RESUMO
The species richness in the Neotropics has been linked to environmental heterogeneity and a complex geological history. We evaluated which biogeographic processes were associated with the diversification of Monkey tree frogs, an endemic clade from the Neotropics. We tested two competing hypotheses: the diversification of Phyllomedusinae occurred either in a "south-north" or a "north-south" direction in the Neotropics. We also hypothesized that marine introgressions and Andean uplift had a crucial role in promoting their diversification. We used 13 molecular markers in a Bayesian analysis to infer phylogenetic relationships among 57 species of Phyllomedusinae and to estimate their divergence times. We estimated ancestral ranges based on 12 biogeographic units considering the landscape modifications of the Neotropical region. We found that the Phyllomedusinae hypothetical ancestor range was probably widespread throughout South America, from Western Amazon to Southern Atlantic Forest, at 29.5 Mya. The Phyllomedusines' ancestor must have initially diverged through vicariance, generally followed by jump-dispersals and sympatric speciation. Dispersal among areas occurred mostly from Western Amazonia towards Northern Andes and the South American diagonal of dry landscapes, a divergent pattern from both "south-north" and "north-south" diversification hypotheses. Our results revealed a complex diversification process of Monkey tree frogs, occurring simultaneously with the orogeny of Northern Andes and the South American marine introgressions in the last 30 million years.
Assuntos
Anuros , Teorema de Bayes , Filogenia , Animais , Anuros/genética , Anuros/classificação , América do Sul , Filogeografia , Especiação GenéticaRESUMO
The genus Chinavia Orian has a great diversity of species, being distributed in the Nearctic, Neotropical and Afrotropical regions (Rolston 1983; Schwertner Grazia 2007, Grazia Schwertner 2017). The genus is included in the subfamily Pentatominae, tribe Nezarini, whose individuals retain their green coloration after death, average size between 9 and 19 mm, and considered polyphagous (Rolston 1983; Schwertner et al. 2002; Rider 2020). Some species of Chinavia are recorded as important crop pests in different countries (e.g. Matesco et al. 2007; Herbert Toews 2012), and those species are better known regarding distribution, ecology and other biological aspects. However, the great majority of species is known only for the adult morphology, and there are still problems concerning the correct identification of the species due to their wide distribution.