RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data on treatment outcome and prognostic factors in patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) are limited in the literature. METHODS: A total of 119 patients with metastatic STS treated between June 2003 and December 2012 were analyzed for treatment outcome and prognostic factors. RESULTS: Median age was 37 years (range 2-72 years) with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Most common histologic subtypes were synovial sarcoma (36 %) and leiomyosarcoma (16 %). Median tumor size was 12 cm (range 1.6-30 cm). Twenty-four (20 %) patients were treated with multimodality therapy and 80 % patients received systemic chemotherapy alone. At a median follow-up of 10 months (range 1-66 months), the 2-year EFS and OS were 10 and 19 %, respectively, with a median EFS and OS of 6 and 10 months, respectively. Univariate analysis identified albumin ≤4 g/dl (p = 0.001), histologic subtypes other than synovial sarcoma (p = 0.02), non-extremity tumors (p = 0.03) and single modality treatment (p = 0.03) as factors predicting poor EFS; however, for OS, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dl (p = 0.02), tumor size >10 cm (p = 0.01) and single modality treatment (p = 0.04) were identified as poor prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis identified only serum albumin ≤4 g/dl (p = 0.002, HR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.29-0.75) associated with poor EFS; however, for OS, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dl (p = 0.009, HR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.29-0.83), tumor size >10 cm (p = 0.003, HR 2.11, 95 % CI 1.28-3.47) and single modality treatment (p = 0.01, HR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.25-0.86) emerged as poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Serum albumin, tumor size, hemoglobin and treatment modality affect survival in metastatic STS.
Assuntos
Sarcoma/patologia , Sarcoma/terapia , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/patologia , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Terapia Combinada , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , Lactente , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Metástase Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sarcoma/mortalidade , Albumina Sérica , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/mortalidade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In tropical freshwaters, different species of water bugs (Heteroptera) constitute a guild sharing similar prey resources including chironomid and mosquito larvae. Assuming possibilities of intraguild predation (IGP) among the constituent members, an attempt was made to evaluate the effects of prey and predator density on the mortality of mosquito and chironomid larvae (shared prey), using Laccotrephes griseus Guérin-Méneville (Hemiptera: Nepidae) and Ranatra filiformis Fabricius (Hemiptera: Nepidae) as IG predators and Anisops bouvieri Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) as IG prey. The predation on mosquito and chironomid larvae varied with the density and combinations of the predators. When present as conspecific IG predators, L. griseus exhibited greater effect on the prey mortality than R. filiformis. The effects on shared prey suggest that the two predators are not substitutable in terms of the effect on the shared prey mortality. The mortality of A. bouvieri (IG prey) at low shared prey density was significantly different (p < 0.05) from high shared prey density. In view of predatory effect of the heteropteran predators on the dipteran larvae, the results suggest possible interference by the presence of A. bouvieri as an intermediate predator. It seems that the presence of heteropteran predators including A. bouvieri as IG prey may benefit the dipteran prey under situations when the density is low in tropical waters. The intensity of the predatory effect may differ based on the species composition at IG predator level. For mosquito biological control, the interactions between the predators may not be substitutable and are independent in their effects.
Assuntos
Heterópteros/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório , Animais , Culicidae , Larva , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
The study revealed that the testes of one-day-old Gaddi goats have descended in the scrotum along with adnexa. They were elongated compressed latero-medially and became ovoid during their postnatal growth and morphogenesis. The two testes were not different significantly in their weight and measurement. The average weight which was about 2.9 gm at birth grew to 107 gm (40X) in pubertal animals and nearly maintained it during the post-puberty (113 g). The mean length (1.46 cm), width (0.85 cm) and thickness (0.62 cm) also grew by 47, 60, and 83 times, respectively. In post-pubertal animals it measured 7.06 x 5.20 x 5.10 cm. The study indicated a very fast growth of the testes from birth to puberty, which did not alter significantly after that. A relatively much faster growth in thickness and width over the length was the reason behind the change of the morphology from more elongated shape at birth to ovoid shape on maturity. The mediastinum testis was grossly discernible in the testis even at birth. Epididymis was identifiable into caput, corpus and cauda. The gross linear mensuration of these components did not differ in the caput and cauda regions on either side, whereas the length of corpus was more on the left side in all age group of animals. The growth curve revealed a continuous growth of all segments, but the fastest growth occurred in the early postnatal life (at 1218 month age).
