RESUMO
Tropical agriculture is a major driver of biodiversity loss, yet it can provide conservation opportunities, especially where protected areas are inadequate. To investigate the long-term biodiversity capacity of agricultural countryside, we quantified bird population trends in Costa Rica by mist netting 57,255 birds of 265 species between 1999 and 2010 in sun coffee plantations, riparian corridors, secondary forests, forest fragments, and primary forest reserves. More bird populations (69) were declining than were stable (39) or increasing (4). Declines were common in resident, insectivorous, and more specialized species. There was no relationship between the species richness of a habitat and its conservation value. High-value forest bird communities were characterized by their distinct species composition and habitat and dietary functional signatures. While 49% of bird species preferred forest to coffee, 39% preferred coffee to forest and 12% used both habitats, indicating that coffee plantations have some conservation value. Coffee plantations, although lacking most of the forest specialists, hosted 185 bird species, had the highest capture rates, and supported increasing numbers of some forest species. Coffee plantations with higher tree cover (7% vs. 13%) had more species with increasing capture rates, twice as many forest specialists, and half as many nonforest species. Costa Rican countryside habitats, especially those with greater tree cover, host many bird species and are critical for connecting bird populations in forest remnants. Diversified agricultural landscapes can enhance the biodiversity capacity of tropical countryside, but, for the long-term persistence of all forest bird species, large (>1,000 ha) protected areas are essential.
Assuntos
Aves , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Agricultura , Animais , Coffea , Costa Rica , Dinâmica Populacional , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Diet is commonly assumed to affect the evolution of species, but few studies have directly tested its effect at macroevolutionary scales. Here we use Bayesian models of trait-dependent diversification and a comprehensive dietary database of all birds worldwide to assess speciation and extinction dynamics of avian dietary guilds (carnivores, frugivores, granivores, herbivores, insectivores, nectarivores, omnivores and piscivores). Our results suggest that omnivory is associated with higher extinction rates and lower speciation rates than other guilds, and that overall net diversification is negative. Trait-dependent models, dietary similarity and network analyses show that transitions into omnivory occur at higher rates than into any other guild. We suggest that omnivory acts as macroevolutionary sink, where its ephemeral nature is retrieved through transitions from other guilds rather than from omnivore speciation. We propose that these dynamics result from competition within and among dietary guilds, influenced by the deep-time availability and predictability of food resources.
Assuntos
Aves/genética , Dieta , Extinção Biológica , Cadeia Alimentar , Especiação Genética , Modelos Estatísticos , Animais , Aves/classificação , Carnivoridade/fisiologia , Peixes , Herbivoria/genética , Insetos , Filogenia , Néctar de Plantas , PoaceaeRESUMO
The geographic structuring of parasite communities across the range of a single host species can illuminate patterns of host-population connectivity. To determine the location of parasite transmission in a Neotropical migrant bird species, we sampled adult and hatch-year (HY) birds across the breeding and wintering range of the Swainson's thrush (SWTH), an abundant passerine with a migratory divide. We examined the phylogenetic relationships among cytochrome b lineages of the avian blood parasite genera Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon and determined the transmission location of unique lineages. We found that Haemoproteus and Plasmodium lineages are transmitted on California breeding grounds, whereas Leucocytozoon transmission occurs on Alaskan breeding grounds. The presence of hemosporidians on wintering grounds and shared lineages between the SWTH and resident species suggests that transmission of some of these lineages occurs on both breeding and wintering grounds. We emphasize that the sampling of HY birds and local resident heterospecifics will supplement vector studies to determine the key players in hemosporidian host switching and range-expansion events.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/transmissão , Haemosporida/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/transmissão , Aves Canoras/parasitologia , Alaska , Migração Animal , Animais , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , California , Costa Rica , Citocromos b/genética , DNA de Protozoário/sangue , Haemosporida/classificação , Haemosporida/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Plasmodium/genética , Plasmodium/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Growing demand for food, fuel, and fiber is driving the intensification and expansion of agricultural land through a corresponding displacement of native woodland, savanna, and shrubland. In the wake of this displacement, it is clear that farmland can support biodiversity through preservation of important ecosystem