RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between HTR1A, HTR2A and the 5-HTTLPR in panic disorder (PD) patients and controls. In addition, this study also aims to evaluate the interaction between these genes and two environmental factors previously associated with PD: childhood trauma and parental bonding. METHODS: This is a case-control candidate gene association study (107 PD patients and 125 controls). Genes were analyzed using a gene-based test in PLINK followed by single marker association tests and haplotype test only for genes that reached experiment-wide significance in the gene-based test in order to minimize multiple testing. Logistic regression was used to test the relationships between genotype in the additive model, trauma, optimal paternal parenting and optimal maternal parenting and their interactions. RESULTS: Only HTR1A was associated with PD in gene-based test after correction for multiple tests (p(corrected)=0.027) and one HTR1A haplotype comprising four SNPs was associated with PD (p(corrected)=0.032). In the interaction analysis, no significant gene-environment interaction was found with the genes evaluated. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the association between HTR1A and PD. No major evidence of gene-environment interaction in PD with parenting or trauma was found. Further studies are necessary in order to confirm these findings.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis , Transtorno de Pânico/genética , Transtorno de Pânico/psicologia , Poder Familiar , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/genética , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between childhood trauma and the quality of parental bonding in panic disorder compared to non-clinical controls. METHOD: 123 patients and 123 paired controls were evaluated with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Instrument. RESULTS: The Parental Bonding Instrument and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were highly correlated. Panic disorder patients presented higher rates of emotional abuse (OR = 2.54, p = 0.001), mother overprotection (OR = 1.98, p = 0.024) and father overprotection (OR = 1.84, p = 0.041) as compared to controls. Among men with panic disorder, only mother overprotection remained independently associated with panic disorder (OR = 3.28, p = 0.032). On the other hand, higher father overprotection (OR = 2.2, p = 0.017) and less father warmth (OR = 0.48, p = 0.039) were independently associated with panic disorder among female patients. CONCLUSION: Higher rates of different types of trauma, especially emotional abuse, are described in panic disorder patients as compared to controls. The differences regarding gender and parental bonding could be explained in the light of the psychodynamic theory.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre trauma na infância e qualidade do vínculo parental em pacientes com transtorno de pânico comparados com controles. MÉTODO: 123 pacientes e 123 controles pareados foram avaliados através do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire e do Parental Bonding Instrument. RESULTADOS: As escalas Parental Bonding Instrument e Childhood Trauma Questionnaire mostraram-se altamente correlacionadas. Pacientes com transtorno de pânico apresentaram elevadas taxas de abuso emocional (OR = 2,54; p = 0,001), superproteção materna (OR = 1,98; p = 0,024) e superproteção paterna (OR = 1,84; p = 0,041) quando comparados ao grupo controle. De acordo com o gênero, nos homens, apenas a superproteção materna permanece independentemente associada ao transtorno de pânico (OR = 3,28; p = 0,032). Já as mulheres com transtorno de pânico descreveram mais frequentemente o pai como sendo superprotetor (OR = 2,2; p = 0,017) e pouco amoroso (OR = 0,48; p = 0,039) e referiram mais negligência emocional em comparação aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Altas taxas de diferentes tipos de trauma, especialmente abuso emocional, foram encontradas em pacientes com transtorno de pânico quando comparados com o grupo controle. As diferenças com relação ao gênero e ao vínculo parental podem ser explicadas à luz da teoria psicodinâmica.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Transtorno de Pânico/etiologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Apego ao Objeto , Transtorno de Pânico/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between childhood trauma and the quality of parental bonding in panic disorder compared to non-clinical controls. METHOD: 123 patients and 123 paired controls were evaluated with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Instrument. RESULTS: The Parental Bonding Instrument and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were highly correlated. Panic disorder patients presented higher rates of emotional abuse (OR = 2.54, p = 0.001), mother overprotection (OR = 1.98, p = 0.024) and father overprotection (OR = 1.84, p = 0.041) as compared to controls. Among men with panic disorder, only mother overprotection remained independently associated with panic disorder (OR = 3.28, p = 0.032). On the other hand, higher father overprotection (OR = 2.2, p = 0.017) and less father warmth (OR = 0.48, p = 0.039) were independently associated with panic disorder among female patients. CONCLUSION: Higher rates of different types of trauma, especially emotional abuse, are described in panic disorder patients as compared to controls. The differences regarding gender and parental bonding could be explained in the light of the psychodynamic theory.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Pânico/etiologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Apego ao Objeto , Transtorno de Pânico/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of milnacipran in the acute treatment of patients with panic disorder. Thirty-one patients who met Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV criteria for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were included in the study. Patients were initially treated with milnacipran 25 mg twice daily and then 50 mg twice daily until the 10th week. The treatment outcome and panic disorder severity were determined by the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Panic Inventory, Clinical Global Impression and Hamilton Anxiety Scale, all of which were applied during every evaluation interview. Quality of life (WHOQOL-bref) was evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. Missing data were handled by using the last observation carried forward for all participants who had taken at least one dose of study medication. Intention-to-treat was used in the analyses. Pharmacological treatment resulted in a clinically and statistically significant mean reduction in all severity measures. Remission (Clinical Global Impression < or = 2) was obtained in 58.1% of the sample. Regarding WHOQOL, we found a significant improvement (P<0.05) across treatment in all the domains studied. Although results may be influenced by the open design of this pilot study and by the small sample size, our findings suggest that milnacipran may be effective for the treatment of panic disorder and justify further research.
Assuntos
Agorafobia/tratamento farmacológico , Ciclopropanos/administração & dosagem , Transtorno de Pânico/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Agorafobia/diagnóstico , Agorafobia/psicologia , Ciclopropanos/efeitos adversos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Milnaciprano , Transtorno de Pânico/diagnóstico , Transtorno de Pânico/psicologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
O uso e o abuso de drogas pelos adolescentes é cada vez mais prevalente e traz desdobramentos sérios nos vários níveis de seu desenvolvimento e na sua família. O presente trabalho aborda as pesquisas no campo epidemiológico sobre fatores de proteção e de risco para o uso de drogas entre os jovens, que demonstram que fracassos tanto pessoais como familiares, além de eventos estressores durante a vida, estão mais associados com o uso de drogas. No entanto, a presença dos pais, a motivação pessoal e o monitoramento do adolescente, estão associados com o não uso. São descritos os principais estudos prospectivos já realizados nessa área. Em seguida, à luz do pensamento de diversos autores como H. Kohut, J. McDougall, H. Rosenfeld, C. Olievenstein, Khantzian, entre outros, apresentam-se teorias psicodinâmicas relacionadas ao problema das adições e sua evolução ao longo dos anos dentro do paradigma psicanalítico. A aplicação das técnicas baseadas nos modelos psicoterápicos de orientação analítica, em dependentes químicos, é também discutida.