RESUMO
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the method of choice to search for epileptogenic lesions. We correlated MRI findings with the epileptogenic zone (EZ) depicted by clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) data. We studied 400 clinical records of patients who had been submitted to MRI studies and we analyzed, retrospectively, their ictal semiology, EEG characteristics and response to treatment. They were classified into 3 groups: A) temporal lobe epilepsy, B) frontal lobe epilepsy and C) parieto-occipital epilepsy. We included 155 patients: Group A) 68 cases (43.9%), 28 men (41.1%), mean age 32 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 44 (64.7%), refractory to treatment 48 (70.5%). Group B) 68 cases (43.9%), 38 men (55.8%), mean age 30 +/- 15 years old, abnormal IMR in 26 (38.2%), refractory to treatment 30 (44.1%). Group C) 19 cases (12.2%), 13 men (68.4%), mean age 27 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 11 (57.8%), refractory to treatment 12 (63.1%). Results showed that there were higher possibilities of detecting lesions which correlate with EZ in temporal than in frontal or parieto-occipital lobes epilepsy. The chances to find abnormalities on the MRI were 5 times higher in refractory patients than in those who were non-refractory.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Epilepsias Parciais/fisiopatologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Epilepsias Parciais/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Homocisteína/sangue , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-NH/genética , Complexo Vitamínico B/sangue , Análise de Variância , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Genótipo , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2) , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-NH/sangue , Polimorfismo Genético , Venezuela/etnologia , Vitamina B 12/sangueRESUMO
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the method of choice to search for epileptogenic lesions. We correlated MRI findings with the epileptogenic zone (EZ) depicted by clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) data. We studied 400 clinical records of patients who had been submitted to MRI studies and we analyzed, retrospectively, their ictal semiology, EEG characteristics and response to treatment. They were classified into 3 groups: A) temporal lobe epilepsy, B) frontal lobe epilepsy and C) parieto-occipital epilepsy. We included 155 patients: Group A) 68 cases (43.9
), 28 men (41.1
), mean age 32 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 44 (64.7
), refractory to treatment 48 (70.5
). Group B) 68 cases (43.9
), 38 men (55.8
), mean age 30 +/- 15 years old, abnormal IMR in 26 (38.2
), refractory to treatment 30 (44.1
). Group C) 19 cases (12.2
), 13 men (68.4
), mean age 27 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 11 (57.8
), refractory to treatment 12 (63.1
). Results showed that there were higher possibilities of detecting lesions which correlate with EZ in temporal than in frontal or parieto-occipital lobes epilepsy. The chances to find abnormalities on the MRI were 5 times higher in refractory patients than in those who were non-refractory.
RESUMO
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential tool in the work-up of epilepsy. Since its appearance it has been possible to identify pathologies, such as hippocampal sclerosis (HS), that had previously only been detected by histopathological assays. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, EEG and the outcome of patients with HS as shown by MRI. We revised the clinical histories of 384 outpatients from the Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, who had been studied by MRI. Thirty five of them (15.5%) had a diagnosis of HS, based on the structural changes observed on the images. Six patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical data. Therefore, we studied 29 patients including 15 men. The mean age was 32.7 +/- 10.2 years (range: 19-58). All of them had partial seizures. Ten subjects had had febrile convulsions (34.5%) in childhood. Neurological examination was normal in all subjects. Interictal EEG showed focal abnormalities that were coincident in their location with the MRI abnormalities in 16 patients (55.1%). Fourteen patients (48.3%) showed right side hippocampal lesions on MRI, thirteen on the left side (44.9%) and 2 bilateral HS (6.8%). Twenty-seven patients (93.1%) had intractable epilepsy. Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed in 3 subjects with good outcome. The identification of these patients who present certain clinical and MRI characteristics, provides an opportunity to define the mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome. This could benefit patients in their prognosis and for specific treatments.