elements at a fine scale. However, how much biodiversity can be sustained and with what tradeoffs for production are open questions. Using a well-studied tropical ecosystem in Costa Rica, we develop an empirically based model for quantifying the "wildlife-friendliness" of farmland for native birds. Some 80% of the 166 mist-netted species depend on fine-scale countryside forest elements (≤ 60-m-wide clusters of trees, typically of variable length and width) that weave through farmland along hilltops, valleys, rivers, roads, and property borders. Our model predicts with â¼75% accuracy the bird community composition of any part of the landscape. We find conservation value in small (≤ 20 m wide) clusters of trees and somewhat larger (≤ 60 m wide) forest remnants to provide substantial support for biodiversity beyond the borders of tropical forest reserves. Within the study area, forest elements on farms nearly double the effective size of the local forest reserve, providing seminatural habitats for bird species typically associated with the forest. Our findings provide a basis for estimating and sustaining biodiversity in farming systems through managing fine-scale ecosystem elements and, more broadly, informing ecosystem service analyses, biodiversity action plans, and regional land use strategies.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Aves/classificação , Modelos Teóricos , Clima Tropical , Animais , Costa Rica , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento RemotoRESUMO
Landscape corridors connecting habitat patches may help overcome the genetic and demographic problems of small and isolated populations. An elegant field experiment shows that some Costa Rican forest birds will use 'riparian' (river margin) corridors to get back home, but they can be picky about corridor quality.
Assuntos
Aves , Ecologia , Rios , Árvores , Animais , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Costa Rica , Humanos , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Understanding the persistence mechanisms of tropical forest species in human-dominated landscapes is a fundamental challenge of tropical ecology and conservation. Many species, including more than half of Costa Rica's native land birds, use mostly deforested agricultural countryside, but how they do so is poorly known. Do they commute regularly to forest or can some species survive in this human-dominated landscape year-round? Using radiotelemetry, we detailed the habitat use, movement, foraging, and nesting patterns of three bird species, Catharus aurantiirostris, Tangara icterocephala, and Turdus assimilis, by obtaining 8101 locations from 156 individuals. We chose forest birds that varied in their vulnerability to deforestation and were representative of the species found both in forest and human-dominated landscapes. Our study species did not commute from extensive forest; rather, they fed and bred in the agricultural countryside. Nevertheless, T. icterocephala and T. assimilis, which are more habitat sensitive, were highly dependent on the remaining trees. Although trees constituted only 11% of land cover, these birds spent 69% to 85% of their time in them. Breeding success of C. aurntiirostris and T. icterocephala in deforested habitats was not different than in forest remnants, where T. assimilis experienced reduced breeding success. Although this suggests an ecological trap for T. assimilis, higher fledgling survival in forest remnants may make up for lower productivity. Tropical countryside has high potential conservation value, which can be enhanced with even modest increases in tree cover. Our findings have applicability to many human-dominated tropical areas that have the potential to conserve substantial biodiversity if appropriate restoration measures are taken.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Passeriformes/fisiologia , Árvores , Animais , Comportamento Apetitivo/fisiologia , Costa Rica , Demografia , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Comportamento de Nidação , Especificidade da Espécie , TelemetriaRESUMO
Determining the impact of forest disturbance and fragmentation on tropical biotas is a central goal of conservation biology. Among tropical forest birds, understory insectivores are particularly sensitive to habitat disturbance and fragmentation, despite their relatively small sizes and freedom from hunting pressure. Why these birds are especially vulnerable to fragmentation is not known. Our data indicate that the best determinant of the persistence of understory insectivorous birds in small fragments is the ability to disperse through deforested countryside habitats. This finding contradicts our initial hypothesis that the decline of insectivorous birds in forest fragments is caused by impoverished invertebrate prey base in fragments. Although we observed significantly fewer insectivorous birds in smaller fragments, extensive sampling of invertebrate communities (106,082 individuals) and avian diets (of 735 birds) revealed no important differences between large and small fragments. Neither habitat specificity nor drier fragment microclimates seemed critical. Bird species that were less affected by forest fragmentation were, in general, those that used the deforested countryside more, and we suggest that the key to their conservation will be found there.