0,01) da perda de peso corporal da porca e ganho de peso diário dos leitões e efeito quadrático (P 0,01) do peso dos leitões ao desmame em função do aumento do nível de lisina da dieta. O nível de 1,04% de lisina digestível indica a menor perda de peso da porca. O maior peso dos leitões ao desmame e maior ganho de peso diário dos leitões é verificado com a inclusão de 1,30 e 1,07% de lisina digestível na dieta, respectivamente.(AU)

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The present study was performed to evaluate the association of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast as nutritional additives to enhance performance and quantitative characteristics in the carcass of finishing barrows. A total of 48 barrows, commercial hybrid, with initial weight of 68.3±3.5 kg and final weight of 99.6±3.6 kg, were utilized for the study. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, consisting of three levels of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast (i.e., without supplementation of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast, supplementation of 0.4 mg kg-1 chromium-yeast and 0.3 mg kg-1 selenium-yeast, and supplementation of 0.8 mg kg-1 chromium-yeast and 0.6 mg kg-1 selenium-yeast) with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The supplementation of chromium and selenium-yeast did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the average daily feed intake, digestible lysine, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion, weight and carcass length, back fat thickness, muscle depth, percentage and amount of lean meat, and carcass allowance. These findings suggest that supplementation of chromium and selenium-yeast does not affect the performance or quantitative characteristics in the carcass of finishing barrows.(AU)

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a associação de cromo-levedura e selênio-levedura como aditivos nutricionais melhoradores de desempenho e das características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação. Foram utilizados 48 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais, com peso inicial de 68,3±3,5 kg e peso final de 99,6±3,6 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, composto por três níveis de cromo-levedura e selênio-levedura (controle sem suplementação de cromo-levedura e selênio-levedura; suplementação de 0,4 mg kg-1 de cromo-levedura e 0,3 mg kg-1 de selênio-levedura; e 0,8 mg kg-1 de cromo-levedura e 0,6 mg kg-1 de selênio-levedura), com oito repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A suplementação de cromo-levedura e selênio-levedura não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração diário, os consumos de lisina digestível, de proteína bruta e de energia metabolizável, o ganho de peso diário, a conversão alimentar, o peso e comprimento de carcaça, espessura de toucinho, profundidade de músculo, percentagem e quantidade de carne magra e índice de bonificação. A suplementação associada de cromo e selênio-levedura não influencia o desempenho e as características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação.(AU)

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A nutrição animal tem evoluído ao longo dos anos, principalmente após a evolução nas técnicas de processamento dos alimentos. A partir do conhecimento da composição dos alimentos foi possível determinar o valor energético dos mesmos, que contribuiu para melhorias no sistema de produção, uma vez que as informações obtidas auxiliam nas formulações de rações, visando a produção animal e economia mais eficiente. Contudo, os grãos (milho e soja) tradicionalmente utilizados para compor as dietas sofrem com as variações de preço, por isso busca-se ampliar e diversificar através de pesquisas novas fontes energéticas que do ponto de vista nutricional possam contribuir positivamente para o desempenho dos animais e econômico com a redução dos custos com a alimentação. A glicerina e o glicerol, surge como um ingrediente alternativo por possuir alto valor energético, podendo ser utilizado como fonte de energia na alimentação de aves, sem prejudicar o desempenho e características de carcaça. No entanto, para que a sua utilização seja realizada, conhecer a sua composição físico-químicos se torna essencial, uma vez que este ingrediente se encontra disponível no mercado e não apresenta valores nutricionais padronizados, podendo influenciar nos resultados zootécnicos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho dissertar através de revisão de literatura sobre o uso de coprodutos do biodiesel como fonte energética em dietas para aves sobre as características de desempenho e qualidade de carcaça.(AU)

Animal nutrition has evolved over the years, especially after the evolution of food processing techniques. With knowledge of the composition of the food it was possible to determine the energy value of the food, which contributed to improvements in the production system, since the information obtained helps feed formulations, aiming at more efficient animal production and economy. However, the grains (maize and soybean)traditionally used to compose diets suffer from price variations, so we have sought to expand and diversify through research new energy sources that from the nutritional point of view can contribute positively to the performance of animals and economically with the reduction of food costs. Glycerin and glycerol appear as an alternative ingredient because it has high energy value and can be used as a source of energy in poultry feed, without impairing performance and carcass characteristics. However, for its use to be carried out, knowing its physical-chemical composition becomes essential, since this ingredient is available on the market and does not present standardized nutritional values, which may influence the zootechnical results. Hence, the objective of this work is to present a literature review on the use of biodiesel co-products as an energy source in poultry diets about the performance and carcass quality characteristics.(AU)

