RESUMO
The hydrolysis of beta-D: -glucosidic bonds which is required for the liberation of many physiologically important compounds is catalyzed by the enzyme beta-glucosidase (BGLU, EC 3.2.1.21). BGLUs are implicated in several processes in plants, such as the timely response to biotic and abiotic stresses through activation of phytohormones and defense compounds. We identified 26 BGLU isozymes in the genome of the maize inbred B73 and propose a standardized nomenclature for all Zea mays BGLU paralogs (Zmbglu1-Zmbglu26). We characterized their intron-exon structure, protein features, phylogenetic relationships, and measured their expression and activity in various tissues under different environmental conditions. Sequence alignments revealed some characteristic motifs (conserved amino acids) and specific differences among different isozymes. Analysis of putative signal peptides suggested that some BGLUs are plastidic, whereas others are mitochondrial, cytosolic, vacuolar or secreted. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis showed that each member of the Zmbglu family had a characteristic expression pattern with regard to tissue specificity and response to different abiotic conditions. The source of variance for gene expression was highest for the type of organ analyzed (tissue variance) than for the growth conditions (environmental variance) or genotype (genetic variance). Analysis of promoter sequences revealed that each Zmbglu paralog possesses a distinct set of cis elements and transcription factor binding sites. Since there are no two Zmbglu paralogs that have identical molecular properties, we conclude that gene subfunctionalization in maize occurs much more rapidly than gene duplication.
Assuntos
Genoma de Planta , Família Multigênica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Zea mays/enzimologia , beta-Glucosidase/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genótipo , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Alinhamento de Sequência , Zea mays/genética , beta-Glucosidase/química , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Black turtle plasmatic vitellogenin (VTG) was purified from 17beta-estradiol-induced males using ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated protein was identified as VTG by its glycolipoprotein nature and amino acid sequence homology with other vertebrate VTG. It was characterized as a 500-kDa dimer composed of two identical, 200- to 240-kDa monomers. Polyclonal antibodies raised against black turtle VTG showed high titer and specificity, as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. The range of the assay was estimated to be between 15 ng/ml and 2 microg/ml, and the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 9.4 and 7.3%, respectively. Black turtle antibody cross-reacted with VTG of two other sea turtle species, Caretta caretta (loggerhead) and Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill), extending the applicability of the assay as part of a sea turtle health assessment program.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Tartarugas , Vitelogeninas/análise , Vitelogeninas/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/química , Disruptores Endócrinos/intoxicação , Estradiol/fisiologia , Masculino , Coelhos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Vitelogeninas/químicaRESUMO
Se describe la evolución de una proliferación algal ictiotóxica (julio a diciembre del 2000) causada por el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium catenatum. La multiplicación anormal de este dinoflagelado se presentó a manera de decoloraciones dispersas dentro de un intervalo de temperatura de 25-32 º C y salinidades de 33-35 ups. La densidad de C. catenatum fue desde no detectable hasta 10 841 éls ml-1 . El evento se presentó en grandes extensiones en la Bahía de Banderas, afectando a 13 especies de peces, cuya muerte masiva se debió a sofocación por la obstrucción en las agallas y por excesiva producción de mucus. La población humana aledaña no presentó afecciones respiratorias ni irritaciones en la piel. Las dimensiones de C. catenatum sugieren que pueda presentar una reproducción hologámica y heterotálica. Por sus características morfológicas se sugiere que C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum y C. catenatum son una única especie. Esta última parece de reciente introducción en el Pacífico mexicano
The evolution of an ichthiotoxic algal bloom caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium catenatum was studied from July to December 2000. The abnormal multiplication of this dinoflagellate occurred in the form of a discoloration spreading between a temperature and salinity interval of 25-32°C and 33-35 ups, respectively. The density of C. catenatum reached 10 841 cells ml-1 . The event was observed in large areas of Banderas Bay affecting 13 fish species, whose massive killing was due to suffocation (gill obstruction and excessive mucus production). The human population around the area did not present respiratory affections or skin irritation. The C. catenatum measurements suggest a hologamic and heterothalic reproduction. Their morphological characteristics suggest that C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum and C. catenatum are the same species. It is estimated that the species could be a recent introduction in the Mexican Pacific
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Dinoflagellida/isolamento & purificação , Eutrofização , Peixes/parasitologia , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Dinoflagellida/classificação , Dinoflagellida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes/fisiologia , México , Mortalidade , Oceano Pacífico , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do Ano , Água do Mar/química , Cloreto de Sódio/análise , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