El estudio reveló que los testículos de las cabras Gaddi, de un día de edad, descienden al escroto junto con sus anexos. Se elongaron en dirección latero-medial y convirtieron en ovoides durante su crecimiento postnatal y en la morfogénesis. Los dos testículos no fueron significativamente diferentes en su peso y medidas. El peso promedio fue aproximadamente de 2,9 g al nacer, y aumentó a 107 g (40X) en animales púberes y casi mantuvo su peso durante la post-pubertad (113 g). La longitud (1,46 cm), ancho (0,85 cm) y espesor (0,62 cm) también crecieron unas 47, 60 y 83 veces, respectivamente. En los animales post-puberales las medidas fueron de 7,06 x 5,20 x 5.10 cm. Se observó un crecimiento muy rápido de los testículos desde el nacimiento hasta la pubertad, sin alterarse de manera significativa posteriormente. Un crecimiento relativamente mucho más rápido en espesor y anchura, sobre la longitud, fue la razón detrás del cambio de la morfología desde la forma más alargada, presente en el nacimiento, a la forma ovoide de la madurez. El mediastino testicular fue claramente identificado en el testículo, inclusive en el nacimiento. En el epidídimo se identificaron las porciones de la cabeza, cuerpo y cola. La medición lineal de estos componentes no difirió en las regiones de la cabeza y cola de cada lado, mientras que la longitud del cuerpo fue mayor en el lado izquierdo en todos los grupos. La curva de crecimiento reveló un crecimiento continuo de todos los segmentos, pero el mayor crecimiento se produjo en la vida postnatal temprana (entre los 12 y 18 meses).
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Cabras/anatomia & histologia , Epididimo/anatomia & histologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Epididimo/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
A study was conducted on the testicles of 30 male Gaddi goats, divided into 3 groups viz; prepubertal (0 day to 18 months), pubertal (<18 months to >5 yrs) and post- pubertal (>5 yrs) ages. The study revealed that the testis was covered by fibroserous tunica albuginia having outer fibrous layer and inner vascular layer with smooth muscle fibers at birth. The tunica albuginia continuously grew in thickness from prepubertal to postpubertal animals. The septula testis arising from the tunica albuginia, divided the parenchyma in lobules and converged at mediastinum testis. Few differentiated and undifferentiated Leydig cells were present in the intertubular spaces of neonates, which enormously increased in pubertal animals and replaced by fibroblasts in the postpubertal animals. The parenchyma comprised of solid sex cords in new born kids. These were converted into luminated tubules after 6 months of age and had clear cut tubuli contorti and tubuli recti leading to the mediastinum testis. In "0" day old kids, sex cords were filled with undifferentiated small cells located peripherally along the basement membrane and large primordial germ cells located centrally. By six months of age, latter started showing sign of degeneration and thus luminization of tubules started. Spermatogenesis startedin the seminiferous tubules of 12-18 months goat. In pubertal animals all the stages of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were identified in the seminiferous tubules. The population of gonia cells and primary + secondary spermatocytes were 35% and 30% respectively. In postpubertal animals gonia cells were reduced to <30% and Primary + secondary spermatocytes were <20%. Many degenerating seminiferous tubules showed hyalinization, fibrosis and giant cells. The stroma and parenchyma ratio which was 35:65 at birth became 30:60 at 6 months, 25:75 at 12 months and 15:85 in pubertal and 20:80 in postpubertal animals. Increased stroma in last phase was associated with replacement of seminiuferous tubules by fibrous elements.