Assuntos
Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/diagnóstico , Adulto , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/patologia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/terapia , Feminino , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome , Lobo Temporal/patologiaRESUMO
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential tool in the work-up of epilepsy. Since its appearance it has been possible to identify pathologies, such as hippocampal sclerosis (HS), that had previously only been detected by histopathological assays. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, EEG and the outcome of patients with HS as shown by MRI. We revised the clinical histories of 384 outpatients from the Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, who had been studied by MRI. Thirty five of them (15.5
) had a diagnosis of HS, based on the structural changes observed on the images. Six patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical data. Therefore, we studied 29 patients including 15 men. The mean age was 32.7 +/- 10.2 years (range: 19-58). All of them had partial seizures. Ten subjects had had febrile convulsions (34.5
) in childhood. Neurological examination was normal in all subjects. Interictal EEG showed focal abnormalities that were coincident in their location with the MRI abnormalities in 16 patients (55.1
). Fourteen patients (48.3
) showed right side hippocampal lesions on MRI, thirteen on the left side (44.9
) and 2 bilateral HS (6.8
). Twenty-seven patients (93.1
) had intractable epilepsy. Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed in 3 subjects with good outcome. The identification of these patients who present certain clinical and MRI characteristics, provides an opportunity to define the mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome. This could benefit patients in their prognosis and for specific treatments.
RESUMO
A partir de los avances planteados con la RM, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en una población de 124 pacientes de consultorio externo con diagnóstico de epilepsia basado en datos clínicos y EEG, se aplicaron los criterios de la Liga Internacional de Epilepsia (ILAE, 1981, 1989) desde diciembre de 1993 a diciembre de 1994. El protocolo empleado incluyó imágenes en los planos sagital, coronal, axial y adquisición 3D coronal FFE, todos ellos paralelos y perpendiculares al eje mayor del hipocampo. Se completó con una secuencia IR axial. La RM fue normal en 67 pacientes (54 por ciento). En 57 pacientes (46 por ciento) la RM fue patológica con alteraciones corticales en 13 pacientes, tumores en 9 pacientes, esclerosis hipocampal en 8 pacientes, malformaciones vasculares en 4 pacientes, quistes aracnoideos en 5 pacientes y miscelánea en 18 pacientes. Hemos comparado los diferentes resultados hallados a través de la RM y la TC. El 33,8 por ciento de los pacientes que presentaron TC normal, tenía anormalidades en la RM, incluyendo 7 imágenes tumorales. La RM debería constituir parte de los análisis de rutina en los pacientes epilépticos, ya que representa una herramienta esencial para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia sintomática, resultando un método más específico y de mayor sensibilidad que la TC. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Epilepsia/complicações , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/etiologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Esclerose , Córtex Cerebral/anormalidadesRESUMO
A partir de los avances planteados con la RM, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en una población de 124 pacientes de consultorio externo con diagnóstico de epilepsia basado en datos clínicos y EEG, se aplicaron los criterios de la Liga Internacional de Epilepsia (ILAE, 1981, 1989) desde diciembre de 1993 a diciembre de 1994. El protocolo empleado incluyó imágenes en los planos sagital, coronal, axial y adquisición 3D coronal FFE, todos ellos paralelos y perpendiculares al eje mayor del hipocampo. Se completó con una secuencia IR axial. La RM fue normal en 67 pacientes (54 por ciento). En 57 pacientes (46 por ciento) la RM fue patológica con alteraciones corticales en 13 pacientes, tumores en 9 pacientes, esclerosis hipocampal en 8 pacientes, malformaciones vasculares en 4 pacientes, quistes aracnoideos en 5 pacientes y miscelánea en 18 pacientes. Hemos comparado los diferentes resultados hallados a través de la RM y la TC. El 33,8 por ciento de los pacientes que presentaron TC normal, tenía anormalidades en la RM, incluyendo 7 imágenes tumorales. La RM debería constituir parte de los análisis de rutina en los pacientes epilépticos, ya que representa una herramienta esencial para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia sintomática, resultando un método más específico y de mayor sensibilidad que la TC.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Epilepsia/complicações , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Esclerose , Córtex Cerebral/anormalidades , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/etiologia , Hipocampo/patologiaRESUMO