El 26 de marzo de 2001 se registró por primera vez en las aguas del Pacífico colombiano, en el área de la Ensenada de Tumaco, la aparición de una marea roja producida por la especie Alexandrium tamarense con valores que superaron las 7.5 x 106 céls l-1 , la marea se mantuvo hacia la región oceánica, derivando en sentido sur-norte por efecto de las corrientes, hasta ser vista por ultima vez cerca a la Isla Gorgona, casi tres semanas después. Un año mas tarde, en marzo de 2002, una segunda proliferación, conformada por la misma especie, se reportó cerca de Cabo Corrientes con una concentración de 1.6 x 106 céls l -1 . Ambos casos estuvieron relacionados con la presencia de bajas temperaturas en la superficie del mar y no estuvieron asociadas con fenómenos de intoxicación y mortalidad
From April 26th to May 15th 2001, a large algae bloom was observed off Tumaco Bay on the Pacific coast of Colombia. This was the first harmful algae bloom (HAB) reported in the region, and reached Gorgona Island, about 120 km north. Ayear later, starting March 2002, an offshore HAB developed from Cabo Corrientes North to Solano Bay. The typical abundance during the blooms reached 7.5 x 106 cells l-1 for the 2001 event and 1.6 x 106 cells l-1 for the 2002 event. During both events, low temperature and high salinity were recorded. Typical measurements in the area are 27-27.5°C and 30-31.5 psu. Values observed during the two events were 24-24.6°C and 33-34 psu; 3°C below normal and more than 2.5 psu above average values. These conditions are indicative of local upwelling processes at the time of the events. On both occasions, cells corresponding to the Alexandrium catenella/fundeyense/tamarense complex represented 99-100% of the biomass. It was difficult to differentiate the cells from A. catenella, but the presence of short chains of only 4 cells (single cells represented most of the biomass) was suggestive of A. tamarense. Shape, dimensions, and detailed structure of the apical pore complex, first apical plate, posterior sulcal plate, and position of the ventral pore on plate 1 of cells were consistent with the description of A. tamarense, which has not been reported in the tropical East Pacific. The Control Center of Pacific Contamination of the Maritime General Direction of the Colombian Navy has been monitoring the area since 1994 without finding this species or HABs. This leads us to consider the two events as caused by recently introduced species, where local upwelling processes favor permanent and cyclic HABs. However, during these two events, there were no reports of effects on marine biota or of human poisoning, probably because the blooms occurred some distance offshore and far from exploited shellfish beds
Assuntos
Animais , Dinoflagellida/patogenicidade , Eutrofização , Toxinas Marinhas , Fitoplâncton/patogenicidade , Biomassa , Colômbia , Dinoflagellida/isolamento & purificação , Dinoflagellida/ultraestrutura , Monitoramento Ambiental , Oceano Pacífico , Panamá , Densidade Demográfica , Fitoplâncton/isolamento & purificação , Fitoplâncton/ultraestrutura , Cloreto de Sódio/análise , TemperaturaRESUMO
The evolution of an ichthiotoxic algal bloom caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium catenatum was studied from July to December 2000. The abnormal multiplication of this dinoflagellate occurred in the form of a discoloration spreading between a temperature and salinity interval of 25-32 degrees C and 33-35 ups, respectively. The density of C. catenatum reached 10 841 cells ml(-1). The event was observed in large areas of Banderas Bay affecting 13 fish species, whose massive killing was due to suffocation (gill obstruction and excessive mucus production). The human population around the area did not present respiratory affections or skin irritation. The C. catenatum measurements suggest a hologamic and heterothalic reproduction. Their morphological characteristics suggest that C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum and C. catenatum are the same species. It is estimated that the species could be a recent introduction in the Mexican Pacific.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida/isolamento & purificação , Eutrofização , Peixes/parasitologia , Água do Mar , Animais , Dinoflagellida/classificação , Dinoflagellida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes/fisiologia , México , Mortalidade , Oceano Pacífico , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do Ano , Cloreto de Sódio/análise , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
From April 26th to May 15th 2001, a large algae bloom was observed off Tumaco Bay on the Pacific coast of Colombia. This was the first harmful algae bloom (HAB) reported in the region, and reached Gorgona Island, about 120 km north. A year later, starting March 2002, an offshore HAB developed from Cabo Corrientes North to Solano Bay. The typical abundance during the blooms reached 7.5 x 10(6) cells l(-1) for the 2001 event and 1.6 x 10(6) cells l(-1) for the 2002 event. During both events, low temperature and high salinity were recorded. Typical measurements in the area are 27-27.5 degrees C and 30-31.5 psu. Values observed during the two events were 24-24.6 degrees C and 33-34 psu; 3 degrees C below normal and more than 2.5 psu above average values. These conditions are indicative of local upwelling processes at the time of the events. On both occasions, cells corresponding to the Alexandrium catenella/fundeyense/tamarense complex represented 99-100% of the biomass. It was difficult to differentiate the cells from A. catenella, but the presence of short chains of only 4 cells (single cells represented most of the biomass) was suggestive of A. tamarense. Shape, dimensions, and detailed structure of the apical pore complex, first apical plate, posterior sulcal plate, and position of the ventral pore on plate 1' of cells were consistent with the description of A. tamarense, which has not been reported in the tropical East Pacific. The Control Center of Pacific Contamination of the Maritime General Direction of the Colombian Navy has been monitoring the area since 1994 without finding this species or HABs. This leads us to consider the two events as caused by recently introduced species, where local upwelling processes favor permanent and cyclic HABs. However, during these two events, there were no reports of effects on marine biota or of human poisoning, probably because the blooms occurred some distance offshore and far from exploited shellfish beds.