RESUMO
Colour pattern is the main trait that drives mate recognition between Heliconius species that are phylogenetically close. However, when this cue is compromised such as in cases of mimetic, sympatric and closely related species, alternative mating signals must evolve to ensure reproductive isolation and species integrity. The closely related species Heliconius melpomene malleti and H. timareta florencia occur in the same geographical region, and despite being co-mimics, they display strong reproductive isolation. In order to test which cues differ between species, and potentially contribute to reproductive isolation, we quantified differences in the wing phenotype and the male chemical profile. As expected, the wing colour pattern was indistinguishable between the two species, while the chemical profile of the androconial and genital males' extracts showed marked differences. We then conducted behavioural experiments to study the importance of these signals in mate recognition by females. In agreement with our previous results, we found that chemical blends and not wing colour pattern drive the preference of females for conspecific males. Also, experiments with hybrid males and females suggested an important genetic component for both chemical production and preference. Altogether, these results suggest that chemicals are the major reproductive barrier opposing gene flow between these two sister and co-mimic species.
Assuntos
Borboletas/fisiologia , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Biomimética , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Masculino , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Reprodução , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: This study was carried out in order to investigate the potential cytoprotective effects of ozonized sunflower oil (OSO) in the damage of rat gastric mucosa induced by indomethacin and also to elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and some constituents of antioxidant defense such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in these effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The gastric damage was induced by indomethacin (20 mg/kg) as solution in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate and given intragastrically. Three hours later OSO (4, 12 and 24 mg/kg) and cimetidine 25 mg/kg were administered also by oral route. Four hours thereafter the rats were killed and the stomachs were removed for biochemical analysis and histological study. RESULTS: The gastric ulcer index was reduced by OSO and cimetidine. OSO also reduced TBARS concentration, but it increased SOD activity in gastric mucosa homogenates. In contrast, CAT activity was not significantly modified the treatment. Histological study confirmed the cytoprotective effects of OSO in rat gastric mucosa damaged by indomethacin. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that cytoprotective effects of OSO in rat gastric mucosa are mediated at least partially by upregulation of the antioxidant system and mainly SOD.
Assuntos
Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Indometacina/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Animais , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ozônio/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Óleo de Girassol , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
La reconstrucción auricular constituye un capítulo apasionante y representa todo un desafío para el médico de urgencia, el cirujano general e incluso para el más avezado de los cirujanos plásticos. Debido a su proyección y exposición, el pabellón auricular es susceptible a una infinidad de injurias traumáticas que van desde pequeñas heridas hasta la evolución completa; también es afectado por neoplasias cutáneas inducidas por daño actínico. Una amplia variedad de defectos congénitos, incluyendo microtia y orejas aladas, como las más frecuentes, afectan a esta estructura desafiando al cirujano a elejir entre variada y sofisticadas técnicas reconstructivas, presentes hoy en el arsenal quirúrgico. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer en líneas generales el manejo en la reconstrucción del pabellón auricular.
Assuntos
Orelha/anatomia & histologia , Orelha/cirurgia , Flutter Atrial , Procedimentos de Cirurgia PlásticaRESUMO
La hernia incisional es una complicación frecuente de la cirugía abdominal y una importante fuente de morbilidad. A pesar del creciente progreso de la cirugía moderna, el tratamiento quirúrgico óptimo de esta entidad es aún un problema no resuelto. Cuando se realiza un análisis de la literatura se encuentra gran cantidad de información con este tema; pero no es posible encontrar un tratamiento globalmente estandarizado. En la actualidad se utilizan diferentes y variadas técnicas de hernioplastias tales como la sutura simple, cierre con técnica de Mayo, utilización de prótesis en forma abierta o laparoscópica, siendo estas últimas las que presentan las menores tasas de recidiva, haciéndolas aparecer como la alternativa más recomendable en el tratamiento de esta patología.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais , HérniaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to identify the impact of cultural and ecological change on intestinal helminth infections in traditional indigenous communities in the Peruvian rainforest and to identify the ways of transmission of helminth eggs. A remote indigenous settlement was compared with a more developed mestizo town. Stool specimens as well as soil, dust, air and water were examined for Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. A significantly lower infection intensity of Ascaris and Trichuris could be demonstrated for the traditional Indian community. Here the hygienic conditions were found to be better than in the town. The mestizo teacher and his family, who had come from the town to the Indian settlement, showed poorer hygienic standards and higher levels of Ascaris and Trichuris egg excretion than the Indian dwellers. The distribution of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs in the soil, house dust and in the air suggests that the contaminated dust from defaecation sites was distributed through the whole community by feet, animals (chickens) and wind. It was observed that many traditional habits that contributed to the good hygiene of the native population were being abandoned in the process of cultural change.
Assuntos
Ascaríase/etnologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Tricuríase/etnologia , Animais , Ascaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Ascaris/isolamento & purificação , Características Culturais , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Higiene , Masculino , Mebendazol/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Peru/epidemiologia , Banheiros , Tricuríase/tratamento farmacológico , Trichuris/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to detect the pathways of transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in low-income households of two Brazilian cities. An inexpensive flotation technique for egg isolation was applied for the determination of soil contamination in 227 households. The median contamination levels were 0.8 (indoor), 0.3 (backyard) and 0.6 (defaecation site) eggs per gram soil. The contamination levels showed no significant correlation with the presence or quality of latrines or flush toilets. Houses with flush toilets were found to be sources of faecal contamination of the neighbourhood due to the absence of an adequate sewage system. Households with small children were more often contaminated than those without. The keeping of pigs was correlated with an increased yard contamination. The faecal egg excretion showed a significant correlation with the soil contamination in the backyard. Embryonated eggs, which represent the 'older' eggs, constituted 37% of all eggs. In the dry season significantly fewer Ascaris eggs were found in the soil than during the rainy season. The usefulness of the soil contamination with Ascaris lumbricoides eggs as an indicator of the efficacy of hygiene programmes is discussed.