Dolichoectasia of intracranial arteries is an infrequent disease with an incidence less than 0.05% in general population. It represents 7% of all intracranial aneurysms. Commonly seen in middle age patients with severe atherosclerosis and hypertension, the affected arteries include the basilar artery, supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery, middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries; males are more frequently affected. The clinical features of these fusiform aneurysms are divided in three categories: ische-mic, cranial nerve compression and signs from mass effect. Hemorrhage may also occur. Nine patients with symptomatic cerebral blood vessel dolichoectasias are presented. Six of them were males with moderate or severe hypertension. Lesions were confined to the basilar artery in 3 cases, carotid arteries and the middle cerebral artery in 1 case, and both systems were affected in 4 patients. Middle cerebral arteries were affected in 5 cases and the anterior cerebral artery in one. An isolated fusiform aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery is also presented (case 8) (Table 3). Motor or sensory deficits, ataxia, dementia, hemifacial spasm and parkinsonism were observed. One patient died from cerebro-meningeal hemorrhage (Table 2). All patients were studied with computerized axial tomography of the brain, 5 cases with four vessel cerebral angiography, 4 cases with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and case 5 with MRI angiography. Clinical symptoms depend on the affected vascular territory, size of the aneurysm and compression of adjacent structures. The histopathologic findings are atheromatous lesions, disruption of the internal elastic membrane and fibrosis of the muscular wall. The resultant is a diffuse deficiency of the muscular wall and the internal elastic membrane. Recent advances in neuroimaging such as better resolution of CT scan, magnetic resonance images (MRI) and MRI angiography increased the diagnosis of this pathology showing clearly the affected vessels. This avoids the use of conventional or digital subtraction angiography, reserved only for diagnosing suspected saccular aneurysm, evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage or planning surgical treatment. The treatment of this entity may be medical or surgical. There is evidence suggesting a more favorable outcome with anticoagulation therapy, although antiaggregation is a reasonable alternative. In our experience no difference in clinical outcome was evident. Surgical treatment of this type of aneurysm includes intra- or extracranial occlusion of parent artery, clipping or aneurysm trapping, tourniquet occlusion, and circumferential wrapping with clip reinforcement. Endovascular occlusion has been accomplished with detachable balloon technique or coils. No surgical attempt was done in our cases. The prognosis is variable depending on the patients age, vessels involved and clinical complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Assuntos
Artérias Cerebrais/patologia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Angiografia Cerebral , Dilatação Patológica , Feminino , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraniano/epidemiologia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/etiologia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/terapia , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Dolichoectasia of intracranial arteries is an infrequent disease with an incidence less than 0.05
in general population. It represents 7
of all intracranial aneurysms. Commonly seen in middle age patients with severe atherosclerosis and hypertension, the affected arteries include the basilar artery, supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery, middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries; males are more frequently affected. The clinical features of these fusiform aneurysms are divided in three categories: ische-mic, cranial nerve compression and signs from mass effect. Hemorrhage may also occur. Nine patients with symptomatic cerebral blood vessel dolichoectasias are presented. Six of them were males with moderate or severe hypertension. Lesions were confined to the basilar artery in 3 cases, carotid arteries and the middle cerebral artery in 1 case, and both systems were affected in 4 patients. Middle cerebral arteries were affected in 5 cases and the anterior cerebral artery in one. An isolated fusiform aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery is also presented (case 8) (Table 3). Motor or sensory deficits, ataxia, dementia, hemifacial spasm and parkinsonism were observed. One patient died from cerebro-meningeal hemorrhage (Table 2). All patients were studied with computerized axial tomography of the brain, 5 cases with four vessel cerebral angiography, 4 cases with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and case 5 with MRI angiography. Clinical symptoms depend on the affected vascular territory, size of the aneurysm and compression of adjacent structures. The histopathologic findings are atheromatous lesions, disruption of the internal elastic membrane and fibrosis of the muscular wall. The resultant is a diffuse deficiency of the muscular wall and the internal elastic membrane. Recent advances in neuroimaging such as better resolution of CT scan, magnetic resonance images (MRI) and MRI angiography increased the diagnosis of this pathology showing clearly the affected vessels. This avoids the use of conventional or digital subtraction angiography, reserved only for diagnosing suspected saccular aneurysm, evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage or planning surgical treatment. The treatment of this entity may be medical or surgical. There is evidence suggesting a more favorable outcome with anticoagulation therapy, although antiaggregation is a reasonable alternative. In our experience no difference in clinical outcome was evident. Surgical treatment of this type of aneurysm includes intra- or extracranial occlusion of parent artery, clipping or aneurysm trapping, tourniquet occlusion, and circumferential wrapping with clip reinforcement. Endovascular occlusion has been accomplished with detachable balloon technique or coils. No surgical attempt was done in our cases. The prognosis is variable depending on the patients age, vessels involved and clinical complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)