RESUMO
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage C.37 (Lambda) has spread rapidly in Peru and other Latin American countries. However, most studies in Peru have focused on Lima, the capital city, without knowing the dynamics of the spread of the variant in other departments. Cusco, Peru, is one of the most popular departments in the country for tourists, so the introduction of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 might occur despite closure of the borders. Therefore, in this work, we analyzed the variants circulating in Cusco. The aim of this work was to better understand the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Cusco and to characterize the genomes of these strains. To this end, 46 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from vaccinated and unvaccinated patients were sequenced in the first half of 2021. The genomes were analyzed using phylogenetic and natural selection methods. Phylogenetic trees from Cusco showed dominance of the Lambda lineage over the variants of concern (VOCs), and there was no clustering of variants by district. Natural selection analysis revealed mutations, mainly in the spike protein, at positions 75, 246, 247, 707, 769, and 1020. In addition, we found that unvaccinated patients accumulated more new mutations than did vaccinated patients, and these included the F101Y mutation in ORF7a, E419A in NSP3, a deletion in S (21,618-22,501), and a deletion in ORF3a (25,437-26,122).
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Seleção Genética , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Mutação , Peru/epidemiologia , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genéticaRESUMO
Intermediate-salinity environments are distributed around the world. Here, we present a snapshot characterization of two Peruvian thalassohaline environments at high altitude, Maras and Acos, which provide an excellent opportunity to increase our understanding of these ecosystems. The main goal of this study was to assess the structure and functional diversity of the communities of microorganisms in an intermediate-salinity environment, and we used a metagenomic shotgun approach for this analysis. These Andean hypersaline systems exhibited high bacterial diversity and abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Balneolaeota, and Actinobacteria; in contrast, Archaea from the phyla Euryarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota were identified in low abundance. Acos harbored a more diverse prokaryotic community and a higher number of unique species compared with Maras. In addition, we obtained the draft genomes of two bacteria, Halomonas elongata and Idiomarina loihiensis, as well as the viral genomes of Enterobacteria lambda-like phage and Halomonas elongata-like phage and 27 partial novel viral halophilic genomes. The functional metagenome annotation showed a high abundance of sequences associated with detoxification, DNA repair, cell wall and capsule formation, and nucleotide metabolism; sequences for these functions were overexpressed mainly in bacteria and also in some archaea and viruses. Thus, their metabolic profiles afford a decrease in oxidative stress as well as the assimilation of nitrogen, a critical energy source for survival. Our work represents the first microbial characterization of a community structure in samples collected from Peruvian hypersaline systems.
Assuntos
Metagenômica/métodos , Microbiota/genética , Microbiota/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Sal/genética , Actinobacteria/genética , Altitude , Archaea/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bacteroidetes/genética , Biodiversidade , Euryarchaeota/genética , Peru , Filogenia , Proteobactérias/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Salinidade , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
Se estudian tres casos de poliomiositis, aguda subaguda tipo II, dos de ellos fatales. Las edades fluctuaron entre 14 y 58 anos. Ademas del analisis de los detalles clinicos y paraclinicos se ha hecho un minucioso estudio histopatologico de diversos grupos musculares y se subraya el interes que podrian tener las alteraciones de la musculatura lisa del esofago y del colon. Hemos revisado ampliamente y consignado algunos de los conceptos actuales sobre la etiopatogenia de la polimiositis