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Os estudos referentes à manipulação do ciclo estral em cadelas aumentaram significativamente ao longo dos anos. Com a criação comercial de cães ganhando destaque a nível internacional, há uma busca por incrementação no manejo reprodutivo desses animais, bem como o tratamento de condições prejudiciais à fertilidade na cadela, outro motivo é o fato dos cães domésticos também poderem atuar como modelos experimentais para várias espécies de canídeos silvestres e para o homem. Isso tem sido associado a uma maior disponibilidade de fármacos indutores de estro, como agonistas dopaminérgicos, análogos do GnRH e protocolos com gonadotrofinas, a exemplo do eCG. A manipulação eficiente do ciclo estral é de grande valia para o aperfeiçoamento das biotecnologias da reprodução nessa espécie e, mesmo com o avanço das pesquisas, os fármacos ainda não foram suficientemente testados para se obter o conhecimento das suas completas ações, bem como para apontar seus pontos fortes e fracos. Essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo ampliar as informações a respeito do assunto, abordando aspectos relacionados à fisiologia e endocrinologia reprodutiva na cadela, as particularidades do ciclo estral canino, descrevendo as alterações anatômicas, citológicas e hormonais, bem como os principais moduladores do ciclo estral de cadelas, apontando seus efeitos e controvérsias e proporcionando o surgimento de protocolos eficientes para a indução do estro nesses animais.(AU)

Studies on the manipulation of estrous cycle in bitches have increased significantly over the years. With the commercial breeding of dogs gaining prominence internationally, there has been a need for improvement of the reproductive management of these animals, as well as the treatment of conditions which are detrimental to bitches fertility. Another reason is that domestic dogs can also act as experimental models to several species of wild dogs and to man. This has been associated with a greater availability of estrus-induction pharmacological drugs, such as dopamine agonists, GnRH analogue and protocols with gonadotropin, such as eCG. Efficient manipulation of the estrous cycles is of great importance for the improvement of the reproductive biotechnology in this species. Notwithstanding the advances in research, the drugs have not yet been sufficiently tested in order to have their action fully understood, nor to identify their strengths and weakness. This literature review aims to expand the information on subject, addressing aspects related to the reproductive physiology and endocrinology in bitches, as well as the main modulators of the estrous cycle, pointing out their effects and differences and providing information for the creation of new efficient protocols for induction of estrus in those animals.(AU)

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O sistema de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) consiste em um sistema que visa alta produção de (agricultura, floresta, lavoura/pecuária) através da diversificação, rotação, consorciação e sucessão, sendo essas atividades realizadas na mesma propriedade rural. Atualmente os sistemas de agronegócio têm como principal objetivo maximizar elevada escala de produtos agrícolas, com excelência na qualidade sem afetar os recursos do sistema. Assim a interação de culturas permite a rotação no uso de sistemas, elevando a qualidade do produto, maximizando o padrão de qualidade, sendo ferramenta de grande importância, no que diz respeito à conservação natural, principalmente em áreas degradadas. O objetivo da presente revisão foi relatar a forma de atuação do sistema integração lavoura-pecuáriafloresta (iLPF), abordando os tipos de integração, os pontos positivos a níveis econômico e ambiental. Tendo em vista a melhor utilização do solo, consorciando as melhores culturas com plantas forrageiras mais adaptadas em determinada região.(AU)

The Crop-Livestock-Forestry Integration System (iLPF) consists of a system that aims at high production of (agriculture, forest, farming/livestock) through diversification, rotation, intercropping and succession, these activities being carried out on the same rural property. Currently the agribusiness systems have as their main objective to maximize high scale agricultural products, with excellence in quality without affecting system resources. Thus, the interaction of crops allows the rotation in the use of systems, increasing the quality of the product, maximizing the quality standard, being a tool of great importance regarding natural conservation, especially in degraded areas. The objective of this review was to report the performance of the crop-livestock-forestry integration system, considering the integration types, the positive points at the economic and environmental levels. In order to make the best use of the soil, it is better to combine the best crops with the most adapted forage plants in that region.(AU)

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Antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho têm seu uso cada vez mais restrito em dietas de animais, consequência de uma maior preocupação com a segurança e qualidade dos alimentos, estimulando cada vez mais a busca por aditivos alternativos naturais. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a eficiência da própolis como substituto dos antibióticos convencionais utilizados como promotores de crescimento no desempenho de leitões desmamados. Ainda que a expectativa seja de que a própolis, a exemplo dos antimicrobianos sintéticos, apresente ação aos microrganismos patógenos em leitões desmamados, estudos mais aprofundados devem ser realizados, de forma a estabelecer parâmetros terapêuticos mínimos. Além disso, os diferentes tipos de própolis devem ser padronizados a fim de permitir composição química mínima, principalmente em relação as propriedades farmacológicas. A literatura tem demonstrado efeitos benéficos na inclusão de própolis em diversas espécies de animais de interesse zootécnico, porém com resultados divergentes, principalmente em função do ambiente de desafio sanitário impostos aos animais estudados.(AU)