Se realizó un estudio en 30 testículos de cabras Gaddi machos divididos en 3 grupos: prepúberes (0 días a 18 meses), púberes (<18 meses y >5 años) y post-púberes (>5 años). El estudio reveló que los testículos al nacimiento estaban cubiertos por una túnica albugínea fibroserosa con una capa fibrosa externa y otra capa vascular interna con fibras musculares lisas. En los animales prepúberes hasta los pospúberes, la túnica albugínea mostró un crecimiento continuo de espesor. El septo testicular derivado de la túnica albugínea, divide el parénquima en lóbulos convergentes en el mediastino testicular. En los espacios intertubulares de los testículos de los recién nacidos, se observaron escasas células interticiales diferenciadas e indiferenciadas, sin embargo, se registró un aumento importante en los animales púberes las cuales fueron reemplazadas por fibroblastos después de la pubertad. El parénquima en los testículos de los animales recién nacidos estaba compuesto por cordones sexuales continuos. Estos se convierten en túbulos luminados después de los 6 meses de edad, evidenciando túbulos contorneados y rectos que conducen al mediastino testicular. En animales de 0 días de edad, los cordones sexuales presentaban pequeñas células no diferenciadas y situadas periféricamente a lo largo de la membrana basal y grandes células germinales primordiales céntricas. A los seis meses de edad, este último comenzó a mostrar signos de degeneración. La espermatogénesis se inició en los túbulos seminíferos desde los 12 a 18 meses de edad. En los animales púberes se identificaron en los túbulos seminíferos todas las etapas de las células de espermatogénesis y células sustentaculares. La población de células gonia fue del 35% y de espermatocitos primarios más secundarios 30%. En los animales pospúberes las células gonia se redujeron a <30% y espermatocitos primarios más secundarios a < 20%. Muchos túbulos seminíferos presentaron degeneración. La relación parénquima/estroma fue 35:65 al nacer, luego de 30:60 a los 6 meses, de 25:75 a los 12 meses, de 15:85 en animales prepúberes y 20:80 en la pubertad. El aumento del estroma en la última fase fue asociado con el reemplazo de los túbulos seminíferos por elementos fibrosos.
Assuntos
Masculino , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cabras/anatomia & histologia , Cabras/fisiologia , FotomicrografiaRESUMO
The Northeastern part of India sprawls over an area of 262 379km2 in the Eastern Himalayan range. This constitutes a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of biodiversity and endemism; unfortunately, is also a poorly known area, especially on its microbial diversity. In this study, we assessed cultivable soil bacterial diversity and distribution from lowlands to highlands (34 to 3 990m.a.s.l.). Soil physico-chemical parameters and forest types across the different altitudes were characterized and correlated with bacterial distribution and diversity. Microbes from the soil samples were grown in Nutrient, Muller Hinton and Luria-Bertani agar plates and were initially characterized using biochemical methods. Parameters like dehydrogenase and urease activities, temperature, moisture content, pH, carbon content, bulk density of the sampled soil were measured for each site. Representative isolates were also subjected to 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A total of 155 cultivable bacterial isolates were characterized which were analyzed for richness, evenness and diversity indices. The tropical and sub-tropical forests supported higher bacterial diversity compared to temperate pine, temperate conifer, and sub-alpine rhododendron forests. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that Firmicutes was the most common group followed by Proteobacreria and Bacteroidetes. Species belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most abundant. Bacterial CFU showed positive but insignificant correlation with soil parameters like pH (r=0.208), soil temperature (r=0.303), ambient temperature (r=0.443), soil carbon content (r=0.525), soil bulk density (r=0.268), soil urease (r=0.549) and soil dehydrogenase (r=0.492). Altitude (r=-0.561) and soil moisture content (r=-0.051) showed negative correlation. Altitudinal gradient along with the vegetation and soil physico-chemical parameters were found to influence bacterial diversity and distribution. This study points out that this is a biome with a vast reservoir of bacteria which decrease with increasing altitudes, and highlights the microbiological importance of the poorly studied Eastern Himalayan range, justifying efforts to explore the prevalence of novel species in the biome.
Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Biodiversidade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Microbiologia do Solo , Árvores/microbiologia , Altitude , Bactérias/genética , Índia , FilogeniaRESUMO
The Northeastern part of India sprawls over an area of 262 379km² in the Eastern Himalayan range. This constitutes a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of biodiversity and endemism; unfortunately, is also a poorly known area, especially on its microbial diversity. In this study, we assessed cultivable soil bacterial diversity and distribution from lowlands to highlands (34 to 3 990m.a.s.l.). Soil physico-chemical parameters and forest types across the different altitudes were characterized and correlated with bacterial distribution and diversity. Microbes from the soil samples were grown in Nutrient, Muller Hinton and Luria-Bertani agar plates and were initially characterized using biochemical methods. Parameters like dehydrogenase and urease activities, temperature, moisture content, pH, carbon content, bulk density of the sampled soil were measured for each site. Representative isolates were also subjected to 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A total of 155 cultivable bacterial isolates were characterized which were analyzed for richness, evenness and diversity indices. The tropical and sub-tropical forests supported higher bacterial diversity compared to temperate pine, temperate conifer, and sub-alpine rhododendron forests. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that Firmicutes was the most common group followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Species belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most abundant. Bacterial CFU showed positive but insignificant correlation with soil parameters like pH (r=0.208), soil temperature (r=0.303), ambient temperature (r=0.443), soil carbon content (r=0.525), soil bulk density (r=0.268), soil urease (r=0.549) and soil dehydrogenase (r=0.492). Altitude (r=0.561) and soil moisture content (r=-0.051) showed negative correlation. Altitudinal gradient along with the vegetation and soil physico-chemical parameters were found to influence bacterial diversity and distribution. This study points out that this is a biome with a vast reservoir of bacteria which decrease with increasing altitudes, and highlights the microbiological importance of the poorly studied Eastern Himalayan range, justifying efforts to explore the prevalence of novel species in the biome.
La parte noreste de la India se extiende sobre una superficie de 262 379km² en la cordillera oriental del Himalaya. Es un punto de acceso con altos niveles de biodiversidad y endemismo; desafortunadamente, también es una zona poco conocida, sobre todo su diversidad microbiana. En este estudio se evaluó la diversidad de bacterias cultivables del suelo, su diversidad y distribución de las tierras bajas a las altas (34 a 3 990m.s.n.m). Se caracterizaron los parámetros físico-químicos del suelo y tipos de bosques a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal y se correlacionaron con la distribución y diversidad bacteriana. Los microbios del suelo se cultivaron en placas de agar enriquecido Muller Hinton y Luria-Bertani, e inicialmente se caracterizaron mediante métodos bioquímicos. Parámetros tales como actividad de la deshidrogenasa y ureasa, temperatura, contenido de humedad y de carbono, pH y densidad aparente del suelo se midieron en cada sitio. Aislamientos representativos también se sometieron al análisis secuencial de 16S rADN. Un total de 155 aislamientos bacterianos cultivables se caracterizaron para estimar los índices de riqueza, equidad y diversidad. Los bosques tropicales y subtropicales albergan una mayor diversidad bacteriana en comparación con los bosques templados de pino y coníferas, y los bosques subalpinos de rododendro. El análisis filogenético de 16S rARN reveló que Firmicutes fue el grupo más común, seguido de Proteobacteria y Bacteroidetes. Especies pertenecientes a los géneros Bacillus y Pseudomonas fueron las más abundantes. Las UFC bacterianas mostraron una positiva pero insignificante correlación con los parámetros del suelo, tales como pH (r=0.208), temperatura (r=0.303), temperatura ambiente (r=0.443), contenido de carbón (r=0.525), densidad aparente (r=0.268), ureasa (r=0.549) y deshidrogenasa (r=0.492). La altitud (r=-0.561) y el contenido de humedad del suelo (r=-0.051) mostraron una correlación negativa. Se encontró que el gradiente altitudinal, junto con la vegetación y los parámetros físico-químicos influyeron en la diversidad bacteriana y la distribución. Este estudio señala que este es un bioma con un vasto reservorio de bacterias que disminuyen con la altitud y pone en relieve la importancia microbiológica de la pobremente estudiada zona del este del Himalaya, lo que justifica los esfuerzos para explorar la prevalencia de nuevas especies en el bioma.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Bactérias/classificação , /genética , Microbiologia do Solo , Árvores/microbiologia , Altitude , Bactérias/genética , Índia , FilogeniaRESUMO
