RESUMO
Transforming proteins E6 and E7 of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are consistently expressed in HPV-associated cervical cancers. In ELISA with four HPV-16 E6-E7 peptides, patients with HPV-16-associated invasive cervical cancer (group 1) had a greater seroreactivity than all other groups, which included patients with HPV-16-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive cervical cancer patients without HPVs, and unaffected controls. A larger proportion of group 1 sera, as compared to sera of all other groups, was reactive with at least one peptide (49% vs 17-27%), and with two or more peptides (22% vs 0-6%). A clear difference between group 1 and all other groups was also found for high ELISA absorbance values to at least one peptide (22% vs 0-8%). This high seroreactivity of group 1 sera was confirmed by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay with in vitro transcribed and translated HPV-16 E7 protein. Sera from 50% of group 1 but only 3% of controls were reactive in this test. Antibodies to HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins appear to be virus-specific and disease state-specific markers of HPV-associated cervical cancer.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/imunologia , Papillomaviridae/imunologia , Proteínas Repressoras , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus , Peptídeos/imunologia , Espanha , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Data from two prospective studies of the ovulation method were used to assess pregnancy rates and users' fertility-related behaviors among breastfeeding women. The rate of unplanned pregnancy was less than 1% during the first 6 months of lactational amenorrhea. However, the unplanned pregnancy rate was elevated among breastfeeders during the months after menses return compared with the pregnancy rate during nonlactating cycles. Rates were also elevated at the time when infant feeding supplementation was started. This increase in unplanned pregnancies was not directly attributable to nonadherence to the ovulation method rules; there was some indication that adherence to the rules actually may be increased during those months. Therefore, special emphasis on both the need for improved breastfeeding support to delay menses return and the increased potential for method failure among new users during this period of time should be incorporated into ovulation method training and support programs.
PIP: Data from two prospective studies of the ovulation method in Nyahururu, Kenya, and Santiago, Chile, were analyzed to assess the occurrence of pregnancy and related behaviors among breastfeeding women. The rate of unplanned pregnancy was less than 1% during the first six months of lactational amenorrhea, but was elevated among breastfeeding women during the months after menses return compared with the pregnancy rate during nonlactating cycles. Rates were also elevated at the time when infant feeding supplementation was started. The authors note that the increase in unplanned pregnancies cannot be directly attributed to nonadherence to the ovulation method rules. In fact, there was some indication that adherence to the rules may even be increased during those months. The authors also encourage special emphasis in ovulation method training and support programs upon both the need for improved breastfeeding support to delay menses return and the increased potential for method failure among new users.