The inclusion of antimicrobial performance enhancers in animal diets has been progressively restricted, result of a greater concern for the safety and quality of the food, increasingly stimulating the search for natural alternative additives. Thus, this study was aimed at conducting a literature review of the propolis efficiency as a substitute for conventional antibiotics used as growth promoters in the performance of weaned piglets. Although it is expected that propolis, such as antibiotics, influences pathogenic microorganisms in weaned piglets, more detailed studies should be carried out to establish minimum therapeutic parameters. In addition, the different types of propolis should be standardized, to allow a minimum standard chemical composition. The literature has demonstrated beneficial effects with the use of propolis in animal production, however, the results are divergent, mainly due to the environment of health challenge imposed on the animals studied.(AU)

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A moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) é uma espécie arbórea da família Moringaceae, nativa do Norte da Índia. No Brasil é conhecida popularmente como lírio branco e quiabo de quina, e pode ser encontrada em maior número na região Nordeste, principalmente nos Estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará e Pernambuco, tem seu cultivo na região do semiárido devido a tolerância à seca e adaptação a diversos tipos de solos. Essa espécie tem chamado atenção da indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica, uma vez que suas folhas frescas possuem excelentes qualidades nutricionais, sendo uma boa fonte proteica, além de conter em sua composição vitaminas A, B e C, minerais como, ferro, cálcio, fósforo e potássio. Assim, essas características permitem que a Moringa possa ser utilizada como suplemento na nutrição de animais na região do Semiárido por diversas espécies de animais de interesse zootécnico. Nesse contexto, objetiva-se com a presente revisão descrever as principais caraterísticas agronômicas e nutricionais da Moringa oleífera, e abordar os efeitos da utilização desta espécie como alimento alternativo na nutrição animal.(AU)

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) is an arboreal species of the Moringaceae family, native to Northern India. In Brazil it is popularly known as white lily and okra, it can be found in greater numbers in the northeast region, mainly in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará and Pernambuco, has its cultivation in the semi-arid region due to drought tolerance and adaptation to several types of soils. This species has attracted the attention of the food and pharmaceutical industry, since its fresh leaves have excellent nutritional qualities, being a good protein source, in addition to containing vitamins A, B and C, minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Thus, these characteristics allow Moringa to be used as a supplement in animal nutrition in the semi-arid region by several species of animals of zootechnical interest. In this context, the objective of this review is to describe the main agronomic and nutritional characteristics of Moringa oleifera, and to address the effects of the use of this species as an alternative food in animal nutrition.(AU)

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Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) na fase que antecede a postura (até 42 dias de idade). Um total de 480 codornas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dentro de cinco tratamentos (0,80; 0,95; 1,10; 1,25 e 1,40% de lisina digestível), quatro repetições com 24 aves por unidade experimental, para avaliação de desempenho na fase inicial de produção. A avaliação do desempenho na fase de crescimento (21 a 42 dias de idade) utilizou 420 codornas distribuídas nos mesmos tratamentos da fase anterior, com 12 repetições por tratamento e sete aves por unidade experimental. O GP (p=0,01) e a CA (p=0,02) foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina digestível durante a fase inicial de produção, apresentando comportamento linear. Na fase de crescimento não foram observados efeitos (p>0,05) sobre o CR e GP, porém a CA apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p=0,02). Ao avaliar o desempenho das codornas durante o período total (7 aos 42 dias de idade) foi observado efeito quadrático para CR (p=0,01) e efeito linear para a CA (p=0,01), entretanto, os níveis de lisina não afetaram o GP das codornas nesta fase (p=0,15). Conclui-se que a exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) dos 7 a 21 dias de idade é de 1,40%; para o período de crescimento recomenda-se utilizar 0,80% de lisina digestível, e para o período total que antecede a produção de ovos (7 aos 42 dias de idade) recomenda-se 0,80% para as características avaliadas.(AU)

The objective was to determine the requirements of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) in the phase preceding the laying (up to 42 days of age). A total of 480 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, within five treatments (0.80; 0.95; 1.10; 1.25 e 1.40% digestible lysine), four replicates with 24 birds per experimental unit, for performance evaluation in the initial production phase. The performance evaluation in the growth phase (21 to 42 days of age) used 420 quails distributed in the same treatments as in the previous phase, with 12 replicates per treatment and seven birds per experimental unit. Weight gain (p=0.01) and food conversion (p=0.02) were influenced by the levels of digestible lysine during the initial production phase, showing linear behavior. In the growth phase, there were no effects (p>0.05) on the feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG), however the feed conversion (FC) presented an increasing linear behavior (p=0.02). When evaluating the performance of the quails during the total period (7 to 42 days of age), a quadratic effect was observed for FI (p=0.01) and a linear effect for FC (p=0.01), however, the levels of lysine did not affect the quail WG at this stage (p=0.15). It is concluded that the requirement of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) from 7 to 21 days of age is 1.40%; for the growing period, it is recommended to use 0.80% of digestible lysine, and for the total period before egg production (7 to 42 days of age) 0.80% is recommended for the evaluated characteristics.(AU)

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