The study was conducted on the prostate gland of Gaddi goat from one day old to more than five years of age divided into three groups viz; prepubertal (1 day old to < 18 months of age), pubertal (18 months to < 5 yrs of age) and postpubertal (> 5 yrs of age). The prostate comprised of corpus prostatae, a band like structure close to the junction of vesicular gland with the urethra, and the pars disseminate which extended in urethra well from its origin to the point of duct of bulbourethral gland. Microscopically, the corpus prostatae comprised of two compact glandular masses lying one over the other, dorsally over the origin of pelvic urethra covered by a thick fibro-reticular capsule. The gland composed of end pieces (luminated and non-luminated acini) and ducts arranged in lobulated fashion. The thickness of inter and intralobular connective tissue decreased with increased age at the expense of the growth of paraenchyma. With age the luminated secretory end pieces increased, while the non-luminatedend pieces decreased in the lobules of the gland. Glandular parenchyma were rich in mucous components by 6 month age serous and mucous components became almost equal and at 12 month age majority of the secretory end pieces turned in to serous type. The excretory ducts which were lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium in one day old kids changed to transitional epithelium in late prepubertal and pubertal animals. The glandular elements were PAS and Best's carmine reactive while interstitial connective tissue was non reactive. Mild alkaline phosphatase reaction was evident in the interstitial connective tissue cells. A strong acid phosphatase reaction was evident in the endothelium. BPB reaction for protein was moderate to intense. Ducts and acini were PAS and Alcian Blue reactive. The reaction for glycogen and AMPS contents in the gland increased with age. It was very intense in the pubertal animals. Moderate DNA activity, mild to moderate alkaline and acid...
Se realizó un estudio de la glándula próstatica de la cabra Gaddi, desde el día uno de nacimiento hasta después de los cinco años de edad, divididos grupos prepuberal (1 día a 18 meses de edad), puberal (18 meses a <5 años de edad) y post-púberes (más de 5 años de edad). La próstata estaba constituida por un cuerpo prostático, estructura como una banda cercana a la unión de la glándula vesicular con la uretra, y una pars diseminada la cual se extendía en las paredes de la uretra desde su origen hasta el punto de los conductos de la glándula bulbouretral. Microscópicamente, el cuerpo prostático está compuesto por dos masas compactas glandulares situadas una sobre la otra, dorsalmente sobre el origen de la uretra pélvica cubierta por una gruesa cápsula fibro-reticular. La glándula compuesta por piezas terminales (acinos luminal y no luminal) y conductos dispuestos en forma lobulada. El espesor del tejido conectivo inter e intralobulillar disminuyó con el aumento de la edad a expensas del crecimiento del parénquima. Con la edad aumentaron las piezas terminales secretoras luminales, mientras que en las piezas terminales no luminales, disminuyeron en los lóbulos de la glándula. El parénquima glandular era abundante en componentes mucosos a la edad de 6 meses, mientras que los componentes serosos y mucosas se equilibraron a los 12 meses de edad; la mayoría de las piezas finales secretoras se transformaron a tipo serosa. Los conductos excretores que estaban revestidos por epitelio cúbico estratificado en el día uno de las crías, cambió a epitelio de transición en los animales prepúberes y púberes. Los elementos glandulares fueron reactivos al PAS y al carmín de Best, mientras que el tejido conectivo intersticial no fue reactivo. Una reacción leve a la fosfatasa alcalina fue evidente en las células del tejido conectivo intersticial, mientras que una reacción fuerte se evidenció en el endotelio. La reacción de BPB para proteína fue de moderada a intensa. Los conductos...
Assuntos
Animais , Cabras/anatomia & histologia , Cabras/fisiologia , Próstata/anatomia & histologia , Próstata/metabolismoRESUMO
The Simian and Sydney creases are variant palmar creases which have now drawn medical attention as their presence correlates strongly with numerous chromosomal anomalies and diseases. Works on these creases have been done on several human communities, racial and ethnic but no specific study is focussed out on the Indian populations. In this study 1000 Central Indian subjects (500 males and 500 females) aged between 5 to 70 years were randomly selected and examined by the authors. We found the prevalence of Simian, Sydney and Suwon creases in studied population of Central India is 14.4 percent, 3.6 percent and 2.4 percent respectively, which is a little higher than the figures for Asians and Caucasians claimed by earlier studies. There is no any association between these creases. The Simian crease is predominantly unilateral right side and associated with handedness. It is more common in males. The Sydney crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in females. The Suwon crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in males. There is no association of these creases with anomalies/diseases/syndromes. Conclusively this work draws attention to the importance of undertaking parallel investigations on every socio-cultural human group or population wherever possible.
