RESUMO
Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus that is a member of the family Flaviviridae transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Although usually asymptomatic, infection can result in a mild and self-limiting illness characterised by fever, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. An increase in the number of children born with microcephaly was noted in 2015 in regions of Brazil with high transmission of Zika virus. More recently, evidence has been accumulating supporting a link between Zika virus and microcephaly. Here, we describe findings from three fatal cases and two spontaneous abortions associated with Zika virus infection.
Assuntos
Criança , Zika virus , MicrocefaliaRESUMO
Between 1993 and 1998, 10 cases of clinical hantavirus infection were diagnosed in Brazil. Hantavirus-specific IgM, or positive immunohistochemical analysis for hantavirus antigen, or positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results for hantavirus RNA were used to confirm nine of these cases; eight were hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), and one was mild hantavirus disease. The remaining clinical case of hantavirus infection was fatal, and no tissue was available to confirm the diagnosis. During the first 7 months of 1998, five fatal HPS cases caused by a Sin Nombre-like virus were reported from three different regions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: two in March (Presidente Prudente Region), two in May (Ribeirão Preto Region), and one in July (Itapecerica da Serra Region). Epidemiologic, ecologic, and serologic surveys were conducted among case contacts, area residents, and captured rodents in five locations within the State of São Paulo in June of 1998. Six (4.8%) of 125 case contacts and six (5.2%) of 116 area residents had IgG antibody to Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antigen. No case contacts had a history of HPS-compatible illness, and only one area resident reported a previous acute respiratory illness. A total of 403 rodents were captured during 9 nights of trapping (1969 trap nights). All 27 rodents that were found to be positive for IgG antibody to SNV antigen were captured in crop border and extensively deforested agricultural areas where four of the 1998 HPS case-patients had recently worked. The IgG antibody prevalence data for rodents suggest that Bolomys lasiurus and perhaps Akodon sp. are potential hantavirus reservoirs in this state of Brazil.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Reservatórios de Doenças , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus/imunologia , Doenças dos Roedores/virologia , Zoonoses , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/virologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Doenças dos Roedores/imunologia , Roedores , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
In the spring of 1996, multiple cases of an acute febrile illness resulting in several deaths in remote locations in Peru were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The clinical syndromes for these cases included dysphagia and encephalitis. Because bat bites were a common occurrence in the affected areas, the initial clinical diagnosis was rabies. However, rabies was discounted primarily because of reported patient recovery. Samples of brain tissue from two of the fatal cases were received at CDC for laboratory confirmation of the rabies diagnosis. An extensive array of tests on the formalin-fixed tissues confirmed the presence of both rabies viral antigen and nucleic acid. The virus was shown to be most closely related to a vampire bat rabies isolate. These results indicate the importance of maintaining rabies in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile encephalitis, particularly in areas where exposure to vampire bats may occur.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Encéfalo/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Raiva/diagnóstico , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos Virais/análise , Sequência de Bases , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , Encefalopatias/virologia , Primers do DNA/química , Surtos de Doenças , Vetores de Doenças , Feminino , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Hibridização In Situ , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Peru , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Raiva/mortalidade , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
An outbreak of 25 cases of Andes virus-associated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was recognized in southern Chile from July 1997 through January 1998. In addition to the HPS patients, three persons with mild hantaviral disease and one person with asymptomatic acute infection were identified. Epidemiologic studies suggested person-to-person transmission in two of three family clusters. Ecologic studies showed very high densities of several species of sigmodontine rodents in the area.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/patologia , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/fisiopatologia , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
In October 1995, epidemic "hemorrhagic fever," without jaundice or renal manifestations, was reported in rural Nicaragua following heavy flooding; 2259 residents were evaluated for nonmalarial febrile illnesses (cumulative incidence, 6.1%) and 15 (0.7%) died with pulmonary hemorrhage. A case-control study found that case-patients were more likely than controls to have ever walked in creeks (matched odds ratio [MOR], 15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-132.3), have household rodents (MOR, 10.4; 95% CI, 1.1-97.1), or own dogs with titers >/=400 to Leptospira species (MOR, 23.4; 95% CI, 3.6-infinity). Twenty-six of 51 case-patients had serologic or postmortem evidence of acute leptospirosis. Leptospira species were isolated from case-patients and potential animal reservoirs. This leptospirosis epidemic likely resulted from exposure to flood waters contaminated by urine from infected animals, particularly dogs. Leptospirosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for nonmalarial febrile illness, particularly during periods of flooding or when pulmonary hemorrhage occurs.