Los pliegues simiescos y de Sydney, son pliegues palmares variantes que en la actualidad han llamado la atención médica, ya que su presencia se relaciona estrechamente con numerosas anomalías cromosómicas y enfermedades. Investigaciones sobre estos pliegues se han realizado en diferentes comunidades humanas, raciales y étnicas, pero ningún estudio específico se centra sobre las poblaciones indígenas. En este estudio 1000 sujetos de la India central (500 hombres y mujeres 500) entre 5 y 70 años fueron seleccionados al azar y examinados. Se encontró que la prevalencia de los pliegues Simiescos, de Sydney y de Suwon de la población estudiada es de 14,4 por ciento, 3,6 por ciento y 2,4 por ciento respectivamente, mayor que los porcentajes en asiáticos y caucásicos. No hay ninguna asociación entre estos pliegues. El pliegue simiesco es predominantemente unilateral derecho y se asocia con dominancia manual. Es más común en los hombres. El pliegue de Sydney no tiene predominio unilateral o bilateral, ni asociación con dominancia manual, pero es más común en las mujeres. El pliegue de Suwon no tiene predominio unilateral o bilateral, ni asociación con dominancia manual, pero es más común en los hombres. No existe ninguna asociación de estos pliegues con anomalías/enfermedades/síndromes. Se concluye la importancia de realizar investigaciones paralelas en todos los grupos humanos o socio-culturales de la población siempre que sea posible.
Assuntos
Idoso , Dermatoglifia/classificação , Grupos Raciais/etnologia , Mãos/anatomia & histologia , Estudos Transversais/métodosRESUMO
A study was conducted on the bulbourethral glands of 30 Gaddi goats, divided into three groups of 10 animals in each viz; Prepubertal (1 day old to < 18 months of age), Pubertal (18 months to < 5yrs of age) and Postpubertal (>5yrs of age). The study revealed that the glands grew at a faster speed up-to 6 months of postnatal life after which the pace slowed down considerably. Almost 10 times increase in weight and more than three times increase in all the linear mensurations were observed in prepubertal group from the time of birth. The stroma vs parenchyma ratio which was 80:20 in one-day-old kids showed three times increase in parenchyma in prepubertal animals, and the ratio became 43:57. In one day old kids luminated and non-luminated secretory end pieces were arranged in small groups around widely luminated duct; the forerunner of the central cistern. Initially the gland contained serous as well mucous end pieces; the latter being more preponderant. But in pubertal animals it became a mucous type gland, with only a little numbers of serous end pieces. Histochemically, the glandular acini were reactive to PAS and Alcian blue indicated the presence of glycol-muco-complex in the secretory components of gland.
Se realizó un estudio sobre las glándulas bulbouretrales de 30 cabras Gaddi, divididas en tres grupos de 10 animales cada uno; prepúberes (desde 1 día de edad hasta <18 meses), púberes (desde 18 meses hasta <5 años de edad) y postpuberales (>5 años de edad). El estudio reveló que las glándulas crecen a una mayor velocidad hasta los 6 meses de vida postnatal, después de lo cual el ritmo baja considerablemente. En el grupo prepuberal se observó un aumento casi 10 veces en peso y más de tres veces en todas las mediciones lineales. La relación estroma v/s parénquima fue de 80:20 el primer día postnacimiento, mostrando un aumento de tres veces en el parénquima en los animales prepúberes, llegando a una proporción 43:57. En una de las cabras de un día de edad las piezas terminales secretoras luminal y no-luminal se organizaron en pequeños grupos alrededor del conducto luminal; el precursor de la cisterna central. Inicialmente la glándula contenía piezas terminales serosas y mucosas. Esta última tenía una mayor preponderancia. Sin embargo, en animales puberales se convirtió en una glándula de tipo mucosa, con sólo un pequeño número de piezas terminales serosas. Histoquímicamente, los acinos glandulares reactivos al PAS y azul Alcian indicaron la presencia de glicol-muco-complejos en los componentes de secreción de la glándula.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Glândulas Bulbouretrais/anatomia & histologia , Cabras , Glândulas Bulbouretrais/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Fotomicrografia , Fatores EtáriosRESUMO
The study was conducted on the vesicular glands of 30 entire pure male Gaddi goats from birth to 5yrs and 6 months of age, divided into three equal size groups of 10 animals in each viz; Pre-pubertal (lday old to <18 months of age), Pubertal (18 months to < 5years of age) and Post-pubertal (>5 years) age groups. In new born kid the glands were small, white cord like. It became "?" shaped at 6 months and "S" shaped at 12 months of age. A significant growth in size and weight of gland occurred at 6 month, then up to 12 month and beyond it grew slowly. The secretory acini of the lobules were lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which contained A-tall columnar, B-basal and C-narrow columnar type of cells. The number per unit area and size of the gland increased with age significantly from birth in the prepubertal animals and up to puberty. In post-pubertal animals it did not grow significantly, rather the connective tissue elements were increased in the capsule (adventitia). The intralobular connective tissue however, decreased at the expense of growth of acini at all ages.
Se realizó un estudio de las glándulas vesiculares de 30 cabras Gaddi, macho, totalmente puras desde el nacimiento hasta los 5 años y 6 meses de edad, divididas en tres grupos de 10 animales cada uno, pre-puberal (día 1 de edad a <18 meses de edad), pubertad (18 meses a <5 años de edad) y post-puberal (> 5 años). En el recién nacido las glándulas eran pequeñas, como un cordón blanco. Se presentó en forma de "?" a los 6 meses y de "S" a los 12 meses de edad. Un importante crecimiento en tamaño y peso de la glándula se produjo a los 6 meses, luego de 12 meses y más, creció lentamente. Los acinos secretores de los lóbulos se alinearon como epitelio columnar ciliado pseudoestratificado, los cuales contienen células de tipo A-columnar alto, B-basal y C-columnar estrecho. El número por unidad de área y el tamaño de la glándula aumentó significativamente con la edad desde su nacimiento en los animales prepuberes y hasta la pubertad. En animales post-puberales no creció significativamente, y los elementos del tejido conectivo se incrementaron en la cápsula (adventicia). Sin embargo, el tejido conectivo intralobular, disminuyó a expensas del crecimiento de los acinos, en todas las edades.
Assuntos
Animais , Vesícula Biliar/anatomia & histologia , Vesícula Biliar/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vesícula Biliar/inervação , Cabras/anatomia & histologia , Cabras/embriologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the experience in one centre of the efficacy and safety of open mini-access ureterolithotomy (MAU) and to discuss relevant current indications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MAU was undertaken in 112 patients (mean age 38 years, range 26-57) between 1991 and 2001; the details and outcomes are reviewed. The mean (range) stone size was 12 (8-22) mm, with 30 stones in the upper, 69 in the mid- and 13 in the lower ureter. In 15 cases the stones were impacted and there were signs of infection in the proximal ureter. RESULTS: MAU was successful in 111 patients; the one failure was caused by proximal stone migration early in the series. The mean (range) operative duration was 28 (10-44) min and the hospital stay 42 (24-72) h; 33 patients were in hospital for 24 h, 72 for 48 h and seven for 72 h. The blood loss was minimal, at 50 (30-150) mL. The drain was removed after 5 (5-7) days. Patients reported using opioid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesia for a mean of 4 (1-7) days after surgery. The mean time to resumption of work was 16 (8-35) days. CONCLUSIONS: MAU is a safe and reliable minimally invasive procedure; its role is mainly confined to salvage for failed first-line stone treatments but in selected cases, where a poor outcome can be predicted from other methods, it is an excellent first-line treatment.
Assuntos
Cálculos Ureterais/cirurgia , Ureteroscopia/métodos , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Recidiva , Resultado do Tratamento , Ureteroscopia/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Little is known about the perception of mental illness in the English-speaking Caribbean. This study was conducted in 1995 to determine the attitudes, knowledge, and help-seeking practices for emotional disorders in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Two groups in Dominica were surveyed: 67 community leaders, consisting of nurses, teachers, and police officers; and 135 community members grouped into five socioeconomic strata that were collapsed to three for the analysis. All the respondents were asked to identify and suggest management of individuals with psychosis, alcoholism, depression, and childhood hyperactivity, as depicted in case vignettes. The person in the psychosis vignette was diagnosed as suffering from mental illness by 84.0% of the leaders and by 71.2% of the community members. However, in each of the three other vignettes, fewer than 30% of the respondents thought that mental illness was present. The person with alcoholism was viewed as having a serious problem by only slightly more than half of the respondents. Fewer than half of the respondents thought that the individuals with depression or hyperactivity had serious problems. The community leaders did somewhat worse in recognizing mental illness than did the community members. Respondents were most likely to refer a family member with emotional problems to a medical practitioner. In conclusion, education about mental health problems is needed in Dominica. Especially disconcerting was the lack of knowledge on mental illness among nurses, teachers, and police officers, that is, professionals directly involved in the pathway to care.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Transtornos Mentais , Adulto , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Depressão/diagnóstico , Dominica , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
In Dominica, 474 outpatients seen at psychiatric clinics in the various districts were screened for tardive dyskinesia over a three-year period. A prevalence rate of 8.2 percent for both genders was found and included a significantly greater number of females, 6.4 percent. Eighty-seven percent (87 percent) of the positive patients were in the age group > 65 years and were predominantly of the Roseau district (64 percent), of lower income socio-economic status (94.8 percent) and all has been using neuroleptics for over 5 years. No patient of the entire patient population screened had used the newer neuroleptic medications, clozapine and risperidone which did not induce tardive dyskinesia. Introducing the neuroleptics without extrapyramidal side effects should greatly improve patient compliance and reduce the possibility of litigation that can occur if patients are not informed of the possible occurrence of tardive dyskinesia following the use of the present range of neuroleptic medication.(AU)
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Clozapina/uso terapêutico , Risperidona/uso terapêutico , Dominica , Peneiramento de Líquidos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraprostatic vasopressin (PVP) prevents the TURP syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three (33) consecutive patients, whose mean age was 68 years (range 54-85 years), with prostates clinically assessed as > 20 g comprised the study group who had vasopressin injected into the prostate transrectally before operation. Blood samples were taken both pre- and post-operatively and serum electrolyte and free Hb levels determined. The TURP irrigant was cooled, bioled water and the head of resecting pressure was kept at 70-80 cm H2O. The patients were breathalysed at 10-minute intervals. Sensorium was monitored continuously. Extreme care was taken to avoid/identify capsular damage during resection. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the clinical features studied - sensorium, pulse and blood pressure. Alcoholometer changes were very small indeed. Free Hb and serum Na+ were very little changed. CONCLUSION: Insignificant volumes of irrigation fluid entered the circulation during the procedure. There was therefore no risk of the patient developing the TURP syndrome. It appears that IPVP does prevent the TURP syndrome.(AU)
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Vasopressinas/uso terapêutico , Prostatectomia , Doenças Prostáticas/prevenção & controle , Prostatectomia , Doenças Prostáticas/sangue , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
An analysis of all suicide attempts over a three-year period, October 1994 when a register was established, to September 1997, was undertaken. Data were obtained from records in the consultation-liaison register of the island's largest hospital. The number of cases declined from 38 in year one of the study period to 17 in year two, rising to 23 in year three. The attempt rate of 37 per 100,000 was lower than that recorded in Trinidad, Barbados and Bermuda. The majority of attempts were made by adolescents below age 18 years (53 percent). Females accounted for 73 percent of all cases and 81 percent of the adolescent group. Of the cases 93.5 percent were of African descent, 61.5 percent were from economically deprived homes, 43.5 percent lived with a single parent, usually the mother. Most (44/78 or 56 percent) were from the more developed part of the island, Roseau, and 88 percent did not attend church. The most common form of attempt was by ingestion of tables (66.6 percent) and the commonest reason was a problem in a relationship with parent, family or lover (70.5 percent). Over the study period, 91 percent of the patients who had received counselling made no further attempts, demonstrating the effectiveness of early intervention and the need to develop further counselling programmes in schools and emergency counselling services aimed at the high risk group of adolescents